Draw the curved arrow mechanism for this reaction, including the carbocation rearrangement step. Show all nonbonding electrons and all formal charges explicitly. (1) Draw the curved arrow mechanism for step 1.
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The factors that play the role in success is solvent, concentration of nucleophile and the substrate.

What is [tex]S_{N}2[/tex] reaction ?

When [tex]sp^{3}[/tex] hybridized  carbon containing a leaving group and nucleophile attack from the remote side of the leaving group then the reaction is known as [tex]S_{N}2[/tex] reaction.

Factors depending on [tex]S_{N}2[/tex] reaction:

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Step 1: Calculate the molar mass of sodium bromate.

The molar mass of sodium bromate (NaBrO3) is 150.89 g/mol.

Step 2: Calculate the mass in grams of 4.68 mol of sodium bromate.

To calculate the mass in grams of 4.68 mol of sodium bromate, we need to multiply the molar mass of sodium bromate (150.89 g/mol) by the number of moles (4.68 mol):

Mass = Molar mass x Number of moles

Mass = 150.89 g/mol x 4.68 mol

Mass = 706.30 g

What is Sodium bromate?

Sodium bromate is an inorganic compound of sodium and bromate, with the formula NaBrO3. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid. Sodium bromate is used as an oxidizing agent in a variety of industrial and laboratory processes. It is also used in bleaching and dyeing textiles, and in the manufacture of certain pharmaceuticals. Sodium bromate is toxic, and exposure can cause adverse effects on the skin, eyes, and respiratory system.

What are Ores?

Ores are rocks or minerals from which useful elements or minerals can be extracted. They usually contain significant concentrations of metals such as copper, iron, gold, lead, and zinc. Ores are extracted through mining and processed to obtain the valuable elements.

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alpha polonium crystallizes in a simple cubic unit cell with an edge length of 336 pm, the density becomes 7.318 g/cm³.

The smallest repeating unit with complete crystal structural symmetry is designated as a unit cell. The unit cell geometry, sometimes referred to as a parallelepiped, provides six lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges (a, b, and c) and the angles at which they are spaced apart ( α,β,γ ).

Given that,

alpha polonium crystallizes in a simple cubic unit cell with an edge length (a) of 336 pm.

As we know, the relation between radius (r) and edge length (a) for simple cubic unit cell is: 2 r = a

Thus, r = a/2

r = 336/2   [ given a = 336 pm]

r = 168 pm

Now, density (d) = (Z × M) / a³ × [tex]N_A[/tex]

Here, Z = number of atom in a simple cubic unit cell = 1

M = molecular weight of polonium

[tex]N_A[/tex] = Avogadro's no.

d = ( 1  × 209) / (168 ×10⁻¹²)³ × (6.023 × 10²³)

d = 7.318 × 10⁷ g/m³

d =  7.318 g/cm³

So, the density of alpha polonium is 7.318 g/cm³.

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The water of 17.99 g forms when 63g of HNO₃ mixes with60g of NaOH

When nitric acid and sodium hydroxide are mixed, a neutralization reaction takes place, with the salt created by the two substances and water serving as the reaction result. The chemical reaction to the statement in this instance is:

HNO₃ + Na(OH) ⇒ NaNO₃ + H₂O

It is determined whether there is one limiting reagent and one in excess, or if both react entirely, by calculating the molar masses of the reagents and using the masses provided by the statement to compute the ratio in which these compounds are combined.

• The formula for HNO₃'s molar mass is 3xmO + mH + mN, or 3x15.99g + 1g + 14g = 62.97 g/mol.

• The formula for Na(OHmolar )'s mass is: mO + mH + mNa = 15.99g + 1.00g + 22.99g = 39.98 g / mol.

Nitric acid is immediately apparent to be the limiting reagent.

Since there are initially 60 g of hydroxide, some of it will stay unreacted because the balanced equation's stoichiometric ratio states that 1 mole of acid reacts with 1 mole of hydroxide. As a result, 63 g of HNO3 react with 40 g of hydroxide. This proves that acid is the limiting reagent, and calculations to determine how much water will form must be based on this substance.

