Answer:
a) $3077
b) The owner should make this investment because the marginal benefit is greater than the marginal cost
Explanation:
Given data :
Total cost = $2000
depreciation rate = 8% per year
expected increase in revenue (CF ) = $400
interest rate = 5%
a) Determine the present value of the stream of revenue due to the upgrades
= CF / ( 1 + r ) ^t where ( 1 + r )^t = 13%
= 400 / 13%
= $3077
b) The owner should make this investment because the marginal benefit is greater than the marginal cost
A researcher sets up an experiment involving the use of some sophisticated equipment. The research proposal is approved by the IRB and a grant to cover the cost of the equipment is received from a funding agency. The researcher does not mention that he owns stock in the company he chooses to supply the equipment. The same type of equipment is available from other companies, of comparable quality and price. Is this ethical or unethical
Answer:
This is unethical
Explanation:
Unethical behaviour is defined as a behaviour that is considered o be morally wrong for a group of people or in a given industry.
In the given scenario the researcher is using sophisticated equipment for an experiment.
He chose a company that he has shares in to supply the equipment.
This can be seen as a use of his influence for financial gain that is outside the normal compensation he is receiving
A coffee manufacturer is interested in whether the mean daily consumption of regular-coffee drinkers is less than that of decaffeinated-coffee drinkers. A random sample of 50 regular-coffee drinkers showed a mean of 4.35 cups per day. A sample of 40 decaffeinated-coffee drinkers showed a mean of 5.12 cups per day. Assume the population standard deviation for those drinking regular coffee is 1.20 cups per day and 1.36 cups per day for those drinking decaffeinated coffee. Perform an appropriate test at the 1% level of significance. Use the critical value approach.Compute the p-value.
Answer:
The P-Value ≅0 (zero).
Explanation:
From the given data we have
Regular coffee drinkers sample size = n1 = 50
Decaffeinated-coffee drinkers sample size = n2= 40
Regular coffee drinkers sample mean= x1 = 4.35
Decaffeinated-coffee drinkers sample mean = x2= 5.12
Regular coffee drinkers population standard deviation = σ1 = 1.2
Decaffeinated-coffee drinkers population standard deviation = σ2= 1.36
1) Formulate null and alternate hypothesis
H0: u1≥ u2 Ha: u1 < u2
The null hypothesis is that the mean of the regular coffee drinkers is greater or equal to the mean of decaffeinated-coffee drinkers
against the claim
the mean daily consumption of regular-coffee drinkers is less than that of decaffeinated-coffee drinkers.
2) The test statistic is
z= x1-x2/ sqrt( σ1 ²/n1 + σ2²/n2)
Putting the values
z = 4.35- 5.12/ sqrt( 1.44/50 + 1.8496/40)
z= -5.44
3) The significance level is 0.01
The critical region is Z < -2.33
4) Since the calculated value of z= -5.44 is less than the z ∝= -2.33 we reject H0.
5) the P-value can be calculated using the calculator.
The P-Value is < 0.00001.
P= 0
Which means that the claim is accepted that the mean of the regular coffee drinkers is less than the mean of decaffeinated-coffee drinkers.
Suppose that you have found the optimal risky combination using all risky assets available in the economy, and that this optimal risky portfolio has an expected return of 0.2 and standard deviation of 0.2. The T-bill rate is 0.05. If your risk-return preferences are best described by the utility function in this class, with a risk-aversion coefficient of 4.6. What is the expected return on your optimal complete portfolio
Answer:
d
Explanation:
Ace Company purchased 10,000 bonds issued by Jack Company in 2018 for $53 per bond and classified the investment as securities available-for-sale. The value of the Jack investment was $83 per bond on December 31, 2019, and $100 per bond on December 31, 2020. During 2021, Ace sold all of its Jack investment at $148 per bond. In its 2021 income statement, Ace would report: Multiple Choice A gain of $950,000. A gain of $480,000. A gain of $470,000. A gain of $1,420,000.
