Fallen Leaves and Water Quality
adapted from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

Removing leaf litter does a lot more than make a yard look nice. The leaves can actually be harmful if left alone. A study in Madison, Wisconsin shows why.
Leaf litter adds a large amount of phosphorus to urban storm water, which then runs off into waterways and lakes. Excessive amounts of nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen can be fatal for fish and other aquatic life. In Madison, Wisconsin, scientists tested exactly how much of the nutrients existed. Without removal, leaf litter and other organic debris in the fall contributed 56 percent of the annual total phosphorus in urban storm water. This compares to only 16 percent when streets were cleared of leaves prior to rain.
This information proved to be very helpful. "Our study found that leaf removal is one of the few treatment options available to environmental managers for reducing the amount of dissolved nutrients in storm water," said Bill Selbig, a USGS scientist and the author of the report. "These findings are applicable to any city that is required to reduce phosphorus loads from urban areas."
From 2013 to 2015, scientists looked at concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in storm water from two areas in western Madison that had similar tree cover. The city applied a leaf litter removal program from late September through mid-November at one site but not the other. The researchers found significantly lower amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen at the site where leaves were removed.
The study also found that storm water nutrient levels were highest during the fall. This finding shows that leaf removal programs are most effective during fall in Madison. It also shows that sources other than leaves, such as street dirt and grass clippings, were likely the main contributors of phosphorus and other nutrients during spring and summer.
During the study period, the city of Madison used leaf collection, street cleaning, and leaf blowers to remove leaf litter from residential areas. They also asked residents to pile their leaves next to the street to limit excess debris. Leaf collection and street cleaning occurred about every seven days from late September through mid-November.
The study in Madison has helped shed light on growing concerns for many environmentalists. The good news is that with proper maintenance, all cities can produce cleaner water.
The USGS collaborated with the City of Madison, the Fund for Lake Michigan, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources on the study.


Which two statements explain how paragraph 4 contributes to the development of ideas in the passage?
It shows that leaf litter can affect storm water in multiple locations.
It introduces the importance of timing when removing leaf litter.
It highlights the effectiveness of the leaf removal program.
It gives examples of the ways in which leaf litter is removed during fall.
It presents the idea that leaf removal processes need to be improved.

Answer:The two answers are:

- It highlights the effectiveness of the leaf removal program

- It shows that leaf litter can affect storm water in multiple locations

Explanation:

just took test B)

Gore drinker or Prowlers? Explain your answer.

PLEASE HELP. ACTION VERBS AND HELPING VERBS

What is the action verb?
Hobbies can include board games and card games.

What is the helping verb?
Some students have always hated grammar.

Name at least three reasons why Nazis came to power

please help i have 37 in this class and i need to bring it up by 5 pm its claim 3 i have a lot to finish

Read the passage. Then revise the passage by adding at least two adjectival and two adverbial phrases from the list of prepositional phrases provided.
Passage:
Marla looked up, and she gazed. She thought about her exciting summer and wondered if her new friends would keep in touch. She stood up and walked. The birds were darting in and out of the water. The watch alarm chimed, meaning it was time.

Prepositional phrases:
in perfect rhythm
to get home
at the twinkling stars
to the sea
at the beach
at the night sky
with her
on her wrist
along the shore
with the red beaks
above the crashing waves

Which word contains a suffix that means "the result or act of"?
A
famous

B
communicator

C
careful

D
banishment

Where was Harry Potter instructed to go to get to Hogwarts?
A. Platform 2 1/2
B. Platform 9 3/4
C. Platform 12

NOTE: This is a reading question

Read this excerpt from The Miracle Worker Act 2.

KATE: But does that—
(She imitates with her fingers.)
—mean that to her?

ANNIE: No. No, she won’t know what spelling is till she knows what a word is.

KATE: Yet you keep spelling to her. Why?

ANNIE [CHEERILY]: I like to hear myself talk!

KATE: The Captain says it’s like spelling to the fence post.

Annie [A PAUSE]: Does he, now.

KATE: Is it?

What does the dialogue reveal about Kate?

She is eager to befriend Annie.
She is kind to her children.
She is curious about Annie’s methods.
She is well-educated about sign language.

Based on the article's description of what happened to Sir Ranulph Fiennes after his left hand got wet, what did he probably experience?

A. hypothermia B. frostbite C. a heart attack D. fever

a
hypothermia
b
frostbite
c
a heart attack
d
fever

What is a difference between the Wounded Warrior Project and the VA?


1. The Wounded Warrior Project is a nonprofit organization; the VA is run by the government.


2. The Wounded Warrior Project provides mental health care; the VA provides only physical health care.


3. The Wounded Warrior Project has problems with doctor shortages; the VA has trained plenty of doctors.


4. The Wounded Warrior Project is run by Democrats; the VA is run by Republicans.

What is the right answer ! Which sentence is the best example of a strong conclusion?

This killing is called poaching, and it is a business worth billions of dollars.
Poaching is a particular problem on the African continent because of the exceptional wildlife found there.
Poverty and poaching are directly linked: for poaching to decrease, human living conditions must improve.
Animals that are captured suffer: they are moved in boxes or bags to strange, new places.