For 63g of HNO₃ 18g of water is formed. Then,

for 62.97 g of HNO₃,

= 18 g x 63 g equals/62.97 g  

= 17.99 g of water.

As a result, the correct response is that 17.99 g of water will form.

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The net ionic equation for the reaction (if any) that occurs when aqueous solutions of sodium sulfide and iron(II) nitrate are mixed.

The answer is:-

[tex]2Na^{+}(aq) + S^{2-} + Fe^{2+} + 2NO_{3}^{-}(aq) -- > 2Na^{+}(aq) + 2NO_{3}^{-}(aq) + 2FeS(s)[/tex]

Ionic Equation:-

an ionic equation is a chemical equation in which the electrolytes in an aqueous solution are expressed as dissociated ions. Usually, this is a salt dissolved in water, where the ionic species are followed by (aq) in the equation to indicate they are in an aqueous solution.

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Partial bonding, for example, as part of a resonance hybrid, often results in structures with fractional bond orders.

What is Partial bonding?

When a pi electron is distributed among three or more atoms, a partial pi bond results. Two parallel lines—one solid and one dashed—like a typical double bond are used to represent a partial double bond. A partial triple bond can result from a partial pi bond as well.

Due to the unequal distribution of electrons in bonds, partial charges differ from negatively charged ions, whereas total negative charges are caused by an excess of electrons in comparison to protons.

Therefore, Partial bonding, for example, as part of a resonance hybrid, often results in structures with fractional bond orders.

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option b. is correct Only I and II are true

A Lewis structure is a structural representation of a molecule in which dots represent electron locations surrounding the atoms and lines/dot pairs represent covalent interactions between atoms. For any covalently bound molecule or coordination complex, a Lewis structure can be drawn. As a result, the proper statements in this problem are:

I. The formal charge on all atoms should be zero, or as close to zero as possible.

II. The charge on the molecule or ion should be equal to the sum of the formal charges on all the atoms.

Only options e. I and II are available.

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The partial pressure of each gas in the mixture is 39.75 mm of hg and 179.43 mm of hg respectively.

In a combination of gases, each constituent fuel has a partial stress that is the notional strain of that constituent gas as if it alone occupied the whole volume of the original aggregate on the same temperature.

Calculation:-

Total pressure pressure = 798 mm hg

mass of neon gas = 3.93

   molar mass = 20 g

moles = 3.93/20

           = 0.1965 moles

mass of neon gas = 0.228 grams

   molar mass = 4 g

moles = 0.228 / 4

           = 0.057 moles

total moles = 0.2535

partial pressure of neon = moles of neon / total moles × total pressure

                                        = 0.1965 moles/ 0.2535 ×  798 mm hg

                                        = 39.75 mm of hg

partial pressure of helium = moles of helium / total moles × total pressure

                                        =0.057 moles / 0.2535 ×  798 mm hg

                                        = 179.43 mm of hg

The stress exerted by means of an person gasoline in a mixture is called its partial pressure. Assuming we've a combination of perfect gases, we are able to use the suitable gasoline regulation to solve problems concerning gases in a combination.The term partial stress is used whilst we've got a combination of two or numerous gases inside the identical extent, and it expresses the strain this is caused by every of the induvidual gases inside the mixture.

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Carbon dioxide is created by burning a 6.0 g sample of carbon. The reaction only produces a 60% yield. Actual carbon dioxide production was 13.2g.

C + O2 = CO2

Moles of C in 6.0g = 6.0/12 =  0.5 moles

as 1 moles of C gives 1 mole of CO₂

Thus 0.5 moles of C will give 0.5 moles of CO₂

As, CO₂ produce is 60%

Thus, moles of CO₂ produced=(0.5x60)/100 = 0.3 moles of CO₂

Amount of CO2 produced=  Moles x Molecular mass

= 0.3 × 44

= 13.2g

Thus, 13.2g of CO₂ will be produced.

