None of the above. Between gas particles or between the particles and the container walls, there is no force of attraction. Gas particle collisions and impacts with the container's walls are both fully elastic.
The observed correlations between a gas's pressure, volume, and temperature are frequently not ideal, which means that the gas laws do not fully capture these interactions. The causes of these departures from the behavior of an ideal gas are taken into account in this section.
Gas molecules behave almost exactly like ideal gas particles at relatively low pressures because they are (on average) so widely apart and have virtually no attraction for one another. However, the force of attraction is also no longer negligible at higher pressures. This force marginally reduces the pressure (assuming the volume is constant) or decreases the volume by drawing the molecules closer together (at constant pressure). Due to the molecules' lower KE in comparison to the attractive forces, which makes them less able to overcome these forces after interacting with one another, this change is more pronounced at low temperatures.
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which of the four model cells do you think will be best able to supply nutrients and water to its cell parts?
Answer:
. cell model A
Explanation:
The following table shows the surface area-to-volume ratio of four cube-shaped cell models.
Cell Model: A B C D
Surface Area: 6, 24, 54 ,96
Volume: 1, 8 ,27, 64
Ratio: 6:1=6 ,24:8=3, 54:27=2, 96:64=1.5
i hope i helped
describe two different ways that a cell’s shape can be modified so that diffusion rate will be increased to support life processes. give an example of a cell found in the human body that meets one of these criteria. explain how that unique shape is tied to the function that those cells perform.
The cell can be modified in the following ways to speed up the diffusion of materials into and out of it:
1. The cell's shape can be altered to one with a large surface area to volume ratio, such as a sphere.
2. To improve the surface area to volume ratio, the cell can also divide into two.
What is diffusion?
In bacteria, plants, and animals, the diffusion of tiny molecules and macromolecules (such proteins) in aqueous solutions is crucial. As fragrance components in fruit juice, coffee, and tea diffuse from solutions during evaporations, diffusion plays a significant role in food processing as well as in the drying of liquid mixtures and solutions. In fermentation, products, waste, and occasionally enzymes diffuse out while nutrients, oxygen, and sugar diffuse to the microbes. The kidneys filter the blood of wastes such urea, creatinine, and extra fluid. Patients with malfunctioning kidneys can have waste products removed from their blood through renal dialysis.
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use may stimulate epinephrine release and lead to an increase in the rate of muscle and liver glycogen breakdown, the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, and the use of muscle triglycerides.
Caffeine use may stimulate epinephrine release and lead to an increase in the rate of muscle and liver glycogen breakdown, the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, and the use of muscle triglycerides.
Because caffeine is a stimulant, it makes your brain and nervous system more active. Additionally, it promotes the body's circulation of hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. Caffeine can help you feel alert and concentrated in modest quantities.
There are many ways that caffeine affects the heart. First of all, it encourages noradrenaline and norepinephrine secretion. These hormones, among other things, raise blood pressure and heart rate. Caffeine can also affect the enzymes that cause the heart to contract more forcefully by stimulating those enzymes.
Such high caffeine intake might result in major health issues and even death. Caffeine usage is not recommended for kids, even though it may be safe for adults. It's important to warn teenagers and young adults against consuming too much caffeine and combining it with alcohol and other drugs.
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Imagine you want to identify some organisms in a local pond that you often visit. What key features about such organisms might you find in a dichotomous key? check all that apply.
The distinguishing characteristics of an organism that could appear in a dichotomous key are:
A. if it is mobile (is able to move)
C. If it has cilia
D. If it's green,
Using a dichotomous key, groupings of organisms are regularly split into two categories as a means of identification. More specific information about an organism's unique characteristics is disclosed with each successive division. The organism has been identified when it can no longer be distinguished from any other creature by the entirety of its chosen traits. It is ideal to employ immutable qualities, or characteristics that never change, when using a dichotomous key to identify specimens. However, size, coloration, and behavioural traits can all vary among individuals.
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max runs a marathon in 2 hours and 40 minutes. most of the atp for this run is supplied by: group of answer choices breakdown of fatty acids anaerobic glucose breakdown aerobic glucose breakdown breakdown of amino acids
Runners run a marathon in 2 hours and 40 minutes. Most of the ATP for this process is supplied by aerobic glucose breakdown.
Aerobic respiration reactions occur when glucose meets oxygen, then produces carbon monoxide, water, and energy. Aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP of energy, while anaerobic respiration only produces 2 ATP of energy.
The best energy supply for runners is through aerobic respiration because it requires a lot of energy to move.
