Answer:
Finger kinematics during grasp were measured on 5 cadaveric hands. To simulate finger flexion, the FDP was activated by a motor while intrinsic muscles were loaded at various levels (0, 125, 250, 375 or 500g). Finger movement was characterized by the order of metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joint flexion and by the maximal fingertip-to-palm distance during finger closure.
Results
Without any intrinsic muscle contribution (0g load), FDP activation resulted in flexion of all 3 joints, whereby flexion began at the proximal interphalangeal joint, followed by distal interphalangeal joint and then metacarpophalangeal joint. With increasing intrinsic muscle load, finger flexion was initiated at the metacarpophalangeal joint, followed by the proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. This altered joint flexion order resulted in a larger maximal fingertip-to-palm distance during finger flexion. The difference between the 2 extreme conditions (0g vs. 500g of intrinsic muscle load) was 19mm.
Discussion
These findings demonstrate that simultaneous activation of the FDP and the intrinsic muscles results in an apparently more functional hand closing compared to FDP activation alone because of altered kinematics and larger fingertip-to-palm distances.
Clinical Relevance
These findings suggest that intrinsic muscle balancing during reconstruction of grasp in tetraplegic patients may improve function. Keywords: grasp, hand, intrinsic muscles, tendon transfer, tetraplegia
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Introduction
Regaining arm and hand function has been identified as the highest priority for persons with tetraplegia.1,2 Recovering even partial function can have an enormous impact on independence, which enhances quality of life.3 Restoration of finger flexion is an achievable goal in reconstructive surgery of many tetraplegic hands. It can be performed if both the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis are fully innervated, in which case the extensor carpi radialis longus is transferred to the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP),4 which enables patients to grasp and hold objects. However, by restoring FDP function only, fingertips coming into full flexion approach the bases of the fingers rather than the center of the palm.5 This happens because finger flexion begins at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, and fingers curl into flexion rather than following a large arc, which would provide a broad sweeping movement.6 The roll-up finger flexion tends to push large objects out of grasp5 and is therefore considered less functional in daily life.
In normal hand function, the intrinsic muscles, both the lumbricals and interosseus muscles balance finger movement7 and create this broad sweeping movement. Besides abducting and adducting the fingers, they are responsible for coupling metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) flexion with interphalangeal joints (IP) extension.8,9 For 2-dimensional finger movement during grasp, the lumbricals and the interossei provide the same function, as shown by Leijnse et al.10 Since their function is redundant in the sagittal plane, we refer to them as 1 entity, the intrinsics. Intrinsic function is so important that even when patients have neither functional intrinsic muscle nor a sufficient number of transferable muscles to reconstruct them with an active tendon transfer, passive tenodeses are used to substitute for intrinsic muscle function.11,12
We characterize functional hand movement for tetraplegic persons as a large fingertip-to-palm distance during flexion because this enables them to grasp objects of varying sizes and shapes necessary for activities of daily life. The exact contribution of the intrinsic muscles to this function is incompletely understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the role of intrinsic muscle force in creating a functional grasp. We hypothesized that increasing intrinsic muscle contribution would result in a more functional grasp.
Explanation: i hope this helps plz tell me if its wrong so i can fix it :)
The intrinsic muscles, including the lumbricals and interventions ” muscles, balance hand movements and provide this broad sweeping motion in normal hand function.
Define intrinsic muscles.The intrinsic muscles define the arch of the hands, twist the knuckles, and resist with the thumbs.
The intrinsic muscles, including the lumbricals and interventions ” muscles, balance hand movements and provide this broad sweeping motion in normal hand function. They are able to bridge metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) flex with interphalangeal joint (IP) extension, in addition to abducting and adducting the fingers.
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In which layer of the atmosphere does the aurora borealis form? O A. The troposphere OB. The mesosphere O C. The thermosphere O D. The stratosphere SUBM
Answer:
The Thermosphere
Explanation:
Just took the test on A P E X, it's right. Hope this helps :)
Aurora Borealis forms in the thermosphere layer of the atmosphere. Therefore, option "C" is correct.
What are the different layers of the atmosphere?The atmosphere is made up of different layers which protect the life on Earth and make it habitable. There are four layers of the atmosphere troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
In the troposphere, the temperature rises from bottom to top. The ozone layer is present in the stratosphere. This is also known as the flying zone as no clouds are present in this layer. In the mesosphere, the air is much colder as there are gas molecules present that absorb solar radiation whereas the density of molecules in the thermosphere is very low.
The atmospheric layers protect the life on Earth.
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what kind of document is the undelivered speech of benigno aquino jr
Answer:
Manuscript Speech.
Explanation:
The undelivered speech of Benigno Acquino Jr was the speech concerning 'Ninoy' arrival from the US on 21 Aug, 1983. The speech, as the name suggests was undelivered because as soon as Acquino stepped on the airport, he was shot dead with a bullet straight in the center of his head.