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The amount of heat evolved by a reaction is, 53.84 kJ

Heat released by the reaction = Heat absorbed by the calorimeter + Heat absorbed by the water

q = [q1 + q2]

q = [c1× ∆T]+[m2×c2×∆T]

where,

q = heat released by the reaction

q1 = heat absorbed by the calorimeter

q2 = heat absorbed by the water

c1 = specific heat of calorimeter = 600 j/g°c

c2 = specific heat of water = 4.184 j/g°c

m2 = mass of water = 500 g

∆T = change in temperature = 20°c

Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get:

q = (600×20) + (500×4.184×20)

q = 12000 + 41840

q = 53840 J

q = 53.84 kJ

Therefore, the amount of heat evolved by a reaction is, 53.84 kJ

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45.1 ml of 0.104 mm hcl solution is needed to neutralize a solution of koh , 0.294 grams of koh must be present in the solution

MHCl*VHCl = MKOH*VKOH = moles of KOH

moles of KOH = 0.116 M x (45.2/1000) L = 5.24 x 10^-3 mol

molar mass of KOH = 56.1 g/mol

mass of KOH = molar mass x moles = 56.1 x 5.24 x 10^-3 = 0.294 g

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Iodine-123, which has a 13.3-hour half-life and a 25 mg initial concentration, will have 3.09 mg after 39.9 hours.

Using a first-order kinetics equation,

log C = logC0-Kt/2.302

An arrangement of chemical reactions where the rate of the reaction is proportional to the amount of the reactant and is dependent on the concentration of just one reactant.

The half-life of idodine- 123 is 13.3 hours.

from the formula of half-life K can be calculated.

The period of time it takes for a sample's ingredient to decrease by half in your body is known as the half-life.

T1/2 = 0.693/ K

13.3 hours= 0.693/K

K= 0.052 [tex]hour^{-}[/tex]

Substituting the value of K, C0, and t in the equation of first-order kinetics

logC= log(25) - 0.052 × 39.9/ 2.303

logC = 1.39-0.90

logC= 0.49

C= antilog (0.49)

C= 3.09 mg

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Solar radiation and convection currents work together to form weather patterns because the plants need sun, water, and damp soil for photosynthesis.

This is referred to as the process in which green plants manufacture their food in the presence of sunlight. The green pigment in plants which is known as chlorophyll is responsible fir the trapping of sunlight which helps provide the energy needed for the reaction.

Solar radiation and convection currents help in the formation of weather patterns because the area which is facing the sun is said to be experiencing summer and vice versa.

They also help plants grow by providing the plants with resource such as the sun, water, and damp soil etc which are needed for photosynthesis.

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When ethyne or acetylene reacts with cold KMnO₄, the triple bond gains 4 OH. Oxalic acid is produced when it is oxidized by a diluted dilute solution of potassium permanganate.

Incomplete combustion of ethanol produces carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water vapor. Ethyne (acetylene) now emits a sooty flame when burned in air. This is because there isn't enough oxygen in the air to melting metals for metals, which leads to incomplete combustion.

Acetylene, also known as ethyne, is the most basic and well-known constituent of the hydrocarbons series known as the acetylenic sequence, or alkynes, which has zero maybe more pairs of carbons joined by triple bonds.

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A molecule's formal charge is the total of the formal charges of each of the constituent atoms that make up that particular molecule.

What is the Lewis structural rule?

Hydrogen atoms can only make one bond, and they are always located at the ends of atom chains. Hydrogen is usually associated with carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen. Oxygen atoms normally do not bond to one another, with the exception of O2, O3, superoxides, and peroxides.

Describe Lewis's structure with an example.

The octet rule, which states that atoms share electrons so that each has eight in its outer shell, is the foundation of a Lewis structure. For instance, the outer shell of an oxygen atom has six electrons.

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• Al --> Al3+ is an oxidation and 3 electrons on right side are needed.

