Answer:
$4,550
Explanation:
First, we need to calculate the product cost per unit
Product cost per unit = Total production costs / Units produced
= ($15,085 + $10,200 + $9,200) / 6,050 units
= $5.7 per unit
Cost of goods sold = $5.7 × 3,700 units
= $21,090
Net income = Sales - Cost of goods sold - Operating expenses
= ($8.2 × 3,700) - $21,090 - $4,700
= $30,340 - $21,090 - $4,700
= $4,550
All other things being equal, consumers tend to prefer dollar savings over percentage savings. larger retail outlets over smaller outlets. external reference prices over internal reference prices. percentage savings over dollar savings. smaller retail outlets over larger outlets.
Answer: larger retail outlets over smaller outlets.
Explanation:
A retail outlet can be refered to as a store or a shop whereby buyers can visit in order to make purchases.
It should be noted that consumers will prefer the larger retail outlets over the smaller outlets. A reason attributed to this is that there are varieties of products that can be chosen by the consumers. Also, the consumers can enjoy discount when they buy in large quantities.
if potential output declines while actual output remains unchanged, what does the Taylor rule imply that policymakers should do to the fed funds rate
Answer:
Increased
Explanation:
In the case when there is a fall in the potential output and at the same time the actual output remains the same so here the fund rate should be increased as per the taylor rule as it decrease the output that result in the output gap to fall
So as per the given situation, the fed fund rate should be increased
Hence, the same is to be increased
g If a stock consistently goes down (up) by 1.31% when the market portfolio goes down (up) by 1.05%, then its beta equals:
Answer:
1.25
Explanation:
The stock consistently goes down by 1.31%
The market portfolio goes up by 1.05%
The beta can be calculated as follows
1.31/1.05
= 1.25
Hence the beta is 1.25
On February 5, McCracken Co. purchases 25 percent of Bradley Company common stock at a total cost of $90,000. Write the necessary adjusting entry.
Answer:
February 5
Dr Investment in Equity Shares $90,000
Cr Cash $90,000
Explanation:
Preparation of the necessary adjusting entries
Based on the information given we were told that the Company common stock was purchased at a total cost of $90,000 which means that the appropriate adjusting journal entry will be:
February 5
Dr Investment in Equity Shares $90,000
Cr Cash $90,000
:
Given the following information, calculate the effective gross income: property: 4 office units, contract rents per unit: $2,750 per month; vacancy and collection losses: 18%; operating expenses: $41,000; capital expenditures: 11%.
Answer:
the effective gross income is $117,480
Explanation:
The computation of the effective gross income is shown below:
= Gross income - vacancy income
= ($2,750 × 4 units × $12) - ($2,750 × 12 × 4 × 11%)
= $132,000 - $14,520
= $117,480
hence, the effective gross income is $117,480
The same is to be considered and relevant
Gross domestic product understates the total production of final goods and services because of the omission of inflation. intermediate goods. exports. the underground economy.
Answer:
the underground economy
Explanation:
Gross domestic product is defined as the monetary value of all goods and services that a country produces within a given period.
It is estimated by using income, expenditure, and production in markets.
However GDP does not consider the underground economy.
The underground economy is made up of transactions that are considered illegal or that do not meet up to the reporting requirements of the government.
In effect these are not reported in GDP so GDP is understated.
1. Why are fewer customers entering local bank branches?(Select all that apply)
Mobile phone apps
Online banking
Due to the sophistication of ATM machines
Limited branch hours
2. What type of business are banks relying on to maintain the “brick-and-mortar” branches.
A. New accounts and loans
B. Account transfers
C. Cash withdrawals
D. Check deposits
3. What is the primary reason a consumer needs to walk into a bank branch?
A. Withdraw funds
B. Make a deposit
C. Open a new account
D. Transfer funds
Answer:
2.a. new account and loans, 3. b. make a deposit
Department stores have increasingly used designer boutiques to highlight specific designers to small market segments. This strategy most closely resembles that of which retail institution
Answer:
Specialty Store
Explanation:
A specialty store is a store where it keeps the high brand, style or models having the narrow category of goods and services. The products like furniture, sporting goods, bookstores are categorized as the speciality stores.