Answer:
A gain of $950,000
Explanation:
The computation is shown below:
= ($83 - $53) × 10,000 bonds + ($100 - $83) × 10,000 bonds + ($148 - $100) × 10,000 bonds
= $300,000 + $170,000 + $480,000
= $950,000
Hence, the first option is correct
What do you need to file your taxes?
Answer:
w-2, Form 1040, and possibly Schedule (1... etc. )
Explanation:
Poehling Medical Center has a single operating room that is used by local physicians to perform surgical procedures. The cost of using the operating room is accumulated by each patient procedure and includes the direct materials costs (drugs and medical devices), physician surgical time, and operating room overhead. On January 1 of the current year, the annual operating room overhead is estimated to be: Disposable supplies $278,900 Depreciation expense 69,800 Utilities 29,800 Nurse salaries 259,300 Technician wages 118,200 Total operating room overhead $756,000 The overhead costs will be assigned to procedures, based on the number of surgical room hours. Poehling Medical Center expects to use the operating room an average of eight hours per day, seven days per week. In addition, the operating room will be shut down two weeks per year for general repairs. This information has been collected in the Microsoft Excel Online file. Open the spreadsheet, perform the required analysis, and input your answers in the questions below.1. Determine the predetermined operating room overhead rate for the year.
2. Bill Harris has a five-hours procedure on Jan 22. How much operating room overhead would be charged to his procedure, using the rate determined in part 1?
3. During January, the operating room was used 240 hours. The actual overhead costs incurred for January were $67,250. Determine the overhead under or over applied for the period.
Answer:
Results are below.
Explanation:
To calculate the predetermined manufacturing overhead rate we need to use the following formula:
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= total estimated overhead costs for the period/ total amount of allocation base
Total number of surgical room hours= (8*7)*52= 2,912 hours
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= 756,000 / 2,912
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= $259.61 per surgical room hour
Now, we can allocate costs using the following formula:
Allocated MOH= Estimated manufacturing overhead rate* Actual amount of allocation base
Allocated MOH= 259.61*5
Allocated MOH= $1,298.05
Finally, the under/over allocation for January:
Under/over applied overhead= real overhead - allocated overhead
Allocated overhead= 259.61*240= $62,306.4
Under/over applied overhead= 67,250 - 62,306.4
Underapplied overhead= $4,943.6
During April, Cavy Company incurred factory overhead as follows:Indirect materials $10,500Factory supervision labor 4,000Utilities 500Depreciation (factory) 620Small tools 370Equipment rental 730Journalize the entry to record the factory overhead incurred during April. If an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank.
Answer:
Date Account Title Debit Credit
April Factory Overhead $16,720
Indirect materials $10,500
Wages payable $4,000
Utilities payable $ 500
Accumulated Depreciation $ 620
Small tools $ 370
Equipment rental $ 730
Before year-end adjusting entries, Dunn Company's account balances at December 31, 2010, for accounts receivable and the related allowance for uncollectible accounts were $600,000 and $45,000, respectively. An aging of accounts receivable indicated that $62,500 of the December 31 receivables are expected to be uncollectible. The net realizable value of accounts receivable after adjustment is
Answer: $537500
Explanation:
The net realizable value of accounts receivable after adjustment will be the difference between the account receivable at December 31st and the expected uncollectible. This will be:
= $600,000 - $62,500
= $537500
Therefore, the answer is $537500
The income statement of Kimbrough Community Clinic for the year ended December 31, 2017, is provided below.
