In chemistry, molecular orbital theory is a method for using quantum mechanics to describe the electronic structure of molecules. It was proposed in the early twentieth century. The atomic orbitals combine to form the molecular orbital. The electrons of molecules fill the new energy states of the molecular orbitals in the same way that the energy states of the atomic orbitals are filled.
The number of molecular orbitals produced is always equal to the number of atomic orbitals brought by the combining atoms. Bonding molecular orbitals have less energy than parent orbitals, while antibonding orbitals have more energy.
Bond order is the number of electron bonding pairs that exist between two atoms. A single bond has a bond order of one in a covalent bond between two atoms, a double bond has a bond order of two, a triple bond has a bond order of three, and so on.
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Calculate the cfse for a d^3 system in an octahedral field in units of ∆_o. In other words, do not enter "∆_o" with your answer. For example, if your answer is −0. 8∆_o, then enter "−0. 8. ".
Magnetic moment (spin only) of octahedral complex having CFSE=−0.8Δo and surrounded by weak field ligands can be : Q
To answer this, the Crystal Field Stabilization Energy has to be calculated for a (d3 metal in both configurations. The geometry with the greater stabilization will be the preferred geometry. So for tetrahedral d3, the Crystal Field Stabilization Energy is: CFSE = -0.8 x 4/9 Δo = -0.355 Δo.
[Co(CN)64-] is also an octahedral d7 complex but it contains CN-, a strong field ligand. Its orbital occupancy is (t2g)6(eg)1 and it therefore has one unpaired electron. In this case the CFSE is −(6)(25)ΔO+(1)(35)ΔO+P=−95ΔO+P.
The crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE) (in kJ/mol) for complex, [Ti(H2O)6]3+. According to CFT, the first absorption maximum is obtained at 20,3000cm−1 for the transition.
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assume the equivalent weight of an acid is 94.0.94.0. calculate the number of ml of 0.353 m0.353 m naohnaoh that would be needed to titrate 0.223 g0.223 g of the acid.
The volume required for titration of NaOH is 0.000837ml.
Given -M=94g
m=0.223g
V=0.353
To find the new volume consider following points -
The most frequently used phrase in chemistry and one of the fundamental ideas in the physical chemistry section is "equivalent weight." The definition of an equivalent weight, also referred to as a gram equivalent, is the mass of one equivalent, or the mass of a given substance that will combine with or replace a specific amount of another substance. To put it another way, the mass of a substance that can displace 1 point 008 grams of hydrogen, 8 point 0 grams of oxygen, or 35 point 5 grams of chlorine is known as its gram equivalent or equivalent weight. As a result, the atomic weight of the substance is divided by its valence to determine the equivalent weight. As an illustration, the oxygen's equivalent weight will be 16 g / 2 = 8 g.Calculations-
[tex]MV=mv\\\\94V=0.223 *0.353\\\\V=\frac{0.223 *0.353}{94} ml\\\\V=0.000837ml[/tex]
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Write the configuration of a magnesium atom? Will the atom lose or gain electrons? Explain using the idea of stability and energy.
Answer:
[tex]1s^{2} 2s^{2} 2p^{6} 3s^{2}[/tex]
Magnesium will lose 2 electrons.
Explanation:
Looking at a periodic table, magnesium is in the third period and the second group. It would help to look up where atomic orbitals are on the periodic table, but basically, s orbitals are filled in the first two groups. Since magnesium is in the second group, it will just have filled a 3s orbital with two electrons.
Elements in groups 1A, 2A, and 3A especially like to lose electrons to gain stability. Elements want to have a filled valence (outer) orbital with 8 electrons (except for hydrogen and helium) like noble gases. As such, they will lose or gain electrons in the easiest way possible to get a filled valence orbital. Magnesium wants to have the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas, in this case neon, so it will lose 2 electrons to achieve this stability. It takes much less energy to lose 2 electrons than gain 6 to fill its valence orbital, so magnesium will go for the former.
During glycolysis, sugar (glucose) is converted to a more usable form called __________________________.