The aerobic system is the primary energy system used for sprints lasting longer than three minutes. Because long-distance running is primarily limited by the delivery and use of oxygen. So, when warming up you should focus on increasing the ability of the aerobic system to supply oxygen to the muscles while running.
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Do other planets have seasons? Why or why not?
Answer: No
Explanation: Other planets do not have seasons because their atmospheres are simply too different from each other. For example, Neptune is way to cold to have hot summers or fall. The reasoning for this is because the distance between the sun. Pluto is just a ball of metals and random things combined. The sun could never have seasons because its a big ball of gas all year around. The sun doe not move, the plants revolve around the sun.
If you were a subject in a scientific study measuring body fatness, the scientists might assess your body composition using any of a variety of anthropometric measurements. Click and drag to match each measurement technique to its description.
Any of a number of anthropometric measurements may be used to evaluate your body composition if you were a participant in a scientific study to determine your body fatness. The location of extra body fat can significantly impact health.
What is anthropometrics and why is it significant?Anthropometrics is the process of measuring the human body and offers designers with categorized data they may use. Anthropometrics aids designers in gathering useful data, such as head circumferences when building a safety.
which are the human body and offers categorized data?Anthropometrics is the process of measuring the human body and offers designers with categorized data they may use. Anthropometrics assists designers in gathering useful data, such as head circumferences for creating a safety helmet.
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Any of a number of anthropometric measurements may be used to evaluate your body composition if you were a participant in a scientific study to determine your body fatness. The location of extra body fat can significantly impact health.
What is anthropometrics and why is it significant?Anthropometrics is the process of measuring the human body and offers designers with categorized data they may use. Anthropometrics aids designers in gathering useful data, such as head circumferences when building a safety.
Which are the human body and offers categorized data?Anthropometrics is the process of measuring the human body and offers designers with categorized data they may use. Anthropometrics assists designers in gathering useful data, such as head circumferences for creating a safety helmet.
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Sequencing of a child's genomic DNA reveals that the child is a heterozygote for a new mutation. This mutation appears in all of the cells tested from a variety of tissues (including skin, blood, and hair). The mutation is not found in either the mother or the father. Most likely, this is a new ____ mutation that occurred in O germ line; one of the parents O germ line; the child O somatic; the child Osomatic; one of the parents O germ line; both of the parents
Most likely, this is a new somatic mutation that is to occur in a child which appears in all of the cells tested from a variety of tissues.
So, the correct option is C.
Using whole genome sequencing, you can examine and contrast the germline DNA of your child with the DNA of cancer or tumor cells. We may learn more about the specific diagnosis and course of treatment for your child from these, which can vary. Deciphering the genetic material found in an organism or virus is done by scientists using a process called genomic sequencing. According to scientists, the spread of a virus, how it is changing, and how those changes may affect public health can all be tracked by comparing sequences from specimens.
In genetic syndromes, two types of tests are used: molecular and cytogenetic. In general, methods such as restriction enzyme digestion, DNA hybridization, and/or direct sequencing are used to detect single-base pair mutations.
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one molecule of atp provides 0.30 ev of energy when it is metabolized in a cell. what is the minimum number of atp molecules that must be consumed in the reactions that lead to the emission of one photon of 550 nm light? n
The minimum number of ATP molecules that must be consumed in the reactions that lead to the emission of one photon of 550 nm light is 7.53 ATP.
ATP is Adenosine tri-phosphate, a nucleotide that is made up of three main structures: the nitrogenous base, adenine; the sugar, ribose; and a three phosphate groups attached to sugar. The phosphate tail is the power source of ATP. Energy is produced when the bonds between the phosphate are broken during hydrolysis.
Since, one molecule of ATP provides 0.30 eV of energy.
And the energy of a photon of 550 nm light is 2.26 eV.
So, the minimum number of ATP used is [tex]\rm\dfrac{ 2.26 eV } {0.30 eV} = 7.53 ATP.[/tex]
Therefore, 7.53 ATP is the least number of ATP consumed .
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What are some of the positive things that happened in America as a result of WWI? What new
opportunities
did people have?
Which gas is most likely to depart from the assumption of the kinetic-molecular theory that says there are no attractive or repulsive forces between molecules?.
The gas that is most generally to depart from kinetic theory assumption is SF6 gas.
Sulphur hexafluoride – additionally called SF6 – is a 'greenhouse gas' that has lengthy performed a component in international warming, much like that of carbon dioxide (CO2).Ideal fueloline equations reason inaccuracies while used to calculate thermodynamic homes of actual gases like SF6 due to the fact actual gases do now no longer showcase perfect fueloline conduct. Real fueloline equations that appropriately mirror the thermodynamic conduct of SF6 were developed.Assumptions of the Ideal Gas Law.
