Equilibrium calculations: Using the equation below for calculating the equilibrium constant for the reaction of PCl3 + Cl2 to produce PCs, make the following substitutions for the reactants and products, and recalculate the equilibrium constant, then comment on the equilibrium constant does it favor products, or reactants? [PCI) = 5.0 mol/L [Cl2] = 5.0 mol/L [PC1s] = 0.1 mol/L [PCI ] 0.050 mol/L K= 9.6 x 10-4 [PC13 ][CI] (7.2 mol/L) (7.2 mol/L) For the steam reformation reaction CH + H2O + CO + 3 H2, calculate the equilibrium constant using the formula and concentrations below, and comment on the equilibrium constant: does it favor products, or reactants? What do you think is the industrial use of this chemical reaction?

Ideal gas law is valid only for ideal gas not for vanderwaal gas. To solve such, we need to know the relation between rate of effusion and molar mass of gases. Therefore, the molar mass of unknown gas is 285.7g/mol.

Ideal gas equation is the mathematical expression that relates pressure volume and temperature.

Mathematically the relation between rate of effusion of gases and their molar masses can be given as:

rate of effusion of unknown gas/rate of effusion of helium gas=√molar mass of helium gas/molar mass of particular gas

rate of effusion of helium= 8.25×rate of effusion of unknown gas

Substituting all the given values we get

rate of effusion of unknown gas÷ 8.25×rate of effusion of unknown gas=√4 g/mol÷ molar mass of unknown gas

1÷  8.25=√44 g/mol÷ molar mass of unknown gas

squaring both side

0.014=4 g/mol÷ molar mass of unknown gas

mass of unknown gas=285.7g/mol

Therefore, the molar mass of unknown gas is 285.7g/mol

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Fruit flies were studied by Diane Dodd for their responses to geographic isolation and selection.

To mimic geographic isolation, she separated a single colony of fruit flies into several populations that lived in various cages. Maltose-based foods were consumed by half of the populations, while starch-based foods were consumed by the other populations. The flies were examined to determine which flies they chose to mate with after many generations (almost 40 generations).

Conclusions-

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(C5H11) n-Pentyl is the major product of 4 carbon chain with a double bond between C1 and 2. there is a methyl(CH3) substituent on C 2. the alkene (C5H10) reacts with HCL .

The IUPAC name of the given reactant in the statement is  CYCLOPENTANE.

As per the given statement:

The starting is a 4 carbon chain with a double bond between C1 and 2. there is a methyl(CH3) substituent on C 2. the alkene (C5H10) reacts with HCL to give the product

Hence,

C5H10 +HCL → C5H11 +Cl2

hence,(C5H11) n-Pentyl is the major product of C5H10 +HCL → C5H11 +Cl2.

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A 0.6543-g sample of that solid will require 22.39 mL ml of 0.3483 m NaOH for neutralization.

It is given that the Mass of the sample is 0.6543 g andthe Mass percent of oxalic acid is 53.66 %. This means that 53.66 grams of oxalic acid are present in 100 grams of the sample.Then Mass of oxalic acid in the given as follows

Mass of oxalic acid =  53.66/100x(0.6543) = 0.351g

To calculate the number of moles,  the equation following equation is used:

No of moles = Given mass/Molar mass.

Here,Given the mass of oxalic acid is 0.351 g and the Molar mass of oxalic acid is 90 g/mol

Putting values in the above equation, we get the number of moles as follows:

No of Moles = 0.351/90

No moles = 0.0039mol

The chemical reaction between oxalic acid and NaOH is as follows:

C₂H₂O₄ + 2NaOH ------> Na₂C₂O₄ + 2H₂O

According to the Stoichiometry of the reaction:

1 mole of oxalic acid reacts with 2 moles of NaOH in the reaction

Then, 0.0039 moles of oxalic acid will react with 2/1 x(0.0039) = 0.0078mol of NaOH

To calculate the volume of the solution, we use the equation used to calculate the molarity of the solution by rearranging it:

Molarity = Number of moles/ Volume of solution

The volume of solution = number of moles/Molarity

We have, Moles of NaOH as 0.0078 moles and Molarity of the solution is 0.3483 M

Putting values in the above-rearranged equation, we get:

The volume of the solution = 0.0078/0.3483x(10000)

The volume of solution = 22.39ml

Hence, the volume of NaOH required is 22.39 mL

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the number average molecular weight of polypropylene is 1500000 g/mol, the Degree of Polymerization = 35 648

Moleculer weight of polypropylene = 1500000g/mal To calculate Degree of Polymerization First we know the monomer of Polymer.