Since in the given situaton, it is mentioned that the stores increase the usage of the designer boutique for highlighting the particular designers for the small market so this represent the speciality store of that retail institution
Consider the bond (newly issued, issued on Nov 2013) for a country A: Face value $10 million Coupon rate 4.3% If this bond is purchased (in April 2014) at $9.02 million, instead of $10 million, the yield would be: Group of answer choices same as 4.3% greater than 4.3% less than 4.3%
Answer: greater than 4.3%
Explanation:
Given that
Face Value = $10 million
Current Price = $9.02 million
Coupon Rate = 4.3%
Coupon Payment per annum = $10million x 4.3% = $430,000 annually
Current yield = Annual Coupon Payment ÷ Current price of the bond
Current Yield = $430,000 ÷ 9,020,000 = 0.0476 =4.76% which is greater than 4.3%
Suppose a three-factor model is appropriate to describe the returns of a stock. Information about those three factors is presented in the following chart: What is the systematic risk of the stock return
Answer:
The answer is "[tex]6.33\%[/tex]"
Explanation:
The systematic portion of the return can be defined as follows:
[tex]\to 0.0000734(\$17,863?\$17,034)?0.90(2.60\%?2.80\%)?0.32(3.50\%?3.70\%)[/tex]
[tex]= 0.0000734 (829) - .90 (-.002) - .32(-.002)\\\\= 0.0608486 + 0.0018 + 0.00064\\\\= 0.0633 \\\\ = 6.33\%[/tex]
Gibson Electronics identifies licensees in various countries who produce and sell the company's products in their countries in return for a royalty fee on every unit sold. Gibson Electronics’ approach is risky because of the problems associated with:_______
a. increased production costs.
b. doing business in a different culture where the rules of the game may be very different.
c. an increase in transportation costs, especially for those products that have a low value-to-weight ratio.
d. the possibility of an increase in trade barriers such as import tariffs or quotas.
e. sharing valuable technological know-how with a potential competitor.
Answer:
E) sharing valuable technological know-how with a potential competitor.
Explanation:
From the question we are informed about Gibson Electronics who identifies licensees in various countries who produce and sell the company's products in their countries in return for a royalty fee on every unit sold. Gibson Electronics’ approach is risky because of the problems associated with sharing valuable technological know-how with a potential competitor. Technological know-how in organization can be regarded as sets of knowledge as well as skills which is developed by that participants and is used to guide the acquisition as well as creation, and operation of computer-based systems which gives enablements or brings about facilitation of the performance of business processes, sharing this with competitors in business could be dangerous potential competitors can embrace it to move their business forward which will affect the owner of the Technological know how Businesses in the market.
About 5% of hourly paid workers in a region earn the prevailing minimum wage or less. A grocery chain offers discount rates to companies that have at least 30 employees who earn the prevailing minimum wage or less. Complete parts (a) through (c) below.
a. Company A has 285 employees. What is the probability that Company A will get the discount? (Round to four decimal places as needed.)
b. Company B has 502 employees. What is the probability that Company B will get the discount? (Round to four decimal places as needed.)
c. Company C has 1033 employees. What is the probability that Company C will get the discount? (Round to four decimal places as needed.)
Answer:
a. 0.0000
b. 0.1841
c. 0.9992
Explanation:
a. n = 285
p = 5% = 0.05
μ = np = 285 x 0.05
= 14.25
we fnd the standard deviation
sd = √np(1-p)
= [tex]\sqrt{285*0.05*0.95}[/tex]
= 3.6793
we find the z score
x = 30-0.5 = 29.5
[tex]z=\frac{29.5-14.25}{3.6793} \\= 4.14[/tex]
using the microsoft excel function
1-NORMSDIST(4.14)
probability = 1 -0.999982
= 0.0000
b.
n = 502
p = 0.05
np = 502x0.05
= 25.1
sd = [tex]\sqrt{np(1-p)}[/tex]
= [tex]\sqrt{502*0.05*0.95} \\= 4.8831[/tex]
x = 29.5
[tex]z = \frac{29.5-25.1}{4.8831} \\= 0.90[/tex]
1 - NORMSDIST(0.90)
= 1 - 0.815939875
PROB = 0.1841
c. n = 1033
p = 0.05
np = 1033*0.05
= 51.65
sd [tex]\sqrt{np(1-p)} \\= \sqrt{1033*0.05*0.95}[/tex]
= 7.0048
x = 29.5
[tex]z=\frac{29.5-51.65}{7.0048} \\= -3.16[/tex]
probability =
1 - normsdist(-3.16)
= 1 - 0.000788846
= 0.9992
In each dropdown next to the following terms, select the identifying letter of its best description. Incurs costs without directly yielding revenues. Provides information used to evaluate the performance of a department. Costs incurred for the joint benefit of more than one department. Costs that a manager has the ability to affect. Holds manager responsible for revenues, costs and investments. Provides information to evaluate the performance of a department manager.
