Answer:
-128
Explanation:
[tex](151)_{10}[/tex]
We have to convert this decimal number into the binary number
[tex](10010111) _{2}[/tex]
Performing the 2's complement number so we have to subtract 1 from this
[tex]10010111 -1 \\=(10010110)_{2}[/tex]
Now to getting the original number we have to complement the previous number it means convert 1 ->0 and 0 -> 1
[tex](10010110)_{2} ---->(01101001)_{2}[/tex]
The previous number is converted binary to decimal we get ,
[tex](01101001)_{2}=(105) _{10}[/tex]
-105(According to the rule of 2's complement )
Similarly same process will apply on the [tex](214)_{10}[/tex]
We have to convert this decimal number into the binary number
[tex](11010110)_{2}[/tex]
Performing the 2's complement number so we have to subtract 1 from this
[tex]11010110 - 1 =(11010101)_{2}[/tex]
Now to getting the original number we have to complement the previous number it means convert 1 ->0 and 0 -> 1
[tex](11010101)_{2}---------> (00100101)_{2}[/tex]
The previous number is converted binary to decimal we get ,
[tex](00100101)_{2}------->(42)_{10}[/tex]
-42(According to the rule of 2's complement )
Therefore the result is
151 + 214
=(-105 + (-42)
=-147
Hence the -147 is smaller then -128 that is smaller 8 bit signed integer is Therefore result is : -128
Write a statement that uses the decrement operator, in prefix mode, to decrease the value of the variable time.
Answer:
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int time = 60;
--time;
System.out.println(time);
}
}
Explanation:
*The code is in Java.
Initialize an integer called time and set it to some value, in this case 60
To use the decrement operator in prefix mode, you need to write the decrement operator, --, before the variable time. The decrement operator decreases the variable value by one first and then gives back the new value. In our example the output will be 59.
When you program in a language that uses GUI components, you need to create them from scratch.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
B. False
Explanation:
You do NOT need to start from scratch when you program in a language that uses GUI components. You can think of it like the components are add-ons to your programming language.
Answer:
The correct answer is b. False
Explanation:
You don't need to create them from scratch.
Hope this helps!
PARTNERING AS IT RELATES TO BPR.
Answer:
The answer to this question can be defined as follows:
Explanation:
The term BPR stands for "business processes reengineering", It is the recreating of the core business process to improve product performance or reliability or lower costs.
It generally includes analyzing business processes, which identifying sub-par or ineffective processes but identifying ways to dispose of or change it. IT important for improving changes, especially to shift in aspects of the work, its incorporation in business operations, or competitive strength change. It might contribute to making reconfiguration improvements, and is known as a BPR enabler.Write a program named Deviations.java that creates an array with the deviations from average of another array. The main() method
Answer:
hello your question is incomplete attached is the complete question and solution
answer : The solution is attached below
Explanation:
Below is a program named Derivations.java that creates an array with the deviations from average of another array.
Select the correct answer.
Maggie is preparing a business report. Which type of keys will she use to type in letters, numbers, symbols, and punctuations?
A typing keys
B. navigation keys
C.
function keys
OD
control keys
Answer:
Explanation:
On a windows operating system or any computer based application there are only three types of keys, these are alphanumeric keys, punctuation keys and special keys. Therefore the answers provided are not accurate. Each of these types of keys serves different purposes as follows.
Letters – use alphanumeric keys Numbers – use alphanumeric keys Symbols – use punctuation keys Punctuations – use punctuation keysIf you must use the answers choices provided we can say the following
Letters – use alphanumeric keys - typing keysNumbers – use alphanumeric keys - typing keysSymbols – use punctuation keys - function keysPunctuations – use punctuation keys - typing keys
The type of keys Maggi will use to type in letters, numbers, symbols, and punctuations are: A. typing keys.
An input device can be defined as an electronic device that is typically designed and used for sending data to a computer system. Thus, these devices are used for entering data (information) into a computer system.
In Computer technology, some examples of input devices include the following:
MouseScannerMicrophoneKeyboardA keyboard refers to a an electronic device that is typically designed to allow end users type textual information such as letters, numbers, symbols, and punctuations.
In this scenario, the type of keys Maggi will use to type in letters, numbers, symbols, and punctuations are typing keys because it comprises the 26 alphabets, number one to nine, and special characters or symbols.