Step-1 Polypropylene Polymer made by

Propylene monomer

CH3-CH=CH₂ → Propylene mallar mass of propylene = 42-078 8/mal

molar mass of Propylene = 12.01 x 3 + 6x1-608

A 36.03 + 6·048 Malay mass Propylene = 42.078 8/mal.

Step- Polymerisation Begrore = (Molar Mass of) Polymer

molar mass of monomer

= 1500000/42.078

= 35648

Degree of Polymerization = 35 648

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The change in the cell voltage when the ion concentrations in the anode half-cell are increased by a factor of 10 is decreased by 0.030 V.

The electrochemical cell has both species the Fe²⁺ and Ag⁺ at 1 M concentration . the cell potential is given the standardbred cell potential E°.

at anode if the concentration increased by 10 then:

ΔE = -(R T / nF ) ln Q

now the reactions are :

at anode : Fe  --->   Fe²⁺  + 2e

at cathode : 2 ( Ag⁺ + e --->  Ag)

overall : Fe + 2Ag⁺  ---->   Fe²⁺  +  2Ag

Q =  [Fe²⁺ ] / [Ag⁺]²

now, n = 2 , the change in cell potential is given as:

ΔE = ( -RT / nF ) ln [Fe²⁺ ] / [Ag⁺]²

[Fe²⁺ ]  = 10 M

ΔE = -(8.314 × 298 ) / 2 × 96485 ln [10] / [1]

ΔE = - 0.030 V

Thus, the cell potential at anode half cell will decreased by 0.030 V.

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The propane gas test has a volume at 35.3 l at 315 k 922 torr, and there are 37.1 moles if propane gas in total.

Its main uses include heating homes and water, preparing and storing food, drying clothes, and powering agricultural and industrial machines. Gas is used as a raw material in the chemical industry for the manufacturing of polymers and other compounds. Liquefied natural gases (LPG), often known as propane, is a commonly utilized fuel that is produced domestically. Use of propane as a car fuel alone increases energy security, makes on-site refueling more affordable, and reduces air pollution and the environmental effects of vehicles.

Briefing:

We begin by assuming the gas is in fact an ideal gas in order to find a solution. the ideal gas's PV version;

PV = nRT

=(922/760) x 35.3/315

=1 x V2 /273

V2 = 37.1L

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The formula unit for the equation when potassium sulfate and barium chloride are mixed to form potassium chloride and barium sulfate would be: [tex]K_2SO_4 (aq)+ BaCl_2 (aq) --- > 2KCl (aq) + BaSO_4 (s)[/tex]. Option 4.

The chemical equation of reactions can be derived from the chemical formula of each participating species of the reaction. Thus, when potassium sulfate and barium chloride are mixed to form potassium chloride and barium sulfate, the chemical equation can be derived as follows:

Chemical formula of potassium sulfate = [tex]K_2SO_4[/tex]

Chemical formula of barium chloride = [tex]BaCl_2[/tex]

Chemical formula of potassium chloride = [tex]KCl[/tex]

Chemical formula of barium sulfate = [tex]BaSO_4[/tex]

The reaction is a double decomposition reaction and can also be a precipitation reaction because one of the salts formed, barium sulfate is an insoluble salt.

The overall equation of the reaction, can thus, be written as [tex]K_2SO_4 (aq)+ BaCl_2 (aq) --- > 2KCl (aq) + BaSO_4 (s)[/tex]

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In 2.6*10² ms, a sample of radon-218 will deteriorate from 99 grams to 0.50 grams. The half-life of radon-218 is 35 milliseconds.

The only significant, carbon-free energy resource that the nation can extensively expand to produce significant amounts of power is nuclear energy. When fossil fuels are burned to produce the same number of electricity, nuclear power plants avoid producing a sizable amount of emissions. One of the best instances of nuclear fusion seems to be the sun. Helium is created when hydrogen nuclei combine inside the sun, producing thermal energy which warms the Earth..

t = 2.303/R log A₀/A

Hence, R = 0.693/t/2

t = 2.303/0.693*35 log 99/0.5

t = 267ms

= 2.6*10² ms

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We have a large mass thus our associated wavelength is small for humans.

We know that the wavelength has to do with the distance that is covered by a  wave. This would normally refers to the horizontal distance. According to the wave particle duality theory that was put forward  by the man Louis  DeBroglie, he said that when matter is in motion, it must have an associated wavelength.

We know from the theory that;

λ = h/p

λ = wavelength of the object

h = Plank's constant

p = momentum of the objects.

We have to note that the momentum is the product of the mass and the velocity of the object.