Answer:
Cost center ⇒ Incurs costs without directly yielding revenues.
Investment center ⇒ Holds manager responsible for revenues, costs and investments.
Departmental accounting system ⇒ Provides information used to evaluate the performance of a department.
Indirect expenses ⇒ Costs incurred for the joint benefit of more than one department.
Controllable Cost ⇒ Costs that a manager has the ability to affect.
Responsibility accounting system ⇒ Provides information to evaluate the performance of a department manager.
Poole Co. acquired 100% of Mullen Inc. on January 3, 2021. During 2021, Poole sold goods to Mullen for $2,500,000 that cost Poole $1,850,000. Mullen still owned 30% of the goods at the end of the year. Cost of goods sold was $11,200,000 for Poole and $6,600,000 for Mullen. What was consolidated cost of goods sold?
a) $15,105,000.
b) $15,300,000.
c) $15,495,000.
d) $17,800,000.
Answer:
c) $15,495,000.
Explanation:
Calculation to determine the consolidated cost of goods sold
First step is to calculate the Intra-Entity Gross Profit Deferred
Intra-Entity Gross Profit Deferred =($2,500,000 − $1,850,000)*30%
Intra-Entity Gross Profit Deferred =$650,000 × (30%)
Intra-Entity Gross Profit Deferred =$195,000
Now let calculate the Consolidated COGS
Using this formula
Consolidated COGS = Parent's COGS+Subsidiary's COGS -COGS in Intra-Entity Transfer+Intra-Entity Gross Profit Deferred
Let plug in the formula
Consolidated COGS=$11,200,000+ $6,600,000− $2,500,000+ $195,000
Consolidated COGS= $15,495,000
Therefore the consolidated cost of goods sold is
$15,495,000
what is the major difference between money markets and capital markets: One is more domestic while the other is more international
Answer:
The major difference between money markets and capital markets is:
the time horizon of the debt instruments.
Explanation:
A money market is a global financial market for the exchange of short-term debts (or debt instruments that mature in less than or equal to one year). A capital market is also a global financial market for the exchange of long-term debt instruments (or securities that mature in more than one year). Additionally, the capital market, unlike the money market, enables the exchange of equity securities (common stocks and preferred stocks). Principally, the major difference is the time horizon provided by the two markets.
Millington Materials is a leading supplier of building equipment, building products, materials, and timber for sale, with over 200 branches across the Mid-South. On January 1, 2021, management decided to change from the average inventory costing method to the FIFO inventory costing method at each of its outlets. The following table presents information concerning the change. The income tax rate for all years is 40%.
Income before Income Tax
FIFO Average Cost Difference
Before 2015 $35 million $28 million $7 million
2015 48 million 25 million 23 million
2016 30 million 29 million 1 million
Requied:
a. Prepare the journal entry to record the change in accounting principle.
b. Determine the net income to be reported in the 2016–2015 comparative income statements.
Answer:
A. Dr Inventory $30
Cr Income tax payable $12
Cr Retained earnings $18
B. 2016 Net income $18
2015 Net income $28.80
Explanation:
a. Preparation of the journal entry to record the change in accounting principle.
Dr Inventory $30
Cr Income tax payable $12
Cr Retained earnings $18
b. Calculation to Determine the net income to be reported in the 2016–2015 comparative income statements
Balance at Jan ,2015 $21.00 millions
[35 millions- (35 millions* 40%)]
NET INCOME $28.80 millions
Cash dividends ($4.20) millions
Balance At December 31,2015 $45.60 millions
NET INCOME $18 millions
Cash dividends ($4.20) millions
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31,2016 $59.40 millions
Therefore the net income to be reported in the 2016–2015 comparative income statements will be:
2016 Net income $18
2015 Net income $28.80
The journal entry to record the change in accounting principle will be:
Debit Inventory $30 million
Credit Income tax $12 million
Credit Retained earnings $18 million
(To record error correction)
It should be noted that the income tax will be credited in the amount below:
= 40% × ($7 million + $23 million)
= 40% × $30 million.