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Which test refers to the retesting of a unit, integration and system after modification, in order to ascertain that the change has not introduced new faults?
Answer:
Regression test
Explanation:
There are different types of testing in software development. Some of them are;
i. Smoke test
ii. Interface test
iii. Alpha test
iv. Beta/Acceptance test
v. Regression test
vi. System test
While all of these have their individual meanings and purposes, the regression test seeks to confirm that a recent update, modification or change in the underlying program code of the application (software) has not affected the existing features. This test ensures that a change to a software has not introduced new bugs or vulnerabilities to the state of the software before the change was made.
Regression test is actually done when;
i. there is a change in requirements of the software and thus the code is modified.
ii. a new feature is added to the software.
What is the difference between requirements and controls in the security process? Give examples of each.
Answer:
Security controls are those measures taken to prevent, identify, counteract, and reduce security risks to computer systems, whereas, Security Requirements are guidelines or frameworks that stipulates measures to ensure security control.
Explanation:
Security controls encompass all the proactive measures taken to prevent a breach of the computer system by attackers. Security requirements are those security principles that need to be attained by a system before it can be certified as safe to use.
Security controls are of three types namely, management, operational, and technical controls. Examples of technical controls are firewalls and user authentication systems. A statement like 'The system shall apply load balancing', is a security requirement with an emphasis on availability.
When backing up a database server to LTO tape drives, the following schedule is used. Backups take one hour to complete.
Sunday (7PM) : Full backup
Monday (7PM) : Incremental
Tuesday (7PM) :I Incremental
Wednesday (7PM) : Differential
Thursday (7PM) : i Incremental
Friday (7PM) : i Incremental
Saturday (7PM) : Incremental
On Friday at 9:00PM there is a RAID failure on the database server. The data must be restored from backup. Which of the backup tapes that will be needed to complete this operation?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
Answer:
C. 3
Explanation:
Linear Tape Open LTO tape drives are magnetic tapes used to store data. This can be used with small and large computers for backup purposes. The backup needs to maintained frequently so that new data is backup on every interval. The is a RAID failure on database server to ensure complete backup there must be 3 backup tapes needed.
You are an ISP. For the Address Block 195.200.0.0/16 a. If you have 320 Customers that need 128 addresses/customer - will there be enough addresses to satisfy them? and explain why? b. Say the first block of 64 customers want 128 addresses/customer - what would the address space look like?
Answer:
a. The network will not satisfy the customers because the required addresses is 128 but what can be offered is 126.
b. 195.200.0.0/22
Explanation:
195.200.0.0/16
The number of bits to give 512 is 9
2^9=512
2^8=256 which is not up to our expected 320 customers that requires a network ip
Note we have to use a bit number that is equal or higher than our required number of networks.
The number of host per each subnet of the network (195.200.0.0/25) is (2^7)-2= 128-2=126
The network will not satisfy the customers because the required addresses is 128 but what can be offered is 126.
b. 64 customers requires 6 bits to be taken from the host bit to the network bit
i.e 2^6 = 64
195.200.0.0/22
The number of host per each subnet of the network (195.200.0.0/22) is (2^10)-2=1024 - 2 = 1022 hosts per subnet
This network meet the requirement " 64 customers want 128 addresses/customer "
The Employee class will contain a String attribute for an employee’s name and a double attribute for the employee’s salary. Which of the following is the most appropriate implementation of the class?
a. public class Employee
{
public String name;
private double salary;
// constructor and methods not shown
}
b. public class Employee
{
private String name;
private double salary;
// constructor and methods not shown
}
c. private class Employee
{
public String name;
public double salary;
// constructor and methods not shown
}
d. private class Employee
{
private String name;
private double salary;
// constructor and methods not shown
}
Answer:
The answer is "Option b".
Explanation:
In the choice b, a public class "Employee" is declared, in which two private variables "name and salary" is declared whose data type is a string and double. At this, the class is accessible outside the scope but it variable accessible in the class only and the wrong choice can be defined as follows:
In choice a, datatypes access modifiers were different that's why it is wrong.In choice c and d both classes use a priavte access modifier, which means it can't accessible outside that's why it is wrong.Constructing a concurrent server by spawning a process has some advantages and disadvantages compared to multithreaded servers. Discuss a few.