We now know that as the mass of the object increases, the velocity becomes infinitesimal and may not be felt.

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The resulting acceleration of proton, compared to the electron's acceleration is in the opposite direction and at a similar rate.

Being a vector quantity, acceleration includes components in both the x- and y-axes. By computing the vector's magnitude and direction, we can determine the object's final acceleration.

Because the mass of the proton is greater than the mass of the electron, the acceleration of the proton will be in the opposite direction and at a similar rate. However, the proton's acceleration is smaller in comparison to the electron's acceleration.

In conclusion, when compared to the electron's acceleration, the proton's subsequent acceleration would be smaller in amplitude and in the opposite direction.

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The predominant intermolecular force in H₂NNH₂ is hydrogen bonding.

Hydrogen bonding intermolecular forces are present in compounds which have at least one hydrogen atom directly bonded to either nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine atom.

Hydrogen bonding is the strongest intermolecular force of attraction.

In hydrazine there are 4 hydrogen atoms bonded directly to two nitrogen atoms. Hence, hydrazine has hydrogen bonding intermolecular force present.

Use of hydrazine

Hydrazine is used as a corrosion inhibitor in cooling water reactor. It is also used in the process of electrolytic plating of metals on plastic and glass. One of the main use of hydrazine is in the manufacturing of agricultural chemicals.

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Standard experiments are good practice for making solutions that contain different excess reactants.

Standards and Specifications are a necessary tool to perform a chemical testing on a uniform and consistent basis. Standards and Specifications represent written directions of the criteria needed for a specific product, process, test, or procedure.

A test is any form of test that requires all test takers to answer the same questions, or a selection of questions from common bank of questions, in the same way, and that is scored in a “standard” or consistent manner, which makes the comparison of the relative performance of individual students or groups of students possible, such tests are known as standardized test.

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the enthalpy change when 1.75 moles of diethyl ether changes from the liquid to the gas phase is ΔH= 47.775 KJ

What is enthalpy?

Enthalpy is an energy-like attribute or state function; it has the dimensions of energy (and so is measured in joules or ergs), and its value is controlled wholly by the system's temperature, pressure, and composition, rather than its history.

What is enthalpy with example?

This Enthalpy is equal to the sum of the internal energy of such a system with the constant. You must realise that the forms of energy fluctuate, while Enthalpy remains constant. For example, when water freezes into ice, some energy is used in the process, which is referred to as Enthalpy.

Here ΔH°vap for die ethyle ether = 27.3 KJ/mol

The enthalpy change when 1.75moles of die ethyle ether charges from the liquid to the gas phase will be,

ΔH = (27.3 × 1.75)KJ

ΔH= 47.775 KJ

Hence47.775 KJ is a correct answer.

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Temperature at midnight would be -12 degrees Fahrenheit and is determined using the equation that represents this situation i.e., T/3 = -4.

In mathematics, an equation is a representation of a formula or statement that illustrated an equality relationship of two expressions. The expressions are connected with an equals sign. Solving an equation containing variables involves calculating values of the variables that make the equality true. The variables for which the equation has to be solved are also called unknowns, and the values of the unknowns that satisfy the equality are called solutions of the equation.

Based on the information provided, as the temperature at 9am is -4 and it is the 1/3 of the temperature at midnight T, the equation would be:

1/3* Midnight temperature = 9am temperature

1/3*T = -4 or T/3 = -4

Solving the equation,

T = 3*-4 = -12.

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Number of moles of gas are in the tank is  0.287 mole.

Pressure is the force implemented perpendicular to the floor of an object in step with unit location over which that force is shipped. Gauge strain is the strain relative to the ambient strain. diverse units are used to specific strain.

Strain is described as force implemented consistent with unit area. Mathematically it's far given by, P=FA. wherein F is the force acting perpendicular to the floor vicinity A. the usual unit of strain is the pascal (Pa), equal to at least one newton in keeping with meter squared (N/m 2 ).

Calculation:-

volume =  433 L

Pressure =  1.24 atm

T = -48 °c

  = 273 - 48 K

  = 225 K

PV = nRT

n = PV/RT

   = 1.24 × 433 / 8.314 × 225 K

   = 0.287 mole

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Aqueous solutions have various uses because they participate in various processes, creating a wide variety of substances that tend to dissolve in water.

Blood is a good example of important aqueous solutions, because its solubility allows life to be sustained.

Blood is an aqueous solution made up of salts and proteins (plasma), in which erythrocytes or red blood cells, white blood cells or leukocytes are found, and the functions that these components fulfill are important for life.