This document is called manuscript speech. A Manuscript speech is the one that is written text which is to be read to the audience. Such speech require to be read word-by-word as written in the document.
Therefore, the correct answer is manuscript speech.
What is a scientific theory? Make up your own scientific theory.
Answer:
A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment. Such fact-supported theories are not guesses, but reliable accounts of the real world.
Explanation:
I hope this helps :)
If all of your cells have the same DNA, how is it possible for one of
stem cells to become a skin cell and another of your stems cells to
become a bone cell?
Answer: daddy chill and yes they are
Explanation:
Which of the following is an example when an uncontrolled experiment is best?
When testing the effect of water on a lawn
When working with the human body
When testing the effect of sugar on a starch
When testing plant growth
Answer:
When working with the human body , I had the test so..
Explanation:
Uncontrolled: If an extraneous variable is not controlled for (held constant) its effects become confused with or confounded with the effects of the independent variable. It then has an unwanted effect on the dependent variable and is termed a confounding variable .The researcher can no longer draw conclusions regarding the causal
What are the effects of microorganisms (bacteria, protits, and fungi) in the day to day activity of farmers
Answer:
fertility of soil is been effected
Explanation:
Answer:
All is just to improve the soil fertility
Define “isotope” using mass number, atomic number, number of protons, neutrons and electrons. (PLEASE HURRY!)
Isotopes have different mass numbers due to different number of neutrons but same atomic number due to same number of electrons and protons.
What are isotopes?
Isotopes are defined as substances having same number of protons but different number of neutrons.Number of protons is characteristic for determining position of elements in the periodic table.
Since,all isotopes have the same number of protons and hence have same position.They have similar chemical properties as they have same number of electrons.
They find applications in the field of nuclear medicine and oil and gas research . There are 2 types of isotopes : stable and unstable
Unstable isotopes are radioactive and are called as radioisotopes.Some of these isotopes are man -made and hence also called as artificial isotopes.Every element has an isotope which is either man-made or natural .
Many properties of isotopes depend on mass which is measured in atomic mass unit. The difference in actual mass and mass number is called mass defect.
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How do convection currents cause the motion of tectonic plates??
Answer:
These tectonic plates rest upon the convecting mantle, which causes them to move. The movements of these plates can account for noticeable geologic events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and more subtle yet sublime events, like the building of mountains.
Explanation:
How are humans affected by population growth of other organisms in anarea?
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
other organisms include things such as plants, insects and animals which can play a large role in the population. For example, if you have a sudden rise in the population of misquitoes that can be really bad since they can spread diseases to people when they are sucking blood. Antoher example is if there is a sudden growth of animals that eats a certain crop, then farmers will stuggle to maintain their crops and the list goes on. Hope this helps :)
The water cycle describes how water moves through the earth's crust atmosphere and
oceans. Heat from the Sun causes liquid water to evaporate from rivers, lakes and oceans
and it becomes a gas called water vapour.. As the gas rises, it condenses and
to create droplets.
Water returns to the ground as solid hail and snow or liquid rain and sinks into the earth.
Below the ground it forms
where water is held between grains in rock
layers, and
Where aquifers intersect or cut the surface of the ground
the liquid water flows out to form
and
Differences in
elements, such as oxygen, can be used to estimate the and
of
water. A process is an event or series of events that cause a change to occur.
Answer:
nose picks
Explanation:
lol
Answer:
see the answer above
Explanation:
CAN SOMEONE HELP ME WITH THE PICTURE ABOVE
thank you
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
2% better off
write the difference between Power and energy
Answer: Energy is what makes change happen and can be transferred form one object to another. Power is the rate at which energy is transferred.
what special function does the spleen of the seal do
You remove pus from a wound and try to identify the pathogen multiple ways. The multi-locus gene tree showed your organism was most closely related to Streptococcus pyogenes but the 16S tree said it was most closely related to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Describe why this might be the case and other ways you should try to identify this organism.
Answer:
It occurs because phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences may have insufficient resolution for distinguishing between closely related species
Another genomic method for streptococcal identification is whole-genome analysis (WGS)
Explanation:
The phylogenetic analysis of the highly conserved 16S rRNA gene sequences has recently been used to distinguish between prokaryotic species. However, this gene sometimes may show low resolution to distinguish between closely related species, and it has been suggested potential horizontal transference of rRNA genes. Moreover, multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) has also been used to identify species. MLSA analysis consists of analyzing simultaneously different genes and this technique has shown to have a high capacity for establishing relationships between species within a genus or genera within a family. Finally, whole-genome analysis (WGS) is the most powerful tool for distinguishing between closely species. WGS is a technique that provides a very high resolution which is based on the analysis of large-scale genome sequencing data generated by next sequencing generation (NGS) technologies.
what molecule is this?