Answer:
The advantage and the disadvantage of the relevant query are illustrated in the explanation in the paragraph below.
Explanation:
Advantage:
The benefit of creating a simultaneous server through spawning a mechanism seems to be that alternative methods are shielded against everyone else, which would be very necessary whenever the extremely database manages communication services entirely.Disadvantage:
The downside about creating a concurrent system through spawning a methodology seems to be that this process seems to be very expensive but using multicore processing systems should save this expense. It is also easier when using threads again for the aim of communicating between two or even more participants although we stop the kernel executing the correspondence.What would be suggested way to share and sustain knowledge with members in a team ?
A) Sharing of best practices and lessons learnt through emails
B) Sharing knowledge through knowledge sharing sessions
C) Sharing knowledge through informal conversations, for example, during lunch breaks.
D) Sharing best practices, lessons learnt and other topics in a central place where team can collaborate
Answer: D) Sharing best practices, lessons learned and other topics in a central place where the team can collaborate
Explanation: Knowledge sharing within a team is usually an important aspect of building a strong and efficient team. Acquiring knowledge usually comes from the experience gathered from previous projects, learning, or tips learned from various sources. Therefore, sharing knowledge is always a good way to ensure that what is gained is sustained by letting others know. Sharing and sustaining knowledge is most effective when transmitted or aired to a group of people usually a team gathered in an interactive setting which allows members to freely share experience and get feedback, views, or thoughts from other collaborators.
The common channel signaling (CCS) system provides a separate network dedicated to control and signaling over the PSTN. This enables subscribers to establish calls on an on-demand basis.
A. True
B. False
Common Channel Signaling (CCS) is a type of signaling used in multichannel communications systems to control, account for, and manage traffic on all the channels of a link. User information is not sent over the common-channel signaling channel.
What CCS system provides a separate network?Digital communication signaling takes the form of channel-associated signaling (CAS), often referred to as per-trunk signaling (PTS).
It uses routing information, like the majority of telecommunication signaling techniques, to send the voice or data payload to the intended recipient.
The SMS effectively serves as the CAS's administration hub. It is a hardware and software combination that is integrated with the CAS server. Each subscriber's information, including the TV stations they have chosen to subscribe to, is stored and managed via SMS.
Therefore, it is true that (CCS) is a type of signaling where a collection of speech and data channels share an exclusive channel for control signals.
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Can Someone Help
Please Show Work
Answer:
1) 1/14
2) 1/7
Explanation:
Summer Vacation
Number of times letters listed
S 1
U 1
M 2
E 1
R 1
V 1
A 2
C 1
T 1
I 1
O 1
N 1
Probability= Successful outcome ÷ Possible outcome.
Successful outcome(C)=1
*Successful outcome(M)=2
Successful outcome refers to letters chosen.
*Possible outcome=14
*Possible outcome refers to total number of letters.
Probability of C =1/14
Probability of M= 2/14=1/7
Hope this helps ;) ❤❤❤
Let me know if there is an error in my answer.
C++ 3.4.4: If-else statement: Print senior citizen. Write an if-else statement that checks patronAge. If 55 or greater, print "Senior citizen", otherwise print "Not senior citizen" (without quotes). End with newline.
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int patronAge = 71;
if(patronAge >=55)
cout<<"Senior citizen"<<endl;
else
cout<<"Not senior citizen"<<endl;
return 0;
}
Explanation:
Initialize the patronAge age, in this case set it to 71
Check the patronAge. If it is greater than or equal to print "Senior citizen". Otherwise, print "Not senior citizen". Use "endl" at the end of each print statement to have new lines.
The ethical framework that assumes that people are deeply connected to one another in webs of relationships, and that ethical decisions cannot be made outside the context of those relationships is known as
Answer:
Ethics of Care
Explanation:
Ethics of care is a feminist philosophical idea that promotes the idea that the interpersonal relationship between individuals should be a determinant of their moral response to different situations. The theory was developed by Carol Gilligan. The emphasis of this theory is on how to respond to situations, taking into context, a person's relationship with others.
According to a philosopher named Tronto, for people to be effective at displaying care, they would need to;
1. be attentive to the needs of others
2. be responsible for their situations
3. be adequately qualified to render such help, and
4 be responsive enough to the needs of others.