Kimbrough Community Clinic Income Statement For the year ended 12/31/2017
Revenues:
Net patient service revenue $774,000
Operating Expenses:
Medical services $361,000
Support services 253,000
General services 95,000
Depreciation 33,000 (742,000)
Operating Income 32,000
Other Income and Expenses:
Interest income 34,000
Interest expense 12,000 22,000
Net Income $54,000
Assuming a maximum annual debt service of $68,000, calculate the organization's debt service coverage ratio.
a. 1.46
b. 1.78
c. 0.79
d. 0.13
Answer:
0.47
Explanation:
Debt service coverage ratio = Net Operating Income ÷ Total Debt Service
where,
Net Operating Income = Revenue - Certain Operating Expenses
Total Debt Service = Current Debt Obligations
therefore,
debt service coverage ratio = $32,000 ÷ $68,000 = 0.47
it takes fena tailoring 2 hr of cutting and 4 hr of sewing to make a tiered silk organza bridal dress. it takes 4 hr of cutting and 2 hr of sewing to make a lace sheath bridal dress. the shop has at most 18 hr per week available for cutting and at most 18 hr per week for sewing. the profit is $318 on an organza dress and $167 on a lace dress. how many of each kind of bridal dress should be made each week in order to maximize profit
Answer:
Fena should make 2 organza bridal dresses and 4 lace dresses which will yield maximum profit of $1,498.
Explanation:
Fena has choice between two types of bridal dresses for stiching. She can make either organza dresses or lace dresses. The combination of both dress will be identified by equation :
P = 318x + 216y
2x + 4y ≤ 18
3x + 2y ≤ 24
solving the equation we will get maximum profit of $1,498.
Three identical units of merchandise were purchased during July, as follows: Date Product T Units Cost July 3 Purchase 1 $31 10 Purchase 1 34 24 Purchase 1 37 Total 3 $102 Average cost per unit $34 Assume one unit sells on July 28 for $48. Determine the gross profit, cost of goods sold, and ending inventory on July 31 using (a) first-in, first-out, (b) last-in, first-out, and (c) average cost flow methods.
Answer:
(a) first-in, first-out,
Cost of Sales = $31
Ending Inventory = $71
Gross Profit = $17
(b) last-in, first-out,
Cost of Sales = $37
Ending Inventory = $65
Gross Profit = $17
(c) average cost flow methods.
Cost of Sales = $48
Ending Inventory = $96
Gross Profit = $0
Explanation:
(a) first-in, first-out,
FIFO method assumes that the units to arrive first, will be sold first. This means cost of sales will be based on earlier (old) prices whilst inventory valuation will be on recent (new) prices.
Cost of Sales = 1 x $31 = $31
Ending Inventory = 1 x $34 + 1 x $37 = $71
Gross Profit = $48 - $31 = $17
(b) last-in, first-out,
LIFO method assumes that the units to arrive last will be sold first. This means cost of sales will be based on recent (new) prices whilst inventory valuation will be on earlier (old) prices.
Cost of Sales = 1 x $37 = $37
Ending Inventory = 1 x $34 + 1 x $31 = $65
Gross Profit = $48 - $37 = $17
(c) average cost flow methods.
This method calculates a new average unit cost with each and every purchase made. This unit cost is used to determine the cost of sales and inventory value.
Cost of Sales = 1 x $48 = $48
Ending Inventory = 2 x $48 = $96
Gross Profit = $48 - $48 = $0
When the original poverty line was created, even some people living above the poverty line did not have access to a phone or running water in their homes.
Today, running water is expected. Beyond that, the norm for our contemporary society includes having cell phones and internet access. In fact, the U.S. government provides grants to bring high-speed in-home internet access to underserved rural areas.
Consider both the benefits and the shortcomings of the U.S. poverty line as a means of assessing poverty today.
The U.S. poverty line was originally set at
a. an income level of $1.90 per day.
b. sufficient income to provide for a family of four.
c. one-third of the median income in the United States.
d. three times the cost of a low-cost food plan.
Answer:
d. three times the cost of a low-cost food plan.
Explanation:
The U.S. poverty line is measured based on three times the cost of low-cost food plan. The people in the rural areas are considered more poor and they are provided with basic necessities. The U.S. government takes initiatives to encourage rural population to contribute their expertise and strengths in some projects. They provide welfare benefit to those who are needy and can not survive on their earnings.