Cu2+ --> Cu is a reduction and 2 electrons on left side are needed.

• 2 F- --> F₂ is an oxidation and 2 electrons on right side are needed.

In redox reaction, we can identify 2 kinds of half-reactions:

Let's consider following half-reactions.

• AI⇒ Al 3+

This is an oxidation because oxidation number increases from 0 to 3+. To balance it, we need 3 electrons on the right side.

Cu²+⇒ Cu

This is a reduction because oxidation number decreases from 2+ to 0. To balance it, we need 2 electrons on the right side.

• 2 F- ⇒ F₂

This is an oxidation because oxidation number increases from -1 to 0. To balance it, we need 2 electrons on the right side.

Al --> Al3+ is an oxidation and 3 electrons on the right side are needed.

Cu2+ --> Cu is a reduction and 2 electrons on the left side are needed.

2 F- ---> F2 is an oxidation and 2 electrons on the right side are needed.

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(a) -  1.39 atm is the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas in the sample

(b) -  0.219 g many grams of aluminum must have reached to produce this quantity of hydrogen gas.

According to Dalton's Law, often known as the Legislation of Partial Pressures, the combined pressure of a mix of gas is equal to the product of their individual partial pressures.

(a)The partial pressure of hydrogen gas and the vapour pressure of water are added to determine the total pressure of the gas mixture.

PT = Pw + PH

Water has a vapour pressure of atm.

Pw = (30.75 torr)(1.00 atm) / 760 torr

Pw = 0.0405 atm

The hydrogen gas pressure is

PH = PT - Pw

PH = 1.44 atm - 0.0405 atm

PH = 1.39 atm

(b) The amount of hydrogen gas in moles is

n = PV / RT

n = (1.39 atm) (0.2384 L)  / 0.82057 atm L / mol K (302.6 K)

n=0.0122 mol

Aluminum metal and hydrogen gas have a 3:2 molar ratio. The required amount of aluminum metal in moles is

n=0.0122 mol * 2 / 3

n = 0.00813 mol

Aluminum has a molar mass of 26.981538 g/mol. The quantity of aluminum needed is

m = 0.00813 * 26.981538 g/mol

m = 0.219 g

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The complete question is -

Hydrogen gas is produced by the reaction between metallic aluminum and aqueous hydrochloric acid. 2al(s) 6hcl(aq)⟶2alcl3(aq) 3h2(g)

(a)the hydrogen gas produced by this reaction is typically collected via water displacement. during this process, the hydrogen gas becomes saturated with water vapor. if 292.6 ml of gas with a total pressure of 1.44 atm is collected via water displacement at 29.4 ∘c , what is the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas in the sample?

(b)How many grams of aluminum must have reached to produce this quantity of hydrogen gas ? The vapor pressure of water at 29.4 ∘c is 30.75 torr.

The independent variable, the one that is intentionally manipulated between the two samples, is the mass of the each sample. there is also another variable that is manipulated This independent variable is the type of material used.  In each case, the dependent variable, temperature.

Two dry sand sample are examined by changing one parameter. so, the independent variable, the one that is intentially changed between two samples is the mass of the each sample.

Besides the amount of material, there is also another variable that is manipulated within each of the two mass groups and represented as three types. This independent variable is the type of the material used.

In each case, the dependent variable, the one that you measure the response in, is the temperature over the time.

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Answer:

a. mass of each sample

b. type of material used

c. temperature over time

Explanation:

edge 2022!! i got it right ;)

The monosaccharides to build each of the disaccharides are:

Glucose + fructose = sucrose

Galactose + glucose = lactose

glucose + glucose = maltose

What are monosaccharides examples?

The simplest carbohydrates, also called simple sugars, are plentiful in fruits. A monosaccharide is a carbohydrate consisting of one sugar unit.

What are the 4 monosaccharides?

Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide. Galactose, mannose, fructose, and ribose are also of major biological importance.

What are the 3 disaccharides?

Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide units, linked together with glycosidic bonds in the α or β orientation. The most important of them are sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

What are disaccharides and their functions?