Write down the information for your system’s active network connection (most likely either Ethernet or Wi-Fi).
Question:
1. Open a command prompt window, type ipconfig/ all and press Enter.
2. Write down the information for your system’s active network connection(most likely either Ethernet or Wi-Fi).
* Physical address in paired hexadecimal form.
* Physical address expressed in binary form.
Answer:
00000000 11111111 00000011 10111110 10001100 11011010
Explanation:
(i)First, open a command prompt window by using the shortcut: Windows key + X then select command prompt in the list.
(ii)Now type ipconfig/ all and press Enter. This will return a few information
(a) To get the Physical address in paired hexadecimal form, copy any of the Physical Addresses shown. E.g
00-FF-03-BE-8C-DA
This is the hexadecimal form of the physical address.
(b) Now let's convert the physical address into its binary form as follows;
To convert to binary from hexadecimal, we can use the following table;
Hex | Decimal | Binary
0 | 0 | 0000
1 | 1 | 0001
2 | 2 | 0010
3 | 3 | 0011
4 | 4 | 0100
5 | 5 | 0101
6 | 6 | 0110
7 | 7 | 0111
8 | 8 | 1000
9 | 9 | 1001
A | 10 | 1010
B | 11 | 1011
C | 12 | 1100
D | 13 | 1101
E | 14 | 1110
F | 15 | 1111
Now, from the table;
0 = 0000
0 = 0000
F = 1111
F = 1111
0 = 0000
3 = 0011
B = 1011
E = 1110
8 = 1000
C = 1100
D = 1101
A = 1010
Put together, 00-FF-03-BE-8C-DA becomes;
00000000 11111111 00000011 10111110 10001100 11011010
PS: Please make sure there is a space between ipconfig/ and all
Your smartphone, digital camera, and printer are all part of a network in your workspace. What type of network is likely in use
Answer:
PAN
Explanation:
PAN, short form of Personal Area Network, is a type of computer network built for personal use typically within a building. This could be inside a small office or a bedroom in a residence. This type of network basically consists of one or more personal computers, digital camera, printer, Tv, scanner, telephones, peripheral devices, video games console, and other similar devices.
It is pretty much simple to set up and allow for great flexibility. In this network, a single modem can be set up to enable both wired and wireless connections for multiple devices within the building.
Which of the following could an attacker use to overwrite instruction pointers in order to execute malicious code?
a) Memory leak
b) SQL injection
c) Resource exhaustion
d) Buffer overflow
Answer:
d) buffer overflow
Explanation:
When buffer overflow happens, data gets overwritten by caller data that is not supposed to be overwritten.
If the caller data is carefully crafter instruction code, this would be a way to execute malicious code.
A copy of the copyrighted work must be exactly the same as the original to infringe a copyright.
1. True
2. False
Answer:
true
Explanation:
True or False: It is okay to just paste the URLs of the items you used for references at the end of a paper. Select one: True False
It is not okay to just paste the URLs of the items you used for references at the end of a paper therefore the answer is False
For better understanding, lets explain why the answer is false
When citing a reference it not OK to cite URLs. when you are citing onlh the URL is wrong because theURL could change at any time and the fact remain that it is not everyone who reads your paper can do it electronically or has access to the internet., so the url is not the first step to take. The right thing to do is to give the name of the paper, the author(s), the Journal it was published in and the year it was published.
From the above, we can therefore say that the answer is It is not okay to just paste the URLs of the items you used for references at the end of a paper therefore the answer is False, is correct.
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The attack in which the attacker sends a fragmented message that the victim cannot reconstruct is a(n) ________ attack.
Answer:A teardrop attack
Explanation:
A teardrop attack also called denial-of-service attack is one which an attacker, usually a hacker sends many fragmented bug data messages to a victim's machine causing a crash in the device. This is because data moves in small data packets of whose transmission should follow layers according to the model of the devise be it OSI or TCP/IP model. Now when a hacker continually sends huge amounts of packets of bug data, the process of data transmission fails and packet data becomes overlapped, making the victim 's device machine in disarray and difficult to reconstruct while trying to rearrange them. When the hacker continually sends in more bug data packets to the already confused machine, The machine system crashes.