Suppose that Healdsburg enters into a sales contract with an auto manufacturer on January 1, 2021, to provide tires that cost Healdsburg $18 million to produce. The buyer offers Healdsburg $6 million in cash and agrees to take over only the principal payment on Healdsburg's 6.55% debt notes. Assume that the going market interest is 7% at the time. What would Healdsburg's gross profit be on the sale
Answer: hello your question is incomplete attached below is the complete question
answer : $9,836,000.
Explanation:
Revenue of Healdsburg will be calculated as
= cash in hand + PV of the 6.55% note principal
= 6 million + ( 25million * 0.87344 ) = $27,836,000
hence Gross profit made by Healdsburg = 27,836,000 - 18,000,000 = $9,836,000.
given that ; n = 2 , interest ( i ) = 7%
During the next year, sales of Fluoro2211 are expected to be 10,000 units. All costs will remain the same except for fixed manufacturing overhead, which will increase by 20%, and material, which will increase by 10%. The selling price per unit for next year will be $160. Based on these data, Razor Inc.'s total contribution margin for next year will be:
Answer:
$1,080,000
Explanation:
Calculation to determine what Razor Inc.'s total contribution margin for next year will be:
First step is to calculate the Total cost
Selling price per unit for next year $160
Less Direct Materials ($22)
(110%*20)
Less Direct Labor ($15)
Less Variable Manufacturing Overhead ($12)
Less Variable Selling ($3)
Total $108
Now let calculate the Next year contribution margin
Next year contribution margin=$108*10,000 units
Next year contribution margin= $1,080,000
Therefore Razor Inc.'s total contribution margin for next year will be:$1,080,000
Strong brand names: multiple choice 1 are easy to create. guarantee brand loyalty. guarantee product quality. act as a signal of quality. A negative impact of branding is that: multiple choice 2 it makes firms with no reputation more competitive. it may create false perceptions about product differences. it provides additional information to buyers. it may encourage firms to create quality products.
Answer:
1. Strong brand names:
guarantee brand loyalty.
2. A negative impact of branding is that:
it may create false perceptions about product differences.
Explanation:
Brand names differentiate the products and services of competitors providing similar goods and services. It is usually represented as a logo. To make the brand name strong, the brand should reflect the style of customer services, marketing materials, and advertising chosen by a particular company in a competitive market.
On July 1, 2016, Farm Fresh Industries purchased a specialized delivery truck for $175,600. At the time, Farm Fresh estimated the truck to have a useful life of eight years and a residual value of $22,000. On March 1, 2021, the truck was sold for $72,000. Farm Fresh uses the straight-line depreciation method for all of its plant and equipment. Partial-year depreciation is calculated based on the number of months the asset is in service. Required: 1. Prepare the journal entry to update depreciation in 2021. 2. Prepare the journal entry to record the sale of the truck. 3. Assuming that the truck was instead sold for $97,000, prepare the journal entry to record the sale.
Answer:
Part 1
Debit : Depreciation Expense $11,200
Credit : Accumulated Depreciation $11,200
Part 2
Debit : Cash $72,000
Debit : Accumulated Depreciation $88,000
Debit : P & L $15,600
Credit : Cost $175,600
Part 3
Debit : Cash $97,000
Debit : Accumulated Depreciation $88,000
Credit : P & L $9,400
Credit : Cost $175,600
Explanation:
Depreciation = (Cost - Residual Value) / Useful Life
Annual Depreciation = $19,200
to update depreciation in 2021 = $11,200
Accumulated Depreciation = $88,000
This picture of gas stations BEST illustrates which aspect of a market economy?
A
credit
B
competition
с
interest rates
D
opportunity cost
Answer:
B. Competition is the answer for E2020
Explanation:
Declining Balance Depreciation Irons Delivery Inc. purchased a new delivery truck for $40,600 on January 1, 2019. The truck is expected to have a $2,000 residual value at the end of its 5-year useful life. Irons uses the double-declining-balance method of depreciation. Required: Prepare the journal entry to record depreciation expense for 2019 and 2020.