The debris do not interact. There aren't anyt any appealing or repulsive forces among them. The common kinetic electricity of the fueloline debris is proportional to temperature.
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true or false?: chemicals that block the assembly of microtubules or microfilaments would cause little effect on the cell?
Answer:False
Explanation:
false, Chemicals that prevent microtubules or microfilaments from forming would have little impact on a cell.
Microfilaments, also known as actin filaments, are protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They are primarily made of actin polymers, but many other proteins in the cell also modify and interact with them. Two strands of actin make up microfilaments, which are typically 7 nm in diameter. Cell motility, shape alterations, endocytosis and exocytosis, cell contractility, mechanical stability, and cytokinesis are some of the functions of microfilaments. Microfilaments may withstand compressive stresses of up to a few piconewtons without buckling or tensile forces of a few nano-newtons without breaking. Actin filaments, most likely driven by myosin II molecular motors, lengthen at one end while contracting at the other to cause cell movement.
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imagine you are resting comfortably after a long day of work. what is the most likely state of your peripheral nervous system?
the most likely state of your peripheral nervous system in the above scenario is the decreased sympathetic nervous system activity and increased parasympathetic and enteric nervous system activity
Your sympathetic nervous system is a nerve network that assists your body in activating its "fight-or-flight" response. When you are stressed, in danger, or physically active, this system becomes more active. Because the enteric nervous system can control digestive activities independently, it is sometimes referred to as the "second brain." So parasympathetic input improves digestion while sympathetic input inhibits digestion.
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which maternal factor contributes to an infant having macrosomia, hypoglycemia, and hyperbilirubinemia?
Neonatal risk factors for hypoglycemia include prematurity, perinatal stress or asphyxia, small size for gestational age, 1, 2, and being born to diabetic mothers.
Despite the fact that pregnant women are more likely to experience high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), pregnancy-related changes to the body and how you respond to insulin can also cause your blood sugar to drop dangerously low. Consequently, hypoglycemia is brought on.
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which of the following statments does not describe the consequence of indecite calcimum intake
The statement that not describe the consequence of indicate calcium intake is Low calcium intakes at some stage in the developing years limits the bones' capacity to acquire top bone mass.
A low calcium consumption at some stage in the developing years will now no longer stunt the kid's growth loss of calcium can result in a situation called 'rickets' in children. This is wherein the bones turn out to be tender and weak, they could turn out to be deformed, together with bowed legs or curvature of the spine. Rickets also can motive bone ache and bad growth.
Calcium is a mineral most customarily related to wholesome bones and teeth, even though it additionally performs an critical position in blood clotting, assisting muscle groups to contract, and regulating everyday coronary heart rhythms and nerve functions.
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Several body systems work together to regulate the pH of body fluids within a very narrow range. Click to select the problems that can occur when the pH of body fluids gets too high (alkalosis) or too low (acidosis). Reduced function of blood transport proteins Hypertension Fatigue Decreased rate of chemical reactions Dizziness Fishy body odor
Fatigue and lightheadedness In experimental animal models, acidosis has been found to activate vasopressin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and aldosterone.
As a result, the blood pressure may rise; however, hypotension may also happen. An severe amount of fatigue as well as nausea and vomiting are signs of metabolic acidosis..
Because of their incredible biological design, our bodies can fend off harmful microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, infections, and disease.
The immune system of the body is in charge of eliminating these foreign substances and fortifying defenses against additional damage.
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Choose from the following statements the ones that correctly discuss reproduction using binary fission In bacterial Select all that apply: Hints Each daughter cell will contain an equa number of organelles: The daughter cell will be permanently smaller copy of the mother cell but will contain complete genome. Each daughter cell is an exact copy of the other; both genetically and morphologically: Due to the stretching of the cytoplasmic merbrane, both cells will contain complete genome
Bacteria binary fission : Due to the stretching of the cytoplasmic membrane, both cells will contain a complete genome. Each daughter cell is an exact copy of the other, both genetically and morphologically.
Bacteria divide through a mechanism known as binary fission. The chromosome duplicates itself during binary fission, creating two genetically identical copies. The cell then grows and splits into two new daughter cells. The parent cell and its two daughters are identical. Binary fission in bacteria resembles human and other eukaryotic organisms' mitosis in certain aspects. In both situations, the cell splits its cytoplasm into two new cells while copying and separating the chromosomes. Binary fission is the mechanism by which bacteria and archaea reproduce asexually by dividing a single cell into two equally sized pieces. To ensure that each daughter cell receives a copy of the DNA instruction handbook, a cell must duplicate the genome before it divides.