Answer:
-ATP -carbon -glycolysis -Electron -Transport -FADH -phosphates -dioxide -pyruvate -ADP -NADH -Synthase -Water -cytoplasm -Chain -mitochondria -Krebs -oxygen
Explanation:
What is evaporation
Answer:
The process of turning from liquid into vapor.
Explanation:
which of the following has more valence electrons than it does core electrons? a.) calcium b.) neon c.) chlorine d.) aluminum
Neon has more valence electrons than does core electrons. The core electrons of neon are 2 and valence electrons are 8.
10 electrons make up neon, with 2 in the outermost shell and 8 in the outermost shell (so eight valence electrons)
With a total of 10 electrons, neon is the tenth element. The initial two electrons in the electron configuration for neon will be in the 1s orbital. The following two electrons for Ne enter the 2s orbital since 1s can only hold two electrons. Six additional electrons will enter the 2p orbital. The Ne electron configuration will be 1s22s22p6 as a result.
Because there are eight electrons in the second energy level (2s22p6) Neon has a full outer shell and an octet. Therefore, it is a Nobel Gas.
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Staci ordered a frozen yogurt cone. The picture shows the frozen yogurt cone after Staci was finished and ran off to play. A partially melt yogurt in a cone. Which statement correctly describes the particles that make up the yogurt cone shown? A. The particles move slower and vibrate in place in the melted yogurt. B. The particles stop moving when the yogurt is completely melted. C. The particles move faster and slide past each other in the melted yogurt. D. The particles in the yogurt move only if the temperature changes suddenly.
According to the forces of attraction, in the frozen yogurt which is melted the particles move faster and slide past each other in the melted yogurt.
What are forces of attraction?Forces of attraction is a force by which atoms in a molecule combine. it is basically an attractive force in nature. It can act between an ion and an atom as well.It varies for different states of matter that is solids, liquids and gases.
The forces of attraction are maximum in solids as the molecules present in solid are tightly held while it is minimum in gases as the molecules are far apart . The forces of attraction in liquids is intermediate of solids and gases.
The physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, density are all dependent on forces of attraction which exists in the substances.
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indentify the three decomposition reactions. how did you determine the calssification of these chemicals reactions
Thermolysis, photolysis, and electrolysis are three different forms of breakdown reactions. A single source was cooked to yield two or more objects in each instance (decomposition).
Which reaction is decomposition?Decomposition reactions happen when complex chemical entities split apart into smaller components. Decomposition reactions often demand energy input. For instance, the thermal breakdown of potassium hydroxide (KClO3) is a typical technique used during laboratories to generate oxygen gas.
What kind of decomposition best illustrates this?Below is a typical illustration of a thermal breakdown reaction. Calcite breaks down into calcareous dioxide and atmospheric co2 when heated. The production of quick lime, a crucial component in numerous industries, uses this procedure.
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In the structure illustrating the bonding in ethene, c2h4, the two arrows point to what type of bond or bonds?.
The straight arrows in the structure c2h4 that represent binding bonding in ethene point to the -bond.
What do you mean bond?Bond are fixed-income products that reflect loans from investors to borrowers . An bond can be compared to the an agreement outlining the terms of the loan and the associated payments between both the lender and borrower.
What is bond in relationship?A strong sense of friendship, affection, or shared values which brings people together is referred to as a bond. We developed a very unique friendship as a result of the event. The tie that bound them was [+ between]. Synonyms include bind, link, tie, and union. Additional words for bond.
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a sample of vitamin a, c20h30o, contains 4.0 x 1024 atoms of carbon. how many moles of vitamin a does it represent?
A sample of vitamin a, C20H30O, contains 4.0 x 1024 atoms of carbon. It represents 6.64 mol of vitamin.
A mole is defined as the quantity of a material that contains precisely the Avogadro number of the substance's "elementary entities."
Every material has the same amount of atoms or other particles in a mole. The mole has the following relationship to an element's mass: One mole of carbon-12 atoms weighs 12 grams and has 6.02214076 x 10^23 atoms.The mole concept helps in putting quantitative data about what transpires in a chemical equation on a macroscopic scale.
Number of carbon atoms in the given sample = 4 x 10^24 atoms.