Problem You Need to Solve for This Lab:
You are asked to write an app to keep track of a relatively small music library. The app should load song information from a data file once the app is started. It should allow user to view, add, remove, and search for songs. The app should save the data back to the same data file when the program exits.
What Your Program Should Do:
Write an interactive text based menu interface (using a loop) that will allow the user to
ï‚· Enter information for a new song
ï‚· Display information for all the songs in the database with index for each song
ï‚· Remove a song by index
ï‚· Search for songs by a certain artist
ï‚· Search for songs by a certain album
ï‚· Quit
For each song, you need to keep track of:
title
artist
duration
album
Allow the program to keep looping until user wants to quit. When the program starts, it should load the tasks from external file ("songs.txt") into memory. When user enters information about the new song, the program needs to read them in, save them in memory and eventually write them to the external data file ("songs.txt"). The file format could look like:
Stereo Hearts;Gym Class Heroes;3;34;The Papercut Chronicles II
Counting Stars;OneRepulic;4;17;Native
The ';' is used as a delimiter or field separator. Each record ends with a new line character.
Some Implementation Requirements:
Write at least four functions WITH arguments for this assignment.
Use struct named Song to model each song
Use array of structs to model the collection of songs.
Hint: In this assignment, some data fields may have multiple words in it. Therefore,
you now SHOULD read using the 3 argument version of get.
Watch out. When using the 3 argument version of get you need to make sure to
remove the delimiter or newline. Therefore, anytime you read (even a confirmation
message), make sure to eat the newline using cin.ignore(...)!
Make sure to have a delimiter written between each item in the file – like a newline.
This will be important when you read the information back from the file.
For submission, your data file should contain a sufficient set of test data. It should have test cases for same artist with multiple songs and same album with multiple songs in it.
Do-Not List:
No Global Variables (you can have global constants)
Do not use Classes or Linked Lists
You must use cstring and char arrays. (do not use )
No use of the stdio library (use iostream and fstream)
Instead of the string class, you will be using arrays of characters and the cstring library
No STL containers such as vector. You must implement your own array for this class.
Answer:
Write questions properly
Explanation:
Then it is easy to say answer
A security analyst is performing a BIA. The analyst notes that in a disaster, failover systems must be up and running within 30 minutes. The failover systems must use back up data that is no older than one hour. Which of the following should the analyst include in the business continuity plan?
A. A maximum MTTR of 30 minutes
B. A maximum MTBF of 30 minutes
C. A maximum RTO of 60 minutes
D. An SLA guarantee of 60 minutes
Answer:
D. A maximum RPO of 60 minutes
Explanation:
Note that an option is not included in this list of options.
The complete list of options is:
A. A maximum MTTR of 30 minutes
B. A maximum MTBF of 30 minutes
C. A maximum RTO of 60 minutes
D. A maximum RPO of 60 minutes
E. An SLA guarantee of 60 minutes
The Recovery Point Objective tells how old a backup file must be before it can be recovered by a system after failure.
Since the data in the failover systems described in this question must be backup and recovered after the failure, it will be important to include the Recovery Point Objective (RPO) in the Business Continuity Plan.
Since the failover systems must use back up data that is no older than one hour, the backup of the system data must be done at intervals of 60 minutes or less. Meaning that the maximum RPO is 60 minutes.
Note that RPO is more critical than RTO in data backup
A hard disk has four surfaces (that's top and bottom of two platters). Each track has 2,048 sectors and there are 131,072 (217) tracks per surface. A block holds 512 bytes. The disk is not "zoned." What is the total capacity of this disk
Answer:
128 GB
Explanation:
Here, we are interested in calculating the total capacity of the disk.
From the question, we can identify the following;
Number of surfaces = 4
Tracks per surface = 131,072
Number of sectors = 2,048
Each Block size = 512 bytes
Mathematically;
Total data capacity of the disk = no of tracks * no of sectors * block size
= 131,072 * 2048 * 512 bytes
= 2^17 * 2^11 * 2^9 bytes = 2^37 bytes
1 GB = 2^30 bytes
So 2^37 = 2^7 * 2^30
= 128 GB
What are the differences between editing manually and editing digitally? What tools are used for each?
Answer:
Both manual and digital editing are concepts used in proofreading.