Other examples of aqueous solutions:

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The quantities needed to boil water that initially starts in the liquid state below the boiling point are the mass of the water, the initial temperature of the water, and the specific heat capacity of water.

The energy needed to boil water is specific heat capacity. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to rise 1 degree of one kilogram of substance. The formula

Q = m × c × ΔT

ΔT = T - T₀

where

The boiling point of water is 100 °C, so we needed to know the mass of water, the initial temperature of the water, and the specific heat capacity of water to calculate the amount of heat energy needed to boil water.

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The sodium ion molarity in 4.57 L of a 0.847 M Na3P Nh 3 P solution is thus 2.54 M.

A little quantity of sodium is needed by the human body to convey nerve impulses, contract or relax muscles, and keep the right ratio of water and minerals. We are thought to require 500 mg of salt everyday for these essential processes.

One way to write an equation is:

Na₃P → 3Na⁺ + P⁻³

The molar mass divided by the mass in L gives the concentration (M):

C = n / V

We may determine the number pf moles of Na3P by using the concentration provided by the issue, and by using that value, we can get the molar mass of Na+:

4.57 L * 2.35 M = 10.7395 mol Na₃P

10.7395 mol Na₃P *  = 32.2185 mol Na⁺.

Concentration of Na⁺ = mol Na⁺ / V

[Na⁺] = 32.2185 mol Na⁺ / 4.57 L = 7.05 M

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The reducing agent belongs in the left (oxidation) circle of the given Venn diagram.  Therefore, option (1) is correct.

A substance that loses its electrons to other substances in a redox reaction and gets oxidized to a higher valence state is known as a reducing agent.

A reducing agent can be described as one of the reactants of an oxidation-reduction reaction that can reduce the other reactant by donating its electrons to the reactant.

If the reducing agent does not give away its electrons to other substances in a reaction, then the reduction cannot occur. For example, in the following chemical reaction;

[tex]H_2(g) + F_2(g) \longrightarrow 2HF(g)[/tex]

Hydrogen gas acts as a reducing agent because it gives out its electrons to fluorine, which permits fluorine to be reduced.

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Kinds of intermolecular forces are present in a mixture of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and water are dispersion intermolecular forces

Ethanol or ethyl alcohol is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid that soluble in water. Its chemical formula is C2H6O or C2H5OH or CH3CH2OH.

Intermolecular forces that mediate interaction between molecules, including attraction forces or repulsion attraction that act between molecules and other types of neighboring particles such as atoms or ions. There are three major types of intermolecular forces: London dispersion force, dipole-dipole interaction, and ion-dipole interaction

London dispersion forces is the force that hold molecules together in the liquid, solid and solution phases are quite weak. London dispersion force is the weakest of the intermolecular forces. It is the force between two nonpolar molecules

Dipole -dipole interactions between two polar molecules occurred when the partial charges formed within one molecule attracted to an opposite partial charge in a nearby molecule.

The ion-dipole interaction is occurred when an ion encounters a polar molecule.

Hydrogen Bonding is the attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds.

Therefore, CH3CH2OH have H-bond intermolecular forces and dipole intermolecular forces and dispersion intermolecular forces. There's no ionic interaction because we don't have metal attached to a nonmetal. For the mixture of ethanol (CH3CH2OH ) and water, it can very easily become a homogeneous mixture because the two liquids are miscible and soluble in all proportions.

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The reaction Ca(s)  + 1/2O₂(g) ⇒CaO(s)  in which ΔH⁰rxn value equal to the ΔH⁰f value for cao(s).

In above reaction

calcium and oxygen react to form calcium oxide. In this reaction one mole of calcium oxide solid formed so the enthalpy change during this is reaction is considered as enthalpy of formation.

The enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mole of a substance is created from its component elements in their standard states is known as the standard enthalpy of formation.

Hence, one mole of cao is formed from a constituent atom from their elemental state is the enthalpy of formation.

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Na and K both use to passively diffuse across the plasma membrane to leak channels.

The membrane that isolates a cell's interior from its external environment is termed the plasma membrane, sometimes known as the cell membrane, and it can be found in every type of cell. On the exterior of both bacterial and plant cells, the plasma membrane is connected by a cell wall. The cell is shielded from its surroundings by the plasma membrane, which also controls cellular movement and sends messages. According to the fluid mosaic model, the plasma membrane is made up of a patchwork of phospholipids.

Ion channels that are not gated are those that are constantly open. Because they simply permit ions to pass through the channel without any impedance, these channels are sometimes known as leak channels. Due to the high permeability of the neuron cell membrane to potassium ions, the neuron experiences significant potassium leakage through potassium leak channels.