We know that 6.022 x 10^23 carbon atoms = 1 mole (avagardo constant)
So, moles in 4 x 10^24 carbon atoms will be = 4 x 10^24/ 6.022 x 10^23
= 6.64 mol.
Therefore, no of moles present is 6.64 mol.
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what is the percent yield of hcl if 42.0 g of hcl are produced from the reaction of 62.0 g of pcl3? use percent yield equals startfraction actual yield over theoretical yield endfraction times 100.. 28.4% 72.8% 85.0% 93.5%
The percent yield of HCl is 85.0%.
In chemistry, yield, also referred to as reaction yield, is a measure of the quantity of moles of a product formed in relation to the reactant consumed, obtained in a chemical reaction, usually expressed as a percentage.
%yield = (actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100
The presence of impurities lowers the actual yield, which lowers the percentage yield. The purity of the reactants influences the percentage yield. Highly pure reactants tend to increase actual yield and, as a result, percentage yield.
A percentage yield greater than 100 percent is only possible if the product is contaminated with impurities or if all of the solvent from the reaction mixture has not been dried off.
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The answer is part C is the energy required to break six carbon-carbon bonds the average bond enthalpy of one carbon-carbon bond in benzene. Calculate in gaseous benzene, CoHs (g): Express your answer to four significant figures and include the appropriate units. View Available Hint(s) AH = Value Units Submit
348 kilojoules is the energy required to break single carbon-carbon bonds. hence for six carbon-carbon bond 348*6=2088 kilojoules.2088 kilojoules is the bond enthalpy of six carbon-carbon bonds.
What is bond enthalpy?Bond dissociation energy refers to the amount of energy required to break one carbon -carbon bond. This Bond dissociation energy is known as Bond enthalpy.
Bond enthalpy of one carbon-carbon bond in benzene:518 kJ/mol is the Bond enthalpy of one carbon-carbon bond in benzene which means 518 kJ/mol energy is required to break one single c-c bond in benzene.
hence, 348 kilojoules is the energy required to break single carbon-carbon bonds. hence for six carbon-carbon bond 348*6=2088 kilojoules.2088 kilojoules is the bond enthalpy of six carbon-carbon bonds.
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What is the chemical name of the compound K₂SO4?
Answer: Potassium Hydrogen Sulfate
Explanation: The name of the compound K2SO4 is Potassium Hydrogen Sulfate.
a major component of gasoline is octane . when liquid octane is burned in air it reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. calculate the moles of water produced by the reaction of 1.70 of oxygen. be sure your answer has a unit symbol, if necessary, and round it to significant digits.
The number of moles of carbon dioxide produced by the reaction of 0.085 moles of oxygen is 0.1 moles.
Solution:
2C₈H₁₈ + 25O₂ → 16CO₂ + 18H₂O
25 moles of O₂ reacted to produce 16 moles of CO₂.
Therefore,
0.085 mole of O₂ will react to produce = [tex]\frac{0.085*16}{25}[/tex] = 0.1 mole of CO₂.
Thus, the number of moles of CO₂ produced from the reaction is 0.1 mole.
When liquid octane is burned in the air it reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. When octane burns in the air it chemically reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Combustion reactions of hydrocarbons release thermal energy and are an example of exothermic reactions. Gasoline burns and reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce light and heat, converting carbon-based molecules into carbon dioxide gas and water vapor.
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Select the single best answer: Which of the following additions will result in decrease in the pH of the solution? Adding ammonium nitrate to an ammonia solution. Adding potassium chloride to hydrochloric acid solution: Adding sodium formate to formic acid solution
Adding ammonium nitrate to an ammonia solution will result in a decrease in the pH of the solution.
Ammonia is a basic compound. In aqueous solution, the lone pair on the nitrogen atom is able to capture a proton, forming the ammonium ion. Ammonium is the conjugate acid of ammonia, and is slightly acidic. Adding ammonium to a solution of ammonia will lower the pH, since the ammonium is acidic.
The HCl and KCl in the system are there to increase the solution's ionic strength, which results in increased pH value.