Manual editing is also called "hard proofreading" (or "hard proofing" for short). It is the process of proofreading, modifying or revising printed documents. In this type of proofreading, one would normally manually mark parts of the printed documents with editing materials such as ink, pen, marker e.t.c
Digital editing is also called "soft proofing". In contrast to manual editing, this type is done on digital documents. These documents include, but not limited to, DOC, txt, PDF, image, audio and video files.
Tools for editing manually are;
i. pen
ii. ink
iii. tipex
Tools for editing digitally are;
i. Photoshop application
ii. Text editors such as notepad++, Microsoft word
Proofreading has evolved in recent times as a result of advancements in technology. Now, manual proofreading has paved way for digital proofreading, which allows revising of PDF and DOC files. The difference in both forms is as follows:
Manual Editing: In the process of revising or proofing printed documents, one would manually apply standard proofreading marks. Manual editing is also known as "Hard proofing", as the process requires proofreaders to mark the hard copies.
Digital Editing: In the process of revising or proofing digital documents i.e. PDF and DOC files, one would digitally apply the proofreading marks. Thus, corrections and edits are transferred electronically among authors, proofreaders. Digital editing is also known as "Soft proofing", as the process requires proofreaders to mark the soft copies i.e. without using any paper or pen.
There are a number of electronic tools and marks available for both techniques of
proofreading. Some tools used for manual proofreading include- deletion, capitalization, and insertion, close-up, transpose.
Tools used in digital proofreading include- spell check, readability levels, trite expressions, and comment, track changes.
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hard disk drive has 16 platters, 8192 cylinders, and 256 4KB sectors per track. The storage capacity of this disk drive is at most Select one: a. 32 GB. b. 128 GB. c. 128 TB. d. 32 TB.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Here, we want to calculate the storage capacity of the disk drive.
We proceed as follows;
Per track capacity = 4 * 256 KB = 1024 KB = 1 MB
per platter capacity = 1 MB * 8192 = 8192 MB
total capacity = 16 * 8192 MB = 131072 MB
converting total capacity to GB,
1024 MB = 1 GB
thus, 131,072 MB to GB would be;
total capacity =131072/1024 = 128GB
For the Address Block 195.200.0.0/16 a. If you have 320 Customers that need 128 addresses/customer - will there be enough addresses to satisfy them? and explain why? b. Say the first block of 64 customers want 128 addresses/customer - what would the address space look like?
Answer / Explanation:
195.200.0.0/16
Note: Class C address can not be assigned a subnet mask of /16 because class c address has 24 bits assigned for network part.
2ⁿ = number of subnets
where n is additional bits borrowed from the host portion.
2ˣ - 2 = number of hosts
where x represent bits for the host portion.
Assuming we have 195.200.0.0/25
In the last octet, we have one bit for the network
number of subnets = 2¹ =2 network addresses
number of host = 2⁷ - 2= 126 network addresses per subnets
In total, how many 8-bit registers are there in the Intel 80x86 CPU design presented in class? Name one of these 8-bit registers.
Answer:
In general the number of bit registers in Intel 80x86 CPU design when combined together forms a 16 - bit register
An example of the -bit registers are AH, AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, and DL
Explanation:
Solution
The 8086 CPU design has a total of eight 8-bit registers and these register can be integrated together to make 16- bit register as well.
The 16-bit data is stored by breaking the data into a low-order byte and high order byte.
The name of the 8 bit registers is shown below:
AH, AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, and DL
A technician is evaluating malware that was found on the enterprise network. After reviewing samples of the malware binaries, the technician finds each has a different hash associated with it. Which of the following types of malware is MOST likely present in the environment?
a. Trojan
b. Polymorphic worm
c. Rootkit
d. Logic bomb
e. Armored virus
Answer:
(b) polymorphic worm
Explanation:
A polymorphic worm can be compared with a chameleon. It changes its color so as to blend with the background of the surrounding to avoid being seen or caught. A polymorphic worm is a special type of worm that keeps changing its constituent features in order to avoid being detected. The most common way in which polymorphic worms hide their codes is by using encryption.
Polymorphic worms have two parts: the part that changes and the one that does not change. The part that changes include the characteristics of the worm such as encryption key, associated hash value e.t.c. The part that does not change is basically its functionality. Therefore, although the characteristics of the worm keep changing, its overall function remains the same.