Theoretical saturation in grounded theory refers to the point where a researcher feels that new themes or insights are no longer emerging from the data, leading them to conclude the qualitative interviewing process.
Theoretical saturation is a crucial concept in grounded theory, which is an inductive qualitative research method used to develop theories or concepts based on data analysis. It represents the point at which researchers perceive that they have gathered enough information and that further data collection is unlikely to yield new insights or themes.
During the qualitative interviewing process, researchers engage with participants and collect rich data through interviews, observations, or other data collection methods. They aim to understand the social phenomena under investigation and identify emerging patterns, themes, or theories that explain these phenomena.
As researchers conduct multiple interviews and analyze the collected data, they continually compare and contrast the information to identify recurring patterns and themes. Theoretical saturation occurs when these patterns and themes become repetitive or redundant, indicating that the data has reached a point of saturation. In other words, the researcher starts to hear similar or repeated stories, experiences, or perspectives from the participants.
At this stage, researchers can conclude the qualitative interviewing process as they have achieved a comprehensive understanding of the topic or phenomenon under study. Theoretical saturation provides confidence that the data has been sufficiently explored and that new information or insights are unlikely to emerge.
It is important to note that theoretical saturation does not imply that the data collection process should be halted prematurely. Researchers must ensure they have conducted a thorough exploration of the data to reach saturation before drawing conclusions or formulating theories.
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The strain gauge is placed on the surface of a thin-walled steel boiler as shown. The gauge is 0.5 in. long and it elongates 0.19(10-3) in. when a pressure is applied. The boiler has a thickness of 0.5in . and inner diameter of60 in. Est = 29(103) ksi, ?st = 0.3. Determine the pressure in the boiler. Determine the maximum x,y in-plane shear strain in the material.
The pressure in the boiler can be determined by using the formula for stress, which is the force per unit area. In this case, the force is caused by the elongation of the strain gauge, and the area is the cross-sectional area of the boiler.
To determine the pressure, we can use the following steps:
1. Calculate the change in length of the strain gauge:
Change in length = 0.19(10^-3) in.
2. Calculate the strain in the strain gauge:
Strain = Change in length / Original length
Strain = (0.19(10^-3) in.) / (0.5 in.)
3. Calculate the stress in the strain gauge:
Stress = Strain * Young's modulus
Stress = Strain * Est
4. Calculate the force on the strain gauge:
Force = Stress * Cross-sectional area of the strain gauge
Cross-sectional area of the strain gauge = thickness of the boiler * length of the strain gauge
Cross-sectional area of the strain gauge = 0.5 in. * 0.5 in.
5. Calculate the pressure in the boiler:
Pressure = Force / Cross-sectional area of the boiler
Cross-sectional area of the boiler = π * (inner diameter/2)^2
Cross-sectional area of the boiler = π * (60 in./2)^2
Now let's calculate the values:
1. Change in length = 0.19(10^-3) in.
2. Strain = (0.19(10^-3) in.) / (0.5 in.)
3. Stress = Strain * Est
4. Cross-sectional area of the strain gauge = 0.5 in. * 0.5 in.
5. Cross-sectional area of the boiler = π * (60 in./2)^2
6. Force = Stress * Cross-sectional area of the strain gauge
7. Pressure = Force / Cross-sectional area of the boiler
Finally, we can determine the maximum x, y in-plane shear strain in the material. The maximum shear strain occurs at a 45-degree angle to the x and y axes. It can be calculated using the formula:
Shear strain = (Change in length / Original length) / 2
In this case, the change in length is already known as 0.19(10^-3) in., and the original length is 0.5 in.
Let's calculate the shear strain:
Shear strain = (0.19(10^-3) in. / 0.5 in.) / 2
Please note that the above calculations are based on the information provided in the question. It's important to double-check the values and formulas used, as well as units, to ensure accuracy.
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people face health hazards from biological, chemical, physical, and cultural factors every day. read about one of these health hazards, and answer the questions that follow.
Air pollution is a significant health hazard caused by various biological, chemical, physical, and cultural factors.
What are the health effects of air pollution?Air pollution, resulting from the release of harmful substances into the atmosphere, poses a range of health hazards. Exposure to pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide can have adverse effects on human health. These pollutants can penetrate deep into the respiratory system, leading to respiratory problems, including aggravated asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic respiratory diseases. Additionally, air pollution can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attacks and strokes, as well as contribute to the development of lung cancer.
Long-term exposure to air pollution has been linked to reduced lung function, decreased lung growth in children, and an increased risk of respiratory infections. Moreover, it can exacerbate existing health conditions and impact vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular diseases.
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a scuba tank is being designed for an internal pressure of 2640 psi with a factor of safety of 2.0 with respect to yielding. the yield stress of the steel is 65,000 psi in tension and 32,000 psi in shear.
The scuba tank should be designed to withstand an internal pressure of 2640 psi with a factor of safety of 2.0, considering the yield stress of the steel, which is 65,000 psi in tension and 32,000 psi in shear.
To design a scuba tank that can safely withstand the specified internal pressure, we need to consider the factor of safety and the yield stress of the steel. The factor of safety is a measure of how much stronger the tank is compared to the expected load, and it ensures that the tank can handle unexpected variations or stress concentrations without failure.
Given a factor of safety of 2.0, we can calculate the maximum stress that the tank should experience without yielding. To do this, we divide the yield stress by the factor of safety:
Maximum stress = Yield stress / Factor of safety
For tension, the maximum stress would be 65,000 psi / 2.0 = 32,500 psi, and for shear, it would be 32,000 psi / 2.0 = 16,000 psi.
Therefore, the scuba tank should be designed to withstand a maximum internal pressure of 32,500 psi in tension and 16,000 psi in shear, ensuring that the stresses exerted on the steel do not exceed the yield limits. This design will provide a factor of safety of 2.0, meaning that the tank can handle twice the specified internal pressure before the material starts to yield.
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