Disaccharides act as an energy source for the body, just like any other carbohydrate. When we eat foods that contain disaccharides, our bodies break them down into simple sugars (monosaccharides) for absorption in the small intestine.

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The discrete interactions in a system are conceptually represented by finite state machines (FSM) and petri nets (PN).

        C4H8

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Predict the mass of hydrogen fuel produced when 2. seventy-three g of aluminum reacts in a single replacement reaction with extra sulphuric acid.

The yank Chemical Society ACS officially followed aluminum in 1925, however in 1990 The International Union of Pure and implemented Chemistry IUPAC regularly occurring aluminum as a worldwide fashionable. And so we land today: with aluminum used by the English speakers of North us, and aluminum used anywhere else.

The most comforting part of this tale is that both Aluminum and Aluminium are conventional and correct. Aluminum is preferred in North the us, while Aluminium is the spelling favored within the united kingdom and most different English-talking countries.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The knowledge of venom composition as well as structure and properties of its components on the one hand may give the clue for better treatment of bites and stings on the other hand it may lead to the discovery of new medicines.

If the mass of the magnesium oxide collected is 0.224 g then the 0.296g solid magnesium is Limiting reagent.

Magnesium is found naturally in the form of periclase, a white hygroscopic solid mineral known as magnesium oxide or magnesia. Its empirical formula is MgO, and it is made up of a lattice of Mg2+ and O2 ions that are kept together by ionic bonding. Different applications for magnesium oxide exist. As an antacid, some people take it to treat acid indigestion, sour stomach, and heartburn. For quick, short-term bowel emptying, magnesium oxide may also be used as a laxative.

A reactant that is completely consumed at the conclusion of a chemical reaction is known as the limiting reagent. The limiting reactant, also known as the limiting reagent, is the reactant that is used first in a chemical reaction, hence restricting the amount of product that can be produced.

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Sodium, oxygen, with phosphorus combine to generate the monoatomic substances Na2O (sodium oxide), Na3P (sodium phosphide), Na3PO3 (sodium phosphite), and Na3PO4 (sodium phosphate).

All tissues and cells require phosphorus for their growth, upkeep, and repair, as well as for the creation of DNA or RNA, the genetic building blocks. Additionally, other minerals and vitamins like vitamin D, thyroid, magnesium, and zinc need phosphorus to be balanced and used.

Extra phosphorus alters the body in ways that cause calcium to be drawn from your bones, weakening them. Additionally, harmful calcium deposits in the heart, lungs, eyes, and blood vessels are caused by elevated phosphorus and calcium levels. With time

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To reach the create an object with symmetry, 184 mL of base, LiOH have been needed.

Chemicals that react with hydrogen atoms to neutralize acids are known as bases. The bulk of bases are composed of minerals, which react with acids to form water and salts. As examples of bases, consider the metal oxides, hydroxides, and calcite. The soluble bases are the alkalis.

One of the core units that can be used to create other units in a measurement system that relies on a phenomena or accepted norm. The metre, kilogram, second, ampere, farenheit, mole, and candela are the foundational elements of the World System of Units.

Acid volume, HCOOH (Vi) = 69.0 mL

Acid molarity is HCOOH (Milliamperes) = 0.4 M.

LiOH (Mb) has a molarity of 0.150 M.

MaVa / MbVb = nA / nB

(0.4 × 69) / (0.150 × Vb) = 1

27.6 / (0.150 × Vb) = 1

0.150 × Vb = 27.6

Divide both side by 0.150

Vb = 27.6 / 0.150

Vb = 184 mL

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The pressure and the internal energy of the refrigerant at the final state

Known data:80.74kJ/kg.

[tex]$$\begin{aligned}& \mathrm{R}-134 \mathrm{a} \\& P_1=800 \mathrm{kPa} \\& T_1=25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\end{aligned}$$[/tex]

Unknowns:

[tex]$$\begin{aligned}& T_2=? \\& u_2=?\end{aligned}$$[/tex]

The pressure of the refrigerant in the final state is equal to the saturation pressure at -20 degrees Celsius.