= 0.4 × $30 million
= $12 million
The retained earnings will be:
= $30 million - $12 million
= $18 million
The net income to be reported in the 2016–2015 comparative income statements will be $18 million and $28.8 million.
The net income for 2016 will be:
= $30 million - $12 million
= $18 million
The net income for 2015 will be:
= $48 million - (40% × $48 million)
= $45 million - $19.2 million
= $25.8 million
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Assume US GAAP to answer this question. In 2017, $2 million in wages were earned and no cash wages were paid. In 2018, $8 million in wages were earned and $9 million in cash wages were paid. Cash wages were used to first pay wages earned in 2017 with the remainder used to pay wages earned in 2018. Any earned but unpaid wages will be paid during the first quarter of 2019. Using only the information provided, which of the following statements is most accurate?
a. Liabilities increased by $1.0 million in 2018
b. Liabilities increased by $3.0 million in 2018
c. Assets decreased by $5.0 million in 2018
d. Retained earnings decreased by $10.0 million in 2018
e. Retained earnings decreased by $7.0 million in 2018
Answer: a. Liabilities increased by $1.0 million in 2018
Explanation:
In 2018, $9 million was used to settle the wage debt of 2017 and the remainder was used to settle the wages in 2018.
The money remaining in cash after the wage settlement was:
= 9,000,000 - 2,000,000 - 8,000,000
= -$1,000,000
This means that $1,000,000 of wages was not settled in 2018 which means that this would have to go to the Wages Payable account to signify that the company owes wages.
This account is a liability account so liabilities in 2018 would increase by $1,000,000.
What is the present value of a constant perpetuity of 25 per year where the required rate of return is 5%
Answer:
The present value of a constant perpetuity of 25 per year where the required rate of return is 5% is:
$500
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
A constant perpetuity = $1
Present value factor of a constant perpetuity for 25 per year at 5% is $1/0.002
Number of periods for the perpetuity per year = 25
Required rate of return = 5%
Rate of return per period = 5%/25 = 0.002
Therefore, the value of a constant perpetuity = $1/0.002
= $500
The $500 can be used to multiply any amount given obtain the total value of the perpetuity.
The present value of a constant perpetuity of 25 per year where the required rate of return is 5% is $500
Given the information below :
We know that a constant perpetuity(payments) = $1
Required rate of return = 5%
Rate of return per period = 5%/25 = 0.002
Number of periods for the perpetuity per year = 25
Therefore, the value of a constant perpetuity
= Payments / Rate of return per period
= $1 / 0.002
= $500
Hence, present value of a constant perpetuity of 25 per year where the required rate of return is 5% is $500
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A company has two departments, Y and Z that incur wage expenses. An analysis of the total wage expense of $43,000 indicates that Dept. Y had a direct wage expense of $6,800 and Dept. Z had a direct wage expense of $10,700. The remaining expenses are indirect and analysis indicates they should be allocated evenly between the two departments. Departmental wage expenses for Dept. Y and Dept. Z, respectively, are:
Answer:
$19,550 and $10,250
Explanation:
Calculation to determine what Departmental wage expenses for Dept. Y and Dept. Z, respectively, are:
First step is to calculate the Indirect wages
Indirect wages = [43,000 - (6800+10700)]/2
Indirect wages= 43,000-17500/2
Indirect wages=24,500/2
Indirect wages = 12,750
Now let calculate Departmental wage expenses for Dept. Y and Dept. Z,
Departmental wage expenses for Dept. Y
=6800 + 12,750
Departmental wage expenses for Dept. Y = $19,550
Departmental wage expenses for Dept. Z=10,700 + 12,750
Departmental wage expenses for Dept. Z= 23450
Therefore Departmental wage expenses for Dept. Y and Dept. Z, respectively, are:$19,550 and $10,250
Paraguay Pipes Inc. has a cost of equity of 11.1 percent, the YTM on the company's bonds is 5.7 percent, and the tax rate is 35 percent. The company's bonds sell for 93.1 percent of par. The debt has a book value of $393,000 and total assets have a book value of $947,000. If the market-to-book ratio is 2.59 times, what is the company's WACC?