The sodium formate solution adds sodium ions and formate ions. This disturbs the formic acid equilibrium, driving it towards reactants. This removes some hydronium ion from solution, increasing the pH.
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showing the behavior of several different gases follow. which of these gases exhibit behavior significantly different from that expected for ideal gases?
Gases C, E and F exhibit behavior significantly different from that expected for an ideal gas. gases exhibit behavior significantly different from that expected for ideal gas
A theoretical gas called an ideal gas is one that has lots of point particles moving around randomly and not being affected by other particles. The ideal gas concept is advantageous because it complies with the ideal gas law, a condensed equation of state, and is amenable to statistical mechanics analysis. A theoretical gas called an ideal gas is one that has lots of randomly moving particles but doesn't have any interparticle interactions. The opposite is true for a real gas; it takes up space and its molecules interact. As a result, PV is always equal to nRT.
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The charge of a sulfur (S) ion is
The charge of a potassium (K) ion is
The charge of a boron (B) ion is
The charge of an iodine (I) ion is
The charge of a bromine (Br) ion is
Answer: you have to add the atomic number and the protrons
Explanation:
sulphur2-
K1+
B2+
I1-
Br1-
Explanation:
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a 25.0 ml solution of hbr is neutralized with 16.8 ml of 0.105 m sr(oh)₂. what is the concentration of the original hbr solution?
The concentration of the original hbr solution is 0.147m.
How do you make HBr solution?
Distillation of a solution of sodium bromide or potassium bromide with phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid yields HBr: KBr + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HBr Because it oxidises HBr to bromine, concentrated sulfuric acid is less effective: 2 HBr + H2SO4 + 2 H2O Br2 + SO2 + 2 H2O
2Hbr + sr(oh)₂ --> srbrc + 2h₂0
25ml 16.8 ml
xm 0.105 m
for complete neutralization
Moles of Hbr =2× moles of sr(oh)₂
xm × 25ml = 2 × 16.8 ml × 0.105 m
x = 0.147m
Hence 0.147m is a correct answer.
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how many grams of aluminum can form by passing 353 c through an electrolytic cell containing a molten aluminum salt?
0.0329 grams of aluminum can form by passing 353 c through an electrolytic cell containing a molten aluminum salt
AL^3+ + 3A^- = AL
3 moles of e- = 1 mole AL
3 faraday e- = 1 mole AL
3 * 96485 c = 1 mole AL
1 c = (1 / 3*96485)*27 g
353c = 353*27 / 3*96485 g
= 0.0329 g of AL
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The ionic compounds NaCl and MgS are represented by the diagrams above. Which statement correctly identifies diagram 1 and identifies the compound with the lower melting point, explaining why?
A
Diagram 1 represents NaCl
NaCl
; it has a lower melting point than MgS
MgS
has because the coulombic attractions between the singly charged Na+
Na
+
ions and the Cl−
Cl
−
ions in NaCl
NaCl
are stronger than those between the ions in MgS
MgS
.
B
Diagram 1 represents NaCl; it has a lower melting point than MgS because the coulombic attractions between its singly charged Na+
ions and the Cl−
Cl
−
ions are weaker than those between the ions in MgS
MgS
.
C
Diagram 1 represents MgS
MgS
; it has a lower melting point than NaCl
NaCl
because the coulombic attractions between its doubly charged Mg2+
Mg
2
+
ions and the S2−
S
2
−
ions are stronger than those between the ions in NaCl
NaCl
.
D
Diagram 1 represents MgS
MgS
; it has a lower melting point than NaCl
NaCl
because the coulombic attractions between the doubly charged Mg2+
Mg
2
+
ions and the S2−
S
2
−
ions are weaker than those between the ions in NaCl
NaCl
B
The magnesium sulfide having a weaker coulombic interaction would have a lower melting point. Option D
What is the correct image?We know that a substance is said to be ionic if the substance is formed by the interaction of two ions. We know that one of the ions must be positive and the other must be negative. The magnitude of the charges would have an impact on the nature of the interaction between the charges.
Since we know that magnesium sulfide has a double negative charge on sulfur and a double positive charge on magnesium while the sodium has a single positive charge and the chloride has a single negative charge, the magnitude of the interaction between the sodium and the chloride ions is higher thus the magnesium chloride compound shown in image 1 would have a lower melting point.
