In the cutting tool industry, tool wear is an important concept. Wear of cutting tools refers to the loss of material from the cutting tool, mainly at the active cutting edges, as a result of mechanical action during machining operations.
The mechanical action includes cutting, rubbing, and sliding, as well as, in certain situations, adhesive and chemical wear. Wear on a cutting tool affects its sharpness, tool life, cutting quality, and machining efficiency.
Tool wear has a considerable effect on the cutting tool's productivity and quality. As a result, the study of tool wear and its causes is an essential research area in the machining industry.
The following are the types of tool wear that can occur during the machining process:
1. Adhesive Wear: It occurs when metal-to-metal contact causes metallic adhesion, resulting in the removal of the cutting tool's surface material. The adhesion is caused by the temperature rise at the cutting zone, as well as the cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.
2. Abrasive Wear: It is caused by the presence of hard particles in the workpiece material or on the cutting tool's surface. As the tool passes over these hard particles, they cause the tool material to wear away. It can be seen as scratches or grooves on the tool's surface.
3. Chipping: It occurs when small pieces of tool material break off due to the extreme stress on the tool's cutting edge.
4. Thermal Wear: Thermal wear occurs when the cutting tool's temperature exceeds its maximum allowable limit. When a tool is heated beyond its limit, it loses its hardness and becomes too soft to cut material correctly.
5. Fracture Wear: It is caused by high stress on the cutting tool that results in its fracture. It can occur when the cutting tool's strength is exceeded or when a blunt tool is used to cut hard materials.
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Prove that a Schmitt oscillator trigger can work as a VCO.
Step 1:
A Schmitt oscillator trigger can work as a VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator).
Step 2:
A Schmitt oscillator trigger, also known as a Schmitt trigger, is a circuit that converts an input signal with varying voltage levels into a digital output with well-defined high and low voltage levels. It is commonly used for signal conditioning and noise filtering purposes. On the other hand, a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) is a circuit that generates an output signal with a frequency that is directly proportional to the input voltage applied to it.
By incorporating a voltage control mechanism into the Schmitt trigger circuit, it can be transformed into a VCO. This can be achieved by introducing a variable voltage input to the reference voltage level of the Schmitt trigger. As the input voltage changes, it will cause the switching thresholds of the Schmitt trigger to vary, resulting in a change in the output frequency.
The VCO functionality of the modified Schmitt trigger circuit allows it to generate a continuous output signal with a frequency that can be controlled by the applied voltage. This makes it suitable for various applications such as frequency modulation, clock generation, and signal synthesis.
Step 3:
Learn more about : frequency
Describe frequency, relative frequency, and cumulative relative frequency.
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