Answer: 9.5978%
Explanation:
Firstly, we should note that the total book value of equity will be the difference between the total assets book value and the total debt book value which will be:
= $947,000 - $393,000
= $554,000
Then, we'll calculate the market value which will be:
= market-to-book ratio × book value
= 2.59 × $554,000
= $1,434,860
Then, the after tax cost of debt will be:
= 5.7(1 - Tax rate)
= 5.7(1 - 35%)
= 5.7(1 - 0.35)
= 5.7(0.65)
= 3.705%
Equity = $1,434,860
Debt = $393,000 × 93.1%
= $365883
Total market value = $1,800,743
WACC = Respective costs × Respective weights
= ($1,434,860/$1,800,743 × 11.1%) + ($365883/$1,800,743 × 3.705%)
= 0.08845 + 0.007528
= 0.095978
= 9.5978%
Janine is considering what auto costs she is going to have after buying a new Honda Civic. She has budgeted enough money for the monthly auto loan payment, gas, and auto insurance. Has Janine factored in all of the costs associated with car ownership
Answer:
No. Janine has not factored in all of the costs usually associated with car ownership.
Explanation:
Other costs associated with the ownership of a car like a new Honda Civic that Janine is considering buying are: maintenance, license and registration, loan finance charges, and depreciation costs. These costs can drastically reduce Janine's monthly purchasing power and ability to save. The costs of owning a new Honda Civic should be compared to the cost of not owning one now vis-a-vis Janine income.
a sale is made at a lumber company for goods costing a total of $13,359 (which includes 9.5% sales tax). in the books of the lumber company revenue should be credited for what amount
Answer:
$12,200
Explanation:
Sales including sales tax = $13,359
Sales tax rate = 9.5%
Let the sales be = $X
Sales tax payable = Sales * Sales tax rate
Sales tax payable = X * 9.5%
Sales tax payable = 0.095X
Sales + Sales tax = Sales including sales tax
X + 0.095X = 13,359
1.095X = 13,359
X = 13,359/1.095
X = $12,200
So, Sales = $12,200. Thus, in the books of the lumber company, Revenue should be credited for $12,200
- True or False: Professional shoplifters steal primarily for the excitement.
You have deposited $1,200 into an account that will earn an interest rate of 8% compounded semiannually. How much will you have in this account at the end of 10 years
Answer:
$2,629.35
Explanation:
The amount in future for the dollar invested today is known as the Future Value (FV)
We can simply calculate the Future Value using a Financial Calculator as follows :
PV = - $1,200
PMT = $0
P/YR = 2
I = 8 %
N = 10 x 2 = 20
FV = ??
Therefore,
The Future Value (FV) will be $2,629.35
You will have $2,629.35 in this account at the end of 10 years.
Assume the total cost of a college education will be $184,061 when your child enters college in 19 years. You presently have $49,327 to invest. What annual rate of interest must you earn on your investment to cover the cost of your child's college education? Enter answer as 3 decimal places (e.g. 0.123)
Answer:
Interest rate = 0.9313
Explanation:
Future value or the cost of edcuation after 19 years = $184061
Present value, money in hand at present = $49327
Time period, n = 19
Future value = Present value (1 + r)²
184061 = 49327 (1 + r )²
(1 + r )² = 184061 ÷ 49327
(1 + r )² = 3.73
(1 + r) = √3.73
(1 + r) = 1.9313
r = 1.9313 - 1
r = 0.9313
Or Interest rate = 0.9313
Compute Lead Time Jackson Fabricators Inc. machines metal parts for the automotive industry. Under the traditional manufacturing approach, the parts are machined through two processes: milling and finishing. Parts are produced in batch sizes of 40 parts. A part requires 6 minutes in milling and 8 minutes in finishing. The move time between the two operations for a complete batch is 5 minutes. Under the lean philosophy, the part is produced in a cell that includes both the milling and finishing operations. The operating time is unchanged; however, the batch size is reduced to 5 parts and the move time is eliminated. Determine the value-added, non-value-added, and total lead times, and the value-added ratio under the traditional and lean manufacturing methods. If required, round percentages to one decimal place. Traditional Philosophy Lean Manufacturing Philosophy Value-added time fill in the blank 1 min fill in the blank 2 min Non-value-added time fill in the blank 3 min fill in the blank 4 min Total lead time fill in the blank 5 min fill in the blank 6 min Value-added ratio (as a percent) fill in the blank 7 % fill in the blank 8 %
Answer: See explanation
Explanation:
Traditional philosophy:
Value added time = 6 + 8 = 14
Non-value-added time = 14 × (40-1) + 5 = 551
Total lead time = 14 + 551 = 565
Value-added ratio (as a percent) = 14/565 × 100 = 2.48%
Lean Manufacturing Philosophy:
Value added time = 14
Non-value-added time = 14 × (5-1) = 56
Total lead time = 14 + 56 = 70
Value-added ratio (as a percent) = 14/70 × 100 = 20%
Tradable permits are likely to result in less inefficiency, relative to a pollution tax, when ... a. the marginal costs of damages are steep and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are relatively stable. b. the marginal costs of damages are steep and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are steep. c. the marginal costs of damages are relatively stable and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are relatively stable. d. the marginal costs of damages are relatively stable and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are steep. e. the marginal costs of damage are elastic and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are also elastic.