Answer: Cholesterol
Explanation:
Hope this helps
The movement of matter across a cell membrane against a concentration difference is called active transport , and it requires?
In the negative feedback mechanism for hypotension, decreased urine volume would:
Question 33 options:
increase blood pressure
decrease blood pressure
have no effect on blood pressure
In the negative feedback mechanism for hypertension, increased urine volume would:
Question 39 options:
have no effect on blood pressure
increase blood pressure
decrease blood pressure
How is sediment formed?
A. Loose material is cemented by pressure.
B. Chemical changes cause sediment to compact together.
C. Molten rock cools above Earth’s surface.
D. Weathering breaks down rock and other material.
Thank you for whoever helps :)
Answer: D. Weathering breaks down rock and other material
Explanation:
Because weathering/erosion cause rocks to break down into tiny sediments over time
Is the cladogram pictured here correct? Does it accurately represent the cladistic relationships between these species based on their derived characteristics? Why or why not?
Answer:
The cladogram is correct. The further explanation is given below.
Explanation:
As with most other species excluding lamprey, paired arms and legs are established. In any organism except lamprey as well as tuna, paired legs become available. Throughout all animals, except lampreys, tuna, certain bullfrogs, the amniotic membrane seems to be preserved. In kangaroos, rhesus monkeys including people, mammary glands were only ever available. The placenta has only been found throughout rhesus monkeys and also in humans. Foramen magnum forward will be exclusively found in humans.Why do animal population decrease between July and December
Humans, plants and mushrooms are all alive. What do these organisms have in common?
Answer:
They are all made of cells, grow, are living, and reproduce.
Explanation:
its true
Which statement best describes the movement of sodium ions across the cell membrane?
They are hydrophilic, so their movement needs to be facilitated by transport proteins.
They are hydrophobic, so their movement needs to be facilitated by transport proteins.
They are hydrophilic, so they easily pass across the cell membrane on their own.
They are hydrophobic, so they easily pass across the cell membrane on their own.
Answer: A. They are hydrophilic, so their movement needs to be facilitated by transported proteins.
Explanation:
Which products do not have scientific studies supporting their claims to be beneficial when used?
A. Cofactors and coenzymes to support enzyme function
B. Lactase enzymes used in milk sugar digestion
C. Enzyme that aids in the digestion of oligosaccharides
D. Enzymes to promote immune system function
Answer:
i think it might be b
Explanation:
bird is to fly as snail is to
Answer:
slither
Explanation:
What is the source of the high energy electrons for electron transport in
mitochondria?
Answer:
All of the electrons that enter the transport chain come from NADH and FADH 2start subscript, 2, end subscript molecules produced during earlier stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.
Explanation:
Pick one of the body parts shown in Sammi's model. How would a disease or injury to this organ affect the process modeled? How would it affect the body as a whole
Answer:
the heart is what makes every moving part working inside our body even though the brain is the one who tells them or gives them signals to work. the heart is what keeps them alive and if the heart takes any kind of negative damage the would not take care of everything it's supposed to.
Explanation:
Hope this helps
The body part picked is ; The Heart
An injury or disease to the heart will stop the whole body functioning and the process modeled will be distorted
The heart in the body is equivalent to the engine of a car, The heart pumps oxygen carrying blood cells into all the organs and without this oxygen carrying blood cells the whole body will stop functioning ( i.e. The organs will be dead ).
An injury or disease to the Heart will negatively affect the distribution rate of blood to all parts of the body and this will negatively affect the overall wellbeing of the body and this will also negatively affect the process been modeled as well.
Hence we can conclude that The body part picked is ; The Heart , and An injury or disease to the heart will stop the whole body functioning and the process modeled will be distorted
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How do your interactions with nonliving systems affect your environment?
Answer:
Some examples of important nonliving things in an ecosystem are sunlight, temperature, water, air, wind, rocks, and soil. Living things grow, change, produce waste, reproduce, and die. These living things interact with the nonliving things around them such as sunlight, temperature, water, and soil.
Explanation:
Nonliving factors determine what living things can be supported in an ecosystem. The living creatures in a habitat affect the nonliving elements within the community. For example, plants can affect soil chemistry or certain algae can influence water chemistry.
Unlike passive transport, active transport requires what
Answer:
Chemical Energy
Explanation:
Active transport needs chemical energy in order to transport an object across a membrane.
Passive transport doesn't need energy in order to transport an object across a membrane.
To play soccer,what type of energy is needed by your muscles so they will function properly?
A. Electromagnetic
B. Nuclear
C. Chemical
Answer:
Chemical
Explanation:
the human body runs off of chemical interactions
Which statement best expresses a basic scientific assumption?