The complete question is:
Choose from the following statements the ones that correctly discuss reproduction using binary fission in a bacterial cell.
Select all that apply.
-The daughter cell will be a permanently smaller copy of the mother cell but will contain a complete genome.
-Due to the stretching of the cytoplasmic membrane, both cells will contain a complete genome.
-Each daughter cell is an exact copy of the other, both genetically and morphologically.
-Each daughter cell will contain an equal number of organelles.
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Which of the following particles compose the mass number of an atom? Select all that apply
proton
neutrons
isotopes
electrons
The sum of an element's mass number and its number of protons and neutrons is given by the formula mass number = protons + neutrons, hence option a and b are correct.
What is a mass number of an atom?The sum of an element's mass number and its number of protons and neutrons.
The three subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, electrons, and neutrons and each is identified by its charge, mass, and position.
Therefore, protons have an atomic mass of one and a positive charge of one mass number = protons + neutrons, hence options a and b are correct.
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for each scientific name, indicate what is wrong and then correct it to the appropriate format. a few rules to remember. the genus is capitalized the species is lower case. when a scientific name is typed it must be put in italics. when it is handwritten it must be underlined. when abbreviating the scientific name you must include additional characteristics of the genus name when you have species with a genus name that begins with the same character. for example chinchilla chinchilla and chiropotes chiropotes would be abbreviated chinchilla and ch. chiropotes.'
Scientific Name
What’s Wrong
Correct Format
Homo Sapiens
Pan paniscus
Pan troglydtes
Italics are always used with scientific names. You can choose to underline Taxon instead while writing text by hand, but there is no justification for not italicizing text when using a word processor.
Use Bos taurus, not Bos taurus, as an example for scientific name. Humans (Homo sapiens) walk erect. People enjoy music. A taxon is not capitalized or italics if it is used more often, such as Hominidae to "hominid". Taxon should be used alone. According to the binomial nomenclature system, a scientific name is composed of two names. The first name of scientific name, sometimes referred to as the genus name, is capitalized and italicized. The second name is also italicized but not capitalized and is referred to as the species name (species name).
Homo Sapiens - Write species name in small letters - Homo sapiensPan paniscus - Put in italics - Pan paniscusPan troglydtes - Put in italics - Pan troglodytesLearn more about scientific name
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How does energy move in the food web picture?
a-from zoo plankton to squid
b-from elephant seal to squid
c-from cod to phytoplankton
Answer: A.) from zoo plankton to squid
Explanation: the arrow direction is what we look at here, and the arrow points from zoo plankton to the squid and the other arrows in the other answers do not.
angiosperms consist of the clades a) cotyledons and roots. b) gymnosperms and angiosperms. c) cycads and mosses. d) monocots and eudicots.
Angiosperms consist of the clades of monocots and eudicots. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.
Angiosperm is the term that encompasses most plants that bear flowers and fruits (flowering plants). It consisted mainly of two clades: monocots and eudicots.
Monocots are grass and grass-like flowering plants. There are more than 60 thousand species in this clade. Some examples of monocot plants are wheat, palm, corn, and bamboo.
Eudicots are flowering plants that generally have two seed leaves upon germination. There are roughly 190,000 species in this clade. Some examples of eudicots are dandelion, sunflower, rose, mango, apple, and maple.
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How does the movement of water, carbon, and nitrogen in ecosystems differ from the movement of energy?.
Although matter is continually recycled and used, energy is transformed into heat as it moves through a community.
How does the flow of water in an ecosystem compare to the flow of energy?How does the flow of water in ecosystems compare to the flow of energy? Water moves continuously through ecosystems. One way energy moves is forward.
What distinguishes the flow of matter and energy in an ecosystem? Why?As soon as an organism dies and decomposes, all of these nutrients are released back into the abiotic environment, where they are then reintroduced into the biotic environment via the producers. Therefore, an ecosystem experiences cyclical flow of matter. The flow of energy, however, is always one way, from the sun to the producers to the consumers.
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: suppose an individual carried a dominant inherited mutation that prevented the normal successful development of myeloid stem cells. which type of blood cells would most likely be absent from this individual?
If a mutation prevents the successful development of myeloid cells then erythrocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and platelets will be absent in a person.
Hematopoiesis is a process in which all mature blood cells are formed. In vertebrates (including humans) this process usually takes place in the bone marrow. All blood cells are developed from hematopoietic stem cells. These cells give rise to two different cell lines myeloid and lymphoid.
Myeloid cell lines give rise to erythrocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and platelets. Hence the absence of myeloid cells prevents the development of the cells mentioned above. Lymphoid cell lines give rise to T-cells, B-cell, and natural killer cells.