Answer:
a. the marginal costs of damages are steep and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are relatively stable.
Explanation:
Pollution can be defined as the physical degradation or contamination of the environment through an emission of harmful, poisonous and toxic chemical substances.
Offset trading refers to a type of trading system that is typically designed for the realization of more efficient pollution control.
This ultimately implies that, an offset trading is a strategic program that allows emerging business firms to pay existing business firms in order to significantly reduce their emissions or pollutants below a specific standard.
Free market in tradable pollution permits simply means giving manufacturing companies and individuals the legal right to pollution of the environment. For example, XYZ company is purchasing the permit of 500 units of carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution annually, this simply means it is permitted to pollute the environment by 500 units of CO2 annually.
Additionally, a free market in tradable pollution permits has some sort of benefits as companies can resell their unused permits or devise a cheaper means of reducing pollution. It also compensate companies that significantly reduces its pollution of the environment.
A pollution tax can be defined as a type of tax imposed on business firms that causes pollution and damages to the environment. It is also referred to as Pigovian tax which is a tax on goods with negative externality.
Hence, tradable permits when compared with pollution tax are likely to result in less inefficiency, when the marginal costs of damages are steep and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are relatively stable.
Several artists in Charleston, South Carolina, show and sell their work in an art gallery downtown. The gallery is owned by an art lover who does not buy the paintings but displays the work of various artists. She collects a percentage on each piece sold. In terms of the marketing channel, the gallery is Multiple Choice an ultimate consumer. a manufacturer. a wholesaler. an agent. a clearinghouse.
"Stock in Daenerys Industries has a beta of 0.73. The market risk premium is 10 percent, and T-bills are currently yielding 5 percent. The company's most recent dividend was $1.6 per share, and dividends are expected to grow at a 5.5 percent annual rate indefinitely. If the stock sells for $35 per share, what is your best estimate of the company's cost of equity? Use the average from CAPM and Dividend Growth Model calculations."
Answer:
CAPM = 12.30%
Dividend Growth Model= 10.32%
Explanation:
According to the capital asset price model: Expected rate of return = risk free + beta x (market premium)
5% + (0.73 x 10%) = 12.30%
according to the constant dividend growth model
price = d1 / (r - g)
d1 = next dividend to be paid
r = cost of equity
g = growth rate
$35 = $1.6 x (1.055) / (r - 0.055)
r = 1.688 / 35 + 0.055 = 0.1032 = 10.32%
A major U.S. manufacturer of children's toys believes its main competitive advantage lies in its continuing the creation of innovative toys and games. The company is facing increasing competition on price, and it is strongly considering outsourcing to offshore firms as a means of reducing costs. The LAST function this firm should consider outsourcing is: Group of answer choices research and development. operations. supply-chain management. distribution.
Answer:
research and development
Explanation:
Since in the given situation, it is mentioned that the company faced the increased in the competition and also it considered an outsourcing in order to offshore the firm so that the cost can be minimized so here the last function the firm should considered outsourcing is the research and development as there is the outsourcing so there would be the research and development also it deals with innovation & introduction of new products & services