[tex]$$\begin{aligned}& P_2=P_{\text {sat }, \text { at }-20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}=132.82 \mathrm{kPa} \\& P_2=132.82 \mathrm{kPa}\end{aligned}$$[/tex]

State 1 is compressed liquid. Then the enthalpy is that of the saturated liquid at 25 degrees Celsius.

[tex]\h_1=h_{f, \text { at } 25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}=86.405 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}$$[/tex]

The throttling process of the refrigerant is isentalpic. The state 2 of the refrigerant is in the phase mixing region, so we have to calculate the quality 2.

[tex]x_2=\left(h_2-h_f\right) /\left(h_g-h_f\right)$$[/tex]

Where:

[tex]$$\begin{aligned}h_2 & =h_1=86.405 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \\h_f & =25.49 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \\h_g & =238.4 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}\end{aligned}$$[/tex][tex]$$\begin{aligned}h_2 & =h_1=86.405 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \\h_f & =25.49 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \\h_g & =238.4 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}\end{aligned}$$[/tex]

Substituting:

[tex]x_2=(86.405-25.49) /(238.4-25.49)=0.2861$$[/tex]

Now let's calculate the final internal energy of the refrigerant, remembering that the temperature is -[tex]$20 \mathrm{C}$[/tex].

[tex]u_2=u_f+x_2\left(u_g-u_f\right)$$[/tex]

Where :

[tex]$$\begin{aligned}& u_f=25.39 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \\& u_g=218.34 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}\end{aligned}$$[/tex]

Substituting :

[tex]$$u_2=25.39+0.2861(218.84-25.39)=80.74 k J / k g$$[/tex]

[tex]$$u_2=80.74 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}$$[/tex]

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The most accurate statement to explain the phenomena would be that the enthalpy change being positive means that the reaction is endothermic.

Endothermic reactions are reactions in which the energy level of the reactants is lower than the energy level of the products of the reaction. In other words, exothermic reactions take energy from the surroundings rather than releasing energy to the surroundings.

Reactions that release energy to the surroundings are otherwise known as exothermic reactions. Here, the reactants are usually at a higher energy level than the products.

When it comes to enthalpy change, since endothermic reactions consume energy from the surroundings and the products are usually at a higher energy level, the enthalpy change is positive.

This is unlike exothermic reactions in which the enthalpy change is negative because heat is released into the surroundings instead.

Thus, the dissolution of ammonium nitrate in water is said to be endothermic because the enthalpy change is positive.

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The Concentration is 0.055 M

Solution:

pOH = 1/2(pKb - logC)

pOH = 14-pH = 14-10.31 = 3.69

pKb = -log kb = -log 7.100 x 10-7 = 64

3.69 = 1/2(6.12-log C)

Concentration = 0.055 M

Solution concentration is defined as the amount of solute present in a given volume of solution. It can be expressed as mass x mass percent of solution = mass of solute mass in solution × 100. mass x volume percent of solution = mass of solute mass in solution × 100.

By focusing, you can make better use of your resources and tackle problems more efficiently. When you concentrate, you are less likely to miss important information. Staying focused makes it easier to remember things. Focus means control of attention. It is the ability to focus the mind on a subject or an object.

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To Find:

Formula used:

0°C = 273 K

So, 17°C = 290 K

Let the volume of gas be V

Using the formula, we get

0.6 x V = 2.5x0.082x290

V = 2.5x0.82x290/6

V = 99.08 Litres

So, volume of gas will be 99 litres approx.

False, the flavors of frozen desserts are more pronounced when they are very cold. It is False because it is against of weather. It will not suit to our health. So nobody will prefer it.

What is the Weather?

Weather is the phase of the atmosphere, describing for example the measure to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or hazy.

What is Health?

WHO describes health as a state of overall physical, mental and social goodness and not merely the default of disease or weakness.

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