explain why the boiling temperature of a two-component mixture rises slowly throughout a simple distillation when boiling point differences are not large. discuss the vapor liquid transitions that occur during this process.

2.5 ml and 3 ml of solution, respectively, are needed to make the final concentration of.

Standard addition, internal standard, and external standard techniques to quantitation all employ calibration solutions. Calibrants can be made gravimetrically using reference standards or pure reference materials, but they can also be made on a volumetric or other fraction basis.

Calculate the volume of stock solution needed for each calibration standard by deciding on its number (minimum 5) and concentration. As often as necessary, repeat the treatment. Select and create the dilution solution (such as a matrix solution or 1% acid, for example). Both the working curve method and the standard addition method can be used to calibrate an instrument.

Calibration standard solution is the solution prepared of the known concentration for the plotting of standard curve.

For preparing the solution of known concentration and volume, the equation imputed is :

M1V1=M2V2

Where M1 and V1 are molarity and volume of known solution

M2 and V2 are molarity and volume of solution to be prepared.

Given, volume to be prepared V2 : 25 ml

concentration to be prepared : M_2:1×〖10〗^(-5) M

concentration of given solution : M_1:1×〖10〗^(-4) M

1×〖10〗^(-4)×V_1=1×〖10〗^(-5)×25

Volume of solution required is 2.5 ml.

The volume required to prepare 10 ml solution of 3×10-5 M is:

1×10-4×V1=3×10-5×10

Volume = 3 ml.

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The bond angle marked a in the following molecule is about 120. The atomic configuration of a molecule in three dimensions is known as molecular geometry.

Bond lengths, bond angles, torsional angles, and any other geometrical factors that affect each atom's position are all included in this, along with the molecule's overall form. In a complex molecule or ion, the angle between two orbitals that contain bonding electron pairs, or bonds, that are arranged around the centre atom is referred to as the bond angle.

A molecule is a collection of two or more atoms bonded together by the attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on the context, this definition may or may not contain ions. The number of atoms that make up a molecule might vary. If there are multiple atoms, they may all be the same atom or they may all be different.

the complete question is:

The bond angle marked a in the following molecule (H4C2O2N) is about.

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Mole fraction for silver= 0.2317643/0.3079193

                                     = 0.7526787

Mole fraction for gold=0.076155/0.3079193

                                    =0.2473212

What is Molar Fraction?

The mole fraction is the product of the number of molecules of a specific component in a mixture and its total molecular weight. It serves as a means of indicating how concentrated a solution is.

It is a unit of concentration, defined as the product of the moles of a component and the moles of the entire solution. When all the parts of a solution are summed up, their mole fraction equals 1.

molar mass of silver = 107.8682g/mol

Molar mass of gold= 196.96657g/mol

Therefore mole = mass/molar mass

For silver: 25g/107.8682g/mol = 0.2317643mol

For gold: 15g/196.96657g/mol= 0.076155mol

Total number of mole= 0.2317643+0.076155

                                    = 0.30791193mol

Mole fraction for silver= 0.2317643/0.3079193

                                      = 0.7526787

Mole fraction for gold=0.076155/0.3079193

                                     =0.2473212

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The O from carbon 5 becomes the O in the ring when converting a fisher projection for an aldehyde into a haworth structure.

Once you know a few strategies, changing a Fischer projection to a Haworth projection is not too difficult.

If the OH is on the right side of the Fischer for C-2, C-3, and C-4, it will be lower in the Haworth. If it is on the Fischer's left side, it will be higher up in the Haworth.

Draw the C-5 CH₂OH pointing up if the sugar is D.

Draw the C-1 OH pointing downward for the alpha for D-sugars (and up for the beta)

To further understand the stereochemistry on the ring, a bond rotation on the C5 carbon is helpful. A bond rotation is accomplished by switching any three groups on a carbon. We'll therefore do the following three "moves":

H → OH

CH₂OH, OH

CH₂OH→ H

The C5-OH is no longer pointing downward after rotation; it is now to the side. Because of the tetrahedral structure of the carbon, I depicted the bond in the picture below as "dashed." I further dashed the C2-C1 bond.

This gives us the opportunity to depict the C5-OH attacking the carbonyl carbon and rupturing the C1-O pi link to generate a new O-C1 single bond.

We now have one of two rings after proton transfer, which we can represent as Haworth projections.

Hence, The O from carbon 5 becomes the O in the ring.

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The partial pressure of the dry gas is  739.3 mmhg.