Answer:
A. Depreciation expense $16240
Cr Accumulated depreciation $16240
B. Dr Depreciation expense $9744
Cr Accumulated depreciation $9744
Explanation:
A. Preparation of the journal entry to record depreciation expense for 2019 and 2020.
Dr Depreciation expense $16240
Cr Accumulated depreciation $16240
(Record double-declining-balance depreciation expense)
Depreciation expense for 2019= $40,600 × (1/5 × 2)
Depreciation expense for 2019= $16240
B. Preparation of the journal entry to record depreciation expense for 2020
Dr Depreciation expense $9744
Cr Accumulated depreciation $9744
[($40,600 –$16,240) × (1/5 × 2) = 9744]
(Record double-declining-balance depreciation expense)Depreciation expense for 2020
You are the manager of a small hotel with 40 rooms in Niagara. Your business has dropped almost 90% in recent months. Your cash remaining is enough to run the business for 3 more months.
Apply the 6 thinking hats approach, what would you recommend to do if you were:
1. wearing a blue hat?
2. wearing a white hat?
3. wearing a green hat?
4. wearing a red hat?
5. wearing a yellow hat?
6. wearing a black hat?
After considering the views from different perspectives, what is your recommendation?
Vella owns and operates an illegal gambling establishment. In connection with this activity, he has the following expenses during the year: Rent $43,500 Bribes 65,250 Travel expenses 4,350 Utilities 26,100 Wages 274,250 Payroll taxes 21,750 Property insurance 2,175 Illegal kickbacks 39,150 What are Vella's total deductible expenses for tax purposes
Answer:
$372,125
Explanation:
Calculation to determine Vella's total deductible expenses for tax purposes
Rent $43,500
AddTravel expenses 4,350
Add Utilities 26,100
Add Wages 274,250
Add Payroll taxes 21,750
Add Property insurance 2,175
Total deductible expenses $372,125
Therefore total deductible expenses for tax purposes will be $372,125
Which of the following statements is correct concerning liability when a partner in a general partnership commits a tort while engaged in partnership business? A. The partner committing the tort is the only party liable. B. The partnership is the only party liable. C. Each partner is jointly and severally liable. D. Each partner is liable to pay an equal share of any judgment.
The statement is correct concerning liability when a partner in a general partnership commits a tort while engaged in partnership business that is "each partner is jointly and severally liable". The correct option is C.
In a general partnership, each partner shares joint and several liability for the actions and liabilities of the partnership.
If a partner commits a tort while engaged in partnership business, the injured party can hold the partnership and all individual partners personally liable for any resulting damages.
This means that the injured party can choose to pursue a claim against the partnership as a whole or against any individual partner or a combination of partners, depending on their preference or ability to satisfy the judgment.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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Which diagram arranges the types of business organizations from the most
owners to the fewest owners?
Corporation —> Partnership—> Sole proprietorship
The Step Company has the following information for the year just ended: Budget Actual Sales in units 15,000 14,000 Sales $ 150,000 $ 147,000 Less: Variable Expenses 90,000 82,600 Contribution Margin $ 60,000 $ 64,400 Less: Fixed Expenses 35,000 40,000 Operating Income $ 25,000 $ 24,400 The Step Company's sales-price variance is: Multiple Choice $7,000 unfavorable. $7,500 unfavorable. $7,500 favorable. $7,000 favorable. $3,000 unfavorable.