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If there are two moles of electrons transferred per mole of the metal, 191.1g/mol will be the molar mass of the metal.

Since formula for faraday's law of electrons is,

Since m = 0.1427g,

          L=144.2

           = 144.2 *(1A/1000mA)

           = 0.1442,

         t = 16min39

           = 16min*(60/1min)          

           = 999 second

        Z = 2e-mol

by substituting all the values in  faraday's law of electrons formula,

0.1427 g = (0.1442*999*M*1/96485*2)

molar mass M = (0.1427g*96485*2/0.1442*999*1)

                    M = 191.1538 g/mol = 191.1g/mol

Therefore molar mass of metal will be 191.1g/mol.

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Answer:A and C

Explanation:

They produce a low concentration of ions when dissolved in water, they are soluble in water and they exhibit low conductivity  are characteristics of weak electrolytes.

Electrolytes are substances that release ions when they are dissolved in water. Among them, salts, bases, and acids can all be categorised. These solutions transmit electricity because the positive and negative ions, referred to as cations and anions, respectively, are mobile. For instance, diluted sulfuric acid, which contains both negative sulphate ions and positive hydrogen ions (H+, a cation), serves as the electrolyte in a lead-acid automotive battery (SO42-, an anion).

Ionic compounds, such as ionic salts, that separate into cations and anions when dissolved, or covalent substances that chemically react with water to produce ions, are examples of electrolytes (such as acids and bases). Compounds referred to as nonelectrolytes do not produce ions when dissolved in water.

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The product that was formed in the experiment is an epoxide that was formed at the double bond outside the ring.

This can be determined by looking at the structure of the product, which contains an oxygen atom connected to two carbon atoms with a double bond outside the ring.

The reaction that occurred in the experiment is known as an epoxidation reaction, which occurs when an alkene (in this case, the double bond outside the ring) is reacted with an oxidizing agent (such as a peroxide or an organic hydroperoxide).

In the reaction, the double bond of the alkene is broken and replaced with an oxygen atom, forming an epoxide. The reaction is typically catalyzed with a metal-based catalyst, such as a transition metal, which helps to facilitate the reaction.

In the case of the epoxidation of r-carvone, the epoxide was formed at the double bond outside the ring because the reactant (the double bond) was located outside the ring. Since the double bond inside the ring is not easily accessible to the reagents, the epoxidation reaction preferentially occurred at the double bond outside the ring.

Therefore, the product that was formed in the experiment is an epoxide that was formed at the double bond outside the ring. The image attached explains the reaction.

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the groups of electrons around carbon atom b in propene is bonding.

They are not nonbinding because bond formation involves all four valence e. They are bonding because they have all formed a bond. Because this C is sp2 hybridised, the electron geometry of the carbon atom B in propene is trigonal planar. Because propene's overall geometry is trigonal planar, the C-C-C bond angle is 120°. Nonbonding electrons are assigned to the atom they are located on. Non-bonding electron pairs are those on an individual atom that are not shared with another atom.Bonding electrons are distributed equally among the bonded atoms. Bonding electron pairs are electrons that are shared by the central atom and any atom to which it is bonded.

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When 65.0g of is burned with enough oxygen, theoretical calculations are amplified by 100%. Divide the reaction's actual yield by its potential value to get the percent yield. The theoretical yield is equal to 100 times the actual yield.

This is the reaction's theoretical yield, or what you would get if it yield 100%. In your situation, it is known that the reaction will generate a percentage of 75%. This basically means that you only receive 75 moles of carbon dioxide for every 100 moles that the reaction may theoretically yield.

Improvements to the % yield for chemical production need a lot of time and money. One reaction with a low percent yield can easily result in a significant waste of reactants and excessive expense when complex compounds are synthesized through a number of distinct reactions. The formula percent yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100 is used to calculate yield percentage.

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potassium carbonate is not soluble, chromium is soluble in water, iodide iron soluble in ether alcohol and ammonia and nitrate is soluble in water.

With the chemical formula K2CO3, potassium carbonate is an inorganic substance. It is a white salt that may be dissolved in water. It is effervescent and frequently manifests as a wet or soggy solid. Glass and soap manufacture are the two main industries that utilise potassium carbonate. For the creation of glass and soap, potassium carbonate is frequently utilised.

Common nitrate ingredients in explosives and fertilisers. Water is a solvent for almost all inorganic nitrates. Bismuth oxynitrate is one type of insoluble nitrate. Similar to NO, nitrate has physiological effects on the body in a variety of systemic activities, such as lowering blood pressure, preventing platelet aggregation, and protecting blood vessels [3, 37].

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