Dalton's law of partial pressure states that the total pressure equals to the sum of partial pressure of individual gases

PTotal = PH2 + PWater

Hence it is common that the pressure of hydrogen gas is less because we have also account pressure due to vapor pressure of water. In some cases we will also include partial pressure correction term, so that

PTotal = PH2 + PWater becomes

PTotal = PH2 + PWater + Pcorrection

At 21 ^0C water vapor pressure = 18.7 torr

PTotal = PH2 + PWater

758 torr = PH2 + 18.7 torr

PH2 = 758 - 18.7 = 739.3 torr

PH2 = 739.3 mmhg

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A reaction is half complete after 20 minutes. after 40 minutes, the reaction is two thirds complete.  the reaction be 90% complete is 180 minutes.

the half life expression is given as :

1 / [A] = 1 / [A]o + kt

[A] is the concentration of reactant at time t. The starting reactant concentration is 1 M.

t1/2 = 1 / k[A]o

20 min = 1 / k(1)

k = 0.050 min

1 / [A] = 1 / [A]o + kt

1 / [A] = 1 / 1 + ( 0.050 × 40 min)

[A] = 0.33 M

this means the reaction is two third complete. when the reaction is 90 % and [A] = 0.100 M. then,

1 / [A] = 1 / [A]o + kt

1 / 0.100 M = 1 / 1 + ( 0.050 ) t

t = 9 / 0.050

t = 180 min

Thus the time is 180 min.

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The exchange capacity of an anion-exchange resin can be measured using a titration method. First, a known weight of the resin is weighed out and suspended in a buffered solution of a known pH.

The resin is then titrated with a standard solution of either sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or hydrochloric acid (HCl) until the pH of the solution reaches a predetermined endpoint. The amount of titrant added during the titration is then used to calculate the moles of charged sites per gram of dry resin.

To calculate the exchange capacity, the following equation can be used:

Exchange Capacity (mol/g dry resin) = (mol titrant added) / (g dry resin)

The mol titrant added is determined from the titration curve, which is constructed by measuring the pH of the solution versus the volume of titrant added. The endpoint of the titration is typically assumed when the pH of the solution reaches a predetermined value.

To ensure accuracy, the titration should be repeated at least three times and the average of the results should be taken. This will ensure that the exchange capacity measured is an accurate representation of the resin.

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The formula MaVa=MbVb is used in this dilution problem. The initial 50.00 mL solution needs to be diluted from 0.600 M to 0.145 M by the addition of 0.597 mL.

The formula MaVa=MbVb is used

Ma=0.600M

Va=50.00ml

Mb=0.145M

Vb=(50.00+Xml)

MaVa=MbVb

(0.600)(50.00)=(0.145)(50.00+X)

30.00-0.145=(50.00+X)

29.85/50.00=X

X=0.597 ml

When a solution is diluted, which of the following remains constant? Dilution has no effect on the solute concentration in a solution. The moles of the solute do not change when a solvent is added to a solution, but the concentration of the solution (in molarity and in all other units) and its volume do.

Taking a solution of higher concentration and gradually adding water until the desired concentration is obtained is a typical technique for creating a solution of a specific concentration. This process is called dilution.

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Entropy change is typically 160.6 J/K.

ΔH°reaction=∑ΔH°f(reactants)+∑ΔH°f(reactants)

The entropy content of one mole of a pure substance at a standard condition of pressure and any desired temperature is known as the standard molar entropy in chemistry. These are frequently (but not always) used as the typical temperature and pressure.

Take an energy reading at a given temperature to calculate entropy. To quantify thermal energy transmitted (q) at a particular temperature, a calorimeter is typically used. Maintain the temperature value mathematically constant by assuming only extremely slight variations in the process's conditions.

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Only when an electric current is running through the coil of insulated wire that is wrapped around the iron nail will it behave like a magnet. The iron nail loses its magnetism when the electric current in the coil is stopped.

An electric current is a stream of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space. It is measured as the net rate of flow of electric charge through a surface or into a control volume.

An electromagnet is a magnet that consists of a piece of steel or iron encircled by a coil. When an electric current is run through the coil, the metal turns magnetic.

Thus,  The iron nail loses its magnetism when the electric current in the coil is stopped.

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Na₂S₂O₃(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) + SO₂(g) + S(s). A light yellow precipitate develops as the process continues.

Reaction equation are symbolic depictions of chemical reactions where the reactants and products are stated in relation to the following chemical formulae.

What is an equations and a chemical reaction? In a chemical change, bonds between molecules of the reagent are destroyed and new bonds between molecules of the product are established to create a new substance. A chemical formula is nothing more than a statement of fact that represents how reactants generate products.