Answer:
$7,000 Favourable
Explanation:
Calculation to determine what The Step Company's sales-price variance is:
Using this formula
Sales Price Variance = (Actual Sales Price – Budgeted Sales Price) * Actual Sales Volume
Let plug in the formula
Sales Price Variance=[($ 147,000÷14,000)-(150,000/15,000)]*14000
Sales Price Variance = ($10.5 – $10) * 14000
Sales Price Variance = $7,000 Favorable
Therefore The Step Company's sales-price variance is: $7,000 Favorable
The Step Company has the following information for the year just ended: Budget Actual Sales in units 15,000 14,000 Sales $ 150,000 $ 147,000 Less: Variable Expenses 90,000 82,600 Contribution Margin $ 60,000 $ 64,400 Less: Fixed Expenses 35,000 40,000 Operating Income $ 25,000 $
For its first year of operations, Tringali Corporation's reconciliation of pretax accounting income to taxable income is as follows: Pretax accounting income 285,000 Temporary difference-depreciation (20,000) Taxable income $ 265,000 Tringali's tax rate is 40%. Assume that no estimated taxes have been paid. What should Tringali report as income tax payable for its first year of operations
Answer:
$106,000
Explanation:
Calculation to determine What should Tringali report as income tax payable for its first year of operations
Using this formula
Income tax payable=Taxable income*Tringali's tax rate
Let plug in the formula
Income tax payable=265,000 x 40%
Income tax payable= $106,000
Therefore the amount that Tringali should report as income tax payable for its first year of operations is $106,000
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Fuqua Company’s sales budget projects unit sales of part 198Z of 10,000 units in January, 12,000 units in February, and 13,000 units in March. Each unit of part 198Z requires 4 pounds of materials, which cost $2 per pound. Fuqua Company desires its ending raw materials inventory to equal 40% of the next month’s production requirements, and its ending finished goods inventory to equal 20% of the next month’s expected unit sales. These goals were met at December 31, 2019.
Requried:
a. Prepare a projected budget for Jan and Feb 2017.
b. Prepare a direct material budget for Jan 2017.
Answer:
Results are below.
Explanation:
To calculate the production budget for January, we need to use the following formula:
Production= sales + desired ending inventory - beginning inventory
January:
Production= 10,000 + (12,000*0.2)
Production= 12,400 units
February:
Production= 12,000 + 13,000*0.2 - (12,000*0.2)
Production= 12,200
Now, the raw material budget:
Purchases= production + desired ending inventory - beginning inventory
Purchases= 12,400*4 + (12,200*4)*0.4
Purchases= 69,120 pounds
Total cost= 69,120*2= $138,240
Are you smart first to reply gets braaaaaiiiiiiiinnnliest
Answer:
Hello
Explanation:
This is a homie checkpoint and i would just like to ask if you are ok? And if you do not answer that is fine. But just know there is always someone here for you.
;)
Which of the following is an example of an ethical standard you may find in
other countries but not in the United States?
A. Having mandatory retirement for people over 65
B. Bribing government officials
C. Respecting lines of authority
O D. Keeping your word
Knowledge Check 01 Messing Company has an agreement with a third-party credit card company, which calls for cash to be received immediately upon deposit of customers' credit card sales receipts. The credit card company receives 3.5 percent of card sales as its fee. Messing has $4,000 in credit card sales on January 1. Prepare the January 1 journal entry for Messing Company by selecting the account names from the drop-down menus and entering the dollar amounts in the debit or credit columns.
Answer:
Messing Company
Journal Entry:
January 1:
Debit Cash $3,860
Debit Credit Card Expense $140
Credit Sales Revenue $4,000
To record the cash receipt and card expense for the card sales.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Credit card commission = 3.5% of card sales
Credit card sales on January 1 = $4,000
Credit card fees = $140 ($4,000 * 3.5%) Cash received $3,860
Cash $3,860 Credit Card Expense $140 Sales Revenue $4,000
Air Tampa has just been incorporated, and its board of directors is grappling with the question of optimal capital structure. The company plans to offer commuter air services between Tampa and smaller surrounding cities. Air Tampa believes it would have the same business risk as Jaxair, which is an airline that has been around for a few years and that has had zero growth. Jaxair's market-determined beta is 1.8, and it has a current market value debt ratio (total debt to total assets) of 45% and a federal-plus-state tax rate of 25%. Air Tampa expects to have investment tax credits when it begins business, which reduces its federal-plus-state tax rate to 15%. Air Tampa's owners expect that the total book and market value of the firm's stock, if it uses zero debt, would be $14 million. Air Tampa's CFO believes that the MM and Hamada formulas for the value of a levered firm and the levered firm's cost of capital should be used because zero growth is expected.