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which of the following is not true? group of answer choices the bronsted-lowry model applies to a wider range of acid-base phenomena than does the arrhenius model. the arrhenius model of acids and bases applies toward substances that are nonaqueous. the arrhenius model of acids and bases was developed before the bronsted-lowry model. the bronsted-lowry model can apply to bases that do not contain hydroxide ions. none of the above
Arrhenius Model of acids and bases is applicable to nonaqueous substances.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Nonaqueous substances are subject to the Arrhenius Model of acids and bases.
B) The Bronsted-Lowry Model was created before the Arrhenius Model of acids and bases.
C) Bases without hydroxide ions can still use the Bronsted-Lowry Model.
D) Compared to the Arrhenius Model, the Bronsted-Lowry Model covers a greater spectrum of acid-base phenomena.
option A is correct
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE ABOUT THE MASSES OF THE SUBATOMIC PARTICALS OF AN ATOM?
a
ELECTRONS AND NEUTRONS ARE 1 AMU AND PROTONS ARE 1/2000 AMU.
b
ELECTRONS, PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ARE ALL 1 AMU.
c
PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ARE 1 AMU AND ELECTRONS ARE 1/2000 AMU.
d
ELECTRONS AND PROTONS ARE 1 AMU AND NEUTRONS ARE 1/2000 AMU.
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
Both protons and neutrons are 1 amu while electrons are 1/2000 amu
if 50.9 g of aspirin (c₉h₈o₄) are produced from 79.8 g of c₇h₆o₃, what is the percent yield from the reaction below? c₇h₆o₃ (s) c₄h₆o₃ (l) → c₉h₈o₄ (s) hc₂h₃o₂ (aq).
48.90% yield is produced in the given reaction
What is yield of a reaction?
The quantity of moles of a product created in relation to the amount of reactant consumed during a chemical reaction is measured in chemistry as yield, also known as reaction yield.
One of the most important aspects of organic and inorganic chemical synthesis that researchers must take into account is yield. The terms "yield," "conversion," and "selectivity" are used in chemical reaction engineering to describe ratios of how much of a reactant was consumed (conversion), how much of the desired product was formed (yield), and how much of the undesired product was formed (selectivity), represented as X, Y, and S.
Hence, 48.90% yield is produced in the given reaction.
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Gustatory receptors are sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to light. This is due to.
Gustatory receptors are touchy to dissolved chemical substances however insensitive to mild. this is due to receptor fields.
The receptive area of a somatic sensory neuron is the vicinity of the skin within which a tactile stimulus evokes a sensory response in the cellular or its axon
The receptive subject (RF) of a neuron refers to the attributes of a visual stimulus that generates a reaction in that cell, and commonly includes an outline of visual field area and desire for other precise capabilities, which includes desired orientation or course of visual stimuli.
For instance, the complete place that a watch can see is called the visual view, and the patch of the field of vision that any single neuron video display units is that cell's receptive subject.
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Pentane (C5H12) is a component of gasoline that burns according to the following balanced equation:
C5H12(l)+8O2(g)→5CO2(g)+6H2O(g)
Calculate ΔH∘rxn for this reaction using standard enthalpies of formation. (The standard enthalpy of formation of liquid pentane is -146.8 kJ/mol.)