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you engineer a mutation that removes the kdel sequence from a protein that is normally found in the er. where do you expect to find the mutant protein?
Retrograde transport to a ER lumen will be used to recover a protein with such a functioning KDEL motif from the Golgi apparatus.
KDEL is indeed a target peptide sequences found on the C-terminal ending of the amino acid protein structure in humans and plants[1][2]. The KDEL sequence enables a protein's return if it is unintentionally exported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as well as prevents it from being secreted. As long even as soluble resident protein has a KDEL signal sequence at its C-terminus, it will stay in the ER. Due to the dynamic nature of vesicle budding and the large level of protein in the ER, protein were unintentionally transferred to the cis-golgi through COPII coated vesicle. KDEL receptors joined to COPII & COPI vesicles aid in the transport mechanism of proteins with the KDEL signal sequence.
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what is complement? in what ways is complement activation initiated and what are the functions of complement? g
Complement is a system of plasma proteins that may be triggered directly by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen-bound antibodies, resulting in a cascade of events on pathogen surfaces that yield active components with varied effector roles.
What exactly is complement?The complement system aids or "complements" antibodies and phagocytic cells in their capacity to eliminate infections from an organism. It's a component of the innate immune system. The complement system is made up of a variety of tiny proteins present in the blood that are produced by the liver. They normally circulate as inactive precursors.
The complement system's primary job is to protect the host from infection/inflammation by attracting and increasing phagocytosis by innate immune cells.
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in mouse embryonic stem cell transformations, the initial attempts to knockout functional target genes or replace defective genes with functional genes were not successful. to improve these technologies, researchers devised a double-selection strategy to select for homologous recombination into the target gene and select against random integration somewhere else in the genome. outline the double-selection strategy, the possible recombination events and which recombinant cells would survive in the presence of the two selecting agents.
First-generation embryonic stem cell isolation (ESCs) For the generation of pluripotent stem cells, Gibco medium and reagents, such as Gibco Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR), have a solid reputation.
For both human and mouse embryonic stem cells, we offer a wide range of comprehensive culture, engineering, differentiation, and analysis capabilities.
The culture conditions for ESC research must be carefully monitored. For many years, Gibco media and tools have been at the forefront of research on embryonic stem cells.
Gibco products give culture with assurance, from Knockout Serum Replacement to Gibco Essential 8 Medium and cell therapy research media, improved passaging reagents and substrates.
The effects of each selective agent are explained together with the usage of the most popular selection marker genes on plant transformation.
According to their mechanism of action, these genes may be split into two categories: genes for positive selection and genes for negative selection. Also highlighted is the preservation of the marker gene flow after chloroplast transformation.
The recovery of marker-free transgenic plants using techniques like multi-auto-transformation (MAT), co-transformation, site-specific recombination, and intragenomic transgene displacement by transposable elements are also discussed.
The selecting gene and the desired genes may be physically distinct or connected together in the same DNA vector. When the genes are connected together, co-transformation occurs often (i.e., cells with both genes integrated into the genome), but when the genes are separated, it occurs less frequently (Arago et al., 1996).
Typically, the selective agents are applied early in the transformation process to choose transgenic cells (Sawahel, 1994).
The effect of non-transformed cells dying on transformed cells should have the least possible impact on the selective medium throughout the subsequent regeneration processes.
The expression of selection marker genes is often regulated by a constitutive promoter, such as the CaMV 35S promoter, the nopaline and octopine synthase promoter, the actin promoter, or the ubiquitin promoter. Sometimes a marker gene will exhibit an agronomic trait, such herbicide resistance.
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what determines the difference in speed of contraction of the different types of skeletal muscle cells?
Muscle fibres can be categorised into two types, Type II, which is rapid, and Type I, which is slow. In type II, there are three main fibre types, which are further broken down into type IIA called oxidative and type IIX (glycolytic).
What kinds of cells are found in skeletal muscle?
Myocytes, or muscle cells, are the cells that make up muscular tissue.
The three types of muscle cells found in the human body are cardiac, skeletal oxidative , and smooth.
How many different cell kinds are there?
There are about 200 different types of cells in your body.
These cells support the development of your immune system, which works to defend your body, as well as your tissues and organs.
The dead cells in your body are regularly replaced by fresh ones.
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in a biology class, students conducted an experiment to see how substances move from the small intestine into the bloodstream. in an experimental animal, they tied off three sacs in the small intestine and labeled them a, b and c. the sacs were filled with salt solution (nacl) at the following concentrations:sac a-0 .75%; sac b-1. 0%; and sac c-1.25%. in blood plasma, the usual concentration of nacl is about 1.0%.
The alimentary canal, commonly known as the