Required:
a. Estimate the beta of an unlevered firm in the commuter airline business based on Jaxair's market-determined beta.
b. Now assume that rd= rRF= 10% and that the market risk premium RPM for an unlevered commuter airline. 5%. Find the required rate of return on equity
c. Air Tampa is considering three capital structures: (1) $2 million debt, (2) $4 million debt, and (3) $6 million debt. Estimate Air Tampa's rs for these debt levels.
Answer:
a. Unlevered beta = 1.12
b. Required rate of return on equity = 15.60%
c-1. rs = 16.37%
c-2. rs = 17.40%
c-2. rs = 18.81%
Explanation:
a. Estimate the beta of an unlevered firm in the commuter airline business based on Jaxair's market-determined beta.
Levered beta = Unlevered beta * (1 + (D/S)(1 - T))
Therefore, we have:
Unlevered beta = Levered beta / (1 + (D/S)(1 - T)) .............. (1)
Where:
Levered beta = Jaxair's market-determined beta = 1.8
D = Debt ratio = 45%, or 0.45
S = Equity ratio = 1 - D = 1 - 0.45 = 0.55
T = Federal-plus-state tax rate = 25%, or 0.25
Substituting the values into equation (1), we have:
Unlevered beta = 1.8 / (1 + (0.45/0.55)(1 - 0.25)) = 1.12
b. Now assume that rd= rRF= 10% and that the market risk premium RPM for an unlevered commuter airline. 5%. Find the required rate of return on equity
Required rate of return on equity = ro = Rf + beta(Rm - Rf) .............. (2)
Where;
rd = Rf = 10%, or 0.10
beta = Unlevered beta = 1.12
(Rm - Rf) = market risk premium = RPM for an unlevered commuter airline = 5%, or 0.05
Substituting the values into equation (2), we have:
Required rate of return on equity = ro = 10% + 1.12(5%) = 10% + (1.12 * 5%) = 15.60%
c. Air Tampa is considering three capital structures: (1) $2 million debt, (2) $4 million debt, and (3) $6 million debt. Estimate Air Tampa's rs for these debt levels.
c-1. $2 million debt
D = Debt = $2 million
Value of unlevered firm = $14 million
T = Tax rate at start-up = 15%, or 0.15
Value of lerevered firm = Value of unlevered firm + (Debt * T) = $14 + ($2 * 15%) = $14.30 million
S = Value of equity = Value of lerevered firm - Debt = $14.30 - $2 = $12.30 million
rs = ro + ((ro - rd) * (D / S) * (1 - T)) ................... (3)
Where;
ro = 15.60%
rd = Rf = 10%, or 0.10
D = Debt = $2 million
S = Value of equity = $12.30 million
T = Tax rate at start-up = 15%, or 0.15
Substituting the values into equation (3), we have:
rs = 15.60% + ((15.60% - 10%) * (2 / 12.30) * (1 - 0.15)) = 16.37%
c-2. $4 million debt
D = Debt = $4 million
Value of unlevered firm = $14 million
T = Tax rate at start-up = 15%, or 0.15
Value of lerevered firm = Value of unlevered firm + (Debt * T) = $14 + ($4 * 15%) = $14.60 million
S = Value of equity = Value of lerevered firm - Debt = $14.60 - $4 = $10.60 million
Substituting all the relevant values into equation (3), we have:
rs = 15.60% + ((15.60% - 10%) * (4 / 10.60) * (1 - 0.15)) = 17.40%
c-3. $6 million debt
D = Debt = $6 million
Value of unlevered firm = $14 million
T = Tax rate at start-up = 15%, or 0.15
Value of lerevered firm = Value of unlevered firm + (Debt * T) = $14 + ($6 * 15%) = $14.90 million
S = Value of equity = Value of lerevered firm - Debt = $14.90 - $6 = $8.90 million
Substituting all the relevant values into equation (3), we have:
rs = 15.60% + ((15.60% - 10%) * (6 / 8.90) * (1 - 0.15)) = 18.81%