Enthalpy change of Pentane (C5H12) that burns is -3,270.5 kJ
Enthalpy change is defined as the difference in enthalpy of total products and reactants, each multiplied by the respective moles. It is expressed as ΔH°rxn
The formula for calculating the enthalpy change of a reaction is:
ΔH°rxn =∑[n x ΔH°f(product) - ∑[n x ΔH°f(reactant)]
The equilibrium reactions are:
C₅H₁₂(l) + 8O₂(g) ⇒ 5CO₂(g) +6H₂O(g)
ΔH°f(CO₂)(g) = -393.5 kJ/mol
ΔH°f(H₂O)(g) = - 241.8 kJ/mol
ΔH°f(C₅H₁₂)(l) = -146.8 kJ/mol
ΔH°f(O₂)(g) = 0 kJ/mol
The equation for the enthalpy change for the above reaction is:
ΔH°rxn =∑[n x ΔH°f(product) - ∑[n x ΔH°f(reactant)]
ΔH°rxn =∑[(n(CO₂) x ΔH°f(CO₂)) + (n(H₂O) x ΔH°f(H₂O)) ]- ∑[(n x ΔH°f(C₅H₁₂)) + (n x ΔH°f(O₂))]
ΔH°rxn =[( 5 x -393.5) + (6 x - 241.8 ) ]- [(1 x -147.8) + (8 x O₂)]
ΔH°rxn = -3,418.3 -(-147.8)
ΔH°rxn = -3,270.5 kJ
Therefore, the enthalpy of burning 1 mole of pentane is -3,270.5 kJ
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Partial bonding, for example, as part of a resonance hybrid, often results in structures with _____.
Partial bonding, for example, as part of a resonance hybrid, often results in structures with fractional bond orders.
What is resonance?
Resonance in chemistry, also known as mesomerism, is a means to describe bonding in specific molecules or polyatomic ions by fusing a number of contributing structures into a resonance hybrid according to valence bond theory.
Resonance structure identification guidelines:
Atoms are immobile. Electrons can only be moved in bonds or lone pairs (that are in p orbitals) The system's total fee must not change. A molecule's bonding structure needs to be preserved.
Therefore, Partial bonding, for example, as part of a resonance hybrid, often results in structures with fractional bond orders.
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which of the following isomers is expected to undergo an sn2 reaction most rapidly upon treatment with naoh?
The following isomers is expected to undergo an SN2 reaction most rapidly upon treatment with NaOH is primary alkyl halide.
The SN2 reaction is the bimolecular reaction. the primary alkyl halides undergoes SN2 reaction than the secondary alkyl halide and the tertiary alkyl halide. the reason is because of the less steric hindrance experienced by the nucleophile that is approaching to word compound. the secondary and the tertiary alkyl halides are slower than the primary one. the secondary alkyl halide and the tertiary alkyl halide experienced more steric hindrance as compared to the primary alkyl halide.
Thus, the primary alkyl halide under goes more readily an SN2 reaction.
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True or false: When subject to homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions on an in- terval [a,b], every nonsingular second-order linear ordinary differential equation a(x)u" + 6(x) u' + c(u) u = f(x) is (a) self-adjoint, (b) positive definite, (c) positive semi- (x ( definite, with respect to some weighted inner product (9.76).
True. When homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions are applied to an interval [a,b], any nonsingular second-order linear ordinary differential equation a(x)u" + 6(x) u' + c(u) u = f(x) is (a) self-adjoint.
What is meant by homogenous?Homogeneous often refers to having the same parts or components. Something that is uniform in nature or character throughout is said to be homogeneous. The term "homogeneous" can also apply to a variety of items that are fundamentally the same as one another or fall under the same category.
What is homogenous in science?A homogeneous mixture has a consistent composition across the whole mixture. The salt water in the aforementioned example is homogeneous because the dissolved salt is evenly distributed across the whole salt water sample.
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What do you notice about the temperature while the water is in the process of freezing?.
Answer:
During freezing, the temperature of a substance remains constant while the particles in the liquid form a crystalline solid.
Explanation:
curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic steps. be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps.
The electron flow arrow always starts from the nucleophilic center to the electrophilic Centre.
What is nucleophilic ?
The term "nucleophile" refers to an atom or molecule that searches for a positive centre during a chemical reaction, such as the nucleus of an atom, since the nucleophile has an accessible electron pair for bonding.
What is electrophilic ?
An atom or molecule that searches for an atom or molecule that has a pair of free electrons during a chemical process. Lewis acids, which absorb electron pairs, are electrophilic chemicals; many of them are also Brnsted acids (compounds that donate protons).
The electron flow arrow always starts from the nucleophilic center to the electrophilic Centre. The arrow starts from the electrons.
Mechanism with arrows:-
Therefore, The electron flow arrow always starts from the nucleophilic center to the electrophilic Centre.
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