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If a bottle of nail polish remover contains 179 ml of acetone, −4349.7kJ. heat would be released by its complete combustion.

Given Data:

The volume of acetone is 179 mL.

The density of acetone is 0.788 g/mL.

Below is a diagram illustrating how acetone burns.

CH3COCH3 + 4O2 = 3CO2 + 3H2O

The heat released during the given reaction is -1790 kJ/mol. The negative sign represents the release of energy.

The formula to calculate mass from density and volume is shown below.

Mass= Density × Volume

Substitute the values of density and volume of acetone in the above formula.

Mass=0.788g/mol× 179mL=141.052g

The formula to calculate number of moles is as follows.

Number of moles=Mass/ Molarmass

Acetone has a 58.08 g/mol molar mass.

Substitute the values of mass and molar mass of acetone in the above formula.

Number of moles= 141.052g/(58.08g/mol)=2.43mol

The heat that is released from combustion of one mole of acetone is -1790 kJ/mol.

So, the heat that would be released from combustion of 2.43 mole of acetone is

(−1790kJ/mol×2.43mol) that is -4349.7 kJ.

Therefore, the heat that is released by combustion of 179 mL of acetone is

−4349.7kJ.

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The mole fraction of ethanol c2h5oh in an aqueous solution that is 46 percent ethanol by mass is 0.25

Mole fraction is the mole of one of the component of the solution divided by the total moles of the solution

Calculating the mole fraction of ethanol,we get

Percentage by weight of ethyl alcohol is 46% which implies in 100 g of this solution is 46 g while the mass of the water will be 54% of 100 g = 54g.

Finding the moles of water and the ethyl alcohol {molar mass of water(H₂O) = 18 and molar mass of ethyl alcohol(C₂H₆O = 46}

Moles = mass/molar mass

moles of ethanol = 46/46 = 1

moles of water = 54/18 = 3

ntotal=1+3=4

Mole fraction of ethanol is:

 Mole of ethanol            =   1/4

  Total mole of solution

Hence, the mole fraction is 1/4 or 0.25

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The molar mass of the metal is 191.1g/mol.

Solution:

Since the formula for faraday's law of electrolysis is given by

Since m = 0.1427g, I = 144.2mA = 144.2mA *(1A/1000mA) = 0.1442 A= 0.1442C/s, t = 16min39s = 16min*(60s/1min) = 960+39 = 999 second Z = 2e-mol

Now put all values in the above formula

0.1427 g = (0.1442 C*999s*M*1 mole e-*1 mol/96485C*s*2e-mol)

M = (0.1427g*96485*2/0.1442*999*1)

M = 191.1538 g/mol = 191.1g/mol

Therefore the molar mass of metal will be 191.1g/mol.

For chemical elements that do not have isolated molecules such as carbon and metals, the molar mass is instead calculated by dividing by the number of atomic moles. Molar mass is defined as the mass in grams of one mole of a substance. The unit of molar mass is gram/mole, abbreviated g/mol.

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highest product of vant hoff factor and molality will give most lower in vapor pressure

because it depends directly on both

d option is true

vant hoff factor=3 (3ions)

3*0.06=0.18 will be highest so it is true

A substance that does not readily evaporate is referred to as a nonvolatile solute. Additionally, it does not increase the vapor pressure of the solution when dissolved in a solvent. What exactly is a nonvolatile liquid then? High melting points and low vapor pressure are characteristics of nonvolatile liquids.

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Water desk elevation is the upper or below surface of the groundwater, when the soil or underlying rock material is wholly saturated with water. The water table can be contamination of ground water by hazarodus wastes, fertilisers, pesticides, acid rain etc

How can a element contaminate water table?

The water desk elevation of the Clearwater lake isn't always given. Assuming, the water desk elevation of B1 is 171ft. We recognize the idea that water flows from higher elevation to lower elevation. So the wells having elevation much less than 171 feet gets infected via way of means of B1 contaminants, however the ones are having better elevation that 171ft will no longer get infected.

And approximately the route of infected water, the infected water will float closer to the course in  the Wells of decrease elevation than 171ft.

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The overall pressure inside the container must equal the amount of the pressure of the gas we collected as well as the water vapor, according to Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures.

Hydrogen, a clean fuel, can replace methane, generally known as natural gas. It is expected to make up around 75% of the known universe mass and is the most common chemical element. Hydrogen atoms are abundant in waters, plants, animals, including, of course, human beings on this planet. The letters H and atomic number 1 stand for the chemical element hydrogen. Hydrogen is the lightest element. Hydrogen is typically a gas with the formula H2 composed of diatomic molecules. It is extremely flammable, non-toxic, tasteless, colorless, and odorless.

High-Temperature Water Splitting: Chemical reactions that split water into hydrogen are fueled by high temperatures produced by solar concentrators or nuclear reactors. Photobiological Water Splitting: When water is consumed by microbes like green algae in the presence of sunshine, hydrogen is produced as a byproduct.

Fuel cells may produce energy, power, and heat using hydrogen. The two industries where hydrogen is currently most widely employed are fertilizer manufacturing and petroleum refining, with the developing markets of utilities and transportation.

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All possible downward transitions for an electron in the 3d state are 1s 2s 2p 3s and 3p

In chemistry, the transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate. It is usually defined as the state corresponding to the highest potential energy along this reaction coordinate. It is often marked with the double dagger

In an atom, electrons can transition up or down depending on whether they absorb energy or emit energy. Electrons naturally want to be in the lowest possible energy state.

In an atom, electrons can transition up or down depending on whether they absorb energy or emit energy. Electrons naturally want to be in the lowest possible energy state.

Downward transitions would be possible to any lower energy level than the one the electron starts in, so all possible downward transitions for an electron in the 3d state are 1s 2s 2p 3s and 3p.

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True : The major organic of the following reaction is optically active. 1. BH 3. THF 2. H2O2 4.NaOH .

The compounds which have the property to move(rotate) the plane of polarization of plane polarized lights is termed as Optically active compound. The compound that rotate the plane clockwise (to the right) are termed as dextrorotatory.

Plane of polarization indicates to the direction in which linearly polarized lights are polarized.

Hence, True : The major organic of the following reaction is optically active. 1. BH 3. THF 2. H2O2 4.NaOH .

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Al metal is converted into an aluminum ion with an oxidation number of +3, and hydrogen in water or KOH is reduced from an oxidation number of +1 to zero in hydrogen gas.

Aluminum is reduced as a result of an increase in electrons due to a decrease in the oxidation number. 4. Cu0 is the oxidized reducing agent, and Al3+ is the oxidizing agent. The Half-Reaction approach is one technique for balancing redox reactions.

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As temperature rises, more collisions with sufficient energy can take place, triggering the reaction due to increase in the kinetic energy. This concept is predicted by Collission theory. Collision theory helps scientists predict the rate of various chemical reactions. Collision theory helps scientists predict the rate of various chemical reactions. According to this theory, the number of successful collisions is related to the speed or rate of the chemical reaction

What is collision model?

The collision model states that a chemical reaction can only happen when reactant molecules, atoms, or ions meet with enough kinetic energy and in the right direction.

The main requirement for a collision model is that for a reaction to occur, the reactant particles (atoms or molecules) must collide and interact with each other in some way. This idea is used to explain many of the observations made about chemical kinetics.

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Since I2 was larger with more electrons, it has greater forces than N2, that is also nonpolar and only has London dispersion forces.

What is hydrogen used for?

Fuel cells may produce energy, power, and heat using hydrogen. The two industries where hydrogen is currently most widely employed are fertilizer manufacturing and petroleum refining, with the developing markets of utilities and transportation.

Can you drink hydrogen water?

Experts disagree whether consuming hydrogen water has any hazards. However, they were unsure if its advantages outweigh those of drinking regular water or being hydrated in general. Hypovolemia, which can be fatal, can result from excessive water intake.

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Which form or forms of tagged glucose would offer yeast producing ethanol the highest radioactivity in CO2 and the least in ethanol?

A carbon atom has a nucleus made up of six protons and six neutrons that is encircled by six electrons. The first two electrons must occupy the inner atomic orbital according to quantum mechanics, while the other four electrons must have wavefunctions that only partially fill the second standard and three second primary orbitals.

Without carbon, there would be no way to support life on Earth. This is partially caused by carbon's propensity for forming bonds with other atoms, which gives biomolecules like DNA and RNA flexibility in their shape and functionality.

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The kinetics of first order governs nuclear decay. In the event that a sample degrades from 55.4 g - 31.7 g after 3.09 minutes, what is the polonium-218 half-life?

Polonium is employed in research and antistatic devices because it is an alpha-emitter. It serves as a dominant male source there in form of a small layer on a steel disc. Eliminating static electricity from processes like rolling wire, paper, and sheet metal.

For information pertaining to the periodic table chemical element polonium, please visit its element page. The chemical element of polonium is called polonium-218, and it has a half-life of 3.10 minutes and a relative atomic mass of 218.008966.

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The mixture's temperature rises as the ice melts and then keeps rising at the same rate after all of the ice has melted.

Up until all of the bonds keeping the molecules in a crystal structure have been broken, nothing can be done to raise the kinetic energy of the molecules in the liquid state. So long as there is ice to melt, the temperature doesn't change. When water is heated to boiling, the same process takes place.

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When a cat with a bobtail (tt) is crossed with a cat that is heterozygous for normal tail length (Tt), the offspring will have the following genotypes: 50% will be Tt (normal tail length) and 50% will be tt (bobtail). This is because the heterozygous cat (Tt) carries one dominant allele (T) for normal tail length and one recessive allele (t) for bobtail. So, the likelihood that the offspring will have a bobtail is 50%. Therefore, the correct option is option 2.

Heterozygous refers to a genetic condition in which an individual carries two different alleles for a particular gene. Each gene in an organism typically has two alleles, one inherited from each parent. If an organism has two different alleles for a specific gene, it is considered heterozygous for that gene.

In this case, one allele is dominant and expresses its trait, while the other allele is recessive and remains hidden in the presence of the dominant allele. The term "heterozygous" contrasts with "homozygous," where an individual has two identical alleles for a particular gene.

Thus, the ideal selection is option 2.

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Compound              Ionic or Covalent                  Formula

sodium oxide          Ionic                                     Na2O                                      

iron(III) bromide        Ionic                                    FeBr3                                  

sodium carbonate       Ionic                                 Na2CO3                                  

carbon tetrachloride     covalent                         CCl4                                  

nitrogen tribromide      covalent                            NBr3

Ionic bonds, which occur when two negatively charged ions join forces with positively charged ones, are formed when one atom transfers electrons to the other. Ionic bonds may be seen in the chemical compound sodium chloride.

A: The oxygen molecule is held together by two covalent bonds because the two oxygen atoms share two pairs of electrons. Two atoms, in this case oxygen and hydrogen, share electrons to form covalent bonds. Each end of the V-shaped H2O molecule assumes a slightly different charge as a result of the uneven attraction of oxygen and hydrogen to the shared electrons.

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Metal carbonyls are characterized as volatile, low-melting-point compounds. They are created from the compound Mx(Co)y, which upon heating breaks down into metal and carbon monoxide. Contact with the skin can make them toxic.

In some cases, such as in nickel tetracarbonyl (Ni(CO)4), these complexes are homoleptic and only contain CO ligands, but more frequently, metal carbonyls are heteroleptic and contain a variety of ligands. Mononuclear metal carbonyls have a single metal atom at their core.

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The mass of AgNO₃ in 52.50g of the solution is 1.2485g.

NaCl + AgNO₃ = AgCl + NaNO₃

(10ml unknown)

Initial moles of AgCl

Mass/Molar mass

= 0.01433219/143.32 g/mol

= 1x 10⁻⁴ mol

Initial final moles of AgCl = 0.2149819/143.32 g/mol

= 1.5X 10⁻³ mol

So, Moles of AgCl are obtained by the reaction.

= 1.5×10⁻³ - 1x10⁻⁴

= 1.4 X 10⁻³ mol

from reacting stoichiometry

Moles of AgCl = Moles of AgNO₃

So, Moles of AgNO₃ in the 10ml of unknown solution = Moles of AgCl formed

= 1.4 x 10⁻³ mol

Mass of AgNO₃ in 10ml of an unknown solution

= Moles X Molar mass

= 1.4x 10⁻³ mol X 169.87 g/mol

= 0.237828g

= 0.247g

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Solvent volume is 1642 ml. you create a.150 m sulfuric acid solutions by diluting 25 ml of a 10 m sulfuric acid solution.

Oily liquid sulfuric acid is colorless. With the discharge of heat, it dissolves in water. It corrodes flesh and metals. On contact, it will scorch wood and the majority of other organic materials, although it is unlikely to start a fire.

Sulfuric acid exposure can happen through consumption, skin contact, physical contact, breathing polluted air, and ingestion. Sulfuric acid can irritate the mouth and throat, burn your eyes, burn a hole in the gut if eaten, cause serious skin burns, and make breathing difficult if inhaled.

Since this is a dilution question the equation to use is; C1V1=C2V2

C₁ = Initial concentration =10M

V₁ = Initial volume = 25ml

C₂ = Final concentration = 0.150M

V₂ = Final volume = ?

V₂ = C₁V₁/C₂

V₂ = 10.0M * 25 ml / 0.150m

V₂ = 1667 ml

Volume of solvent = 1667 - 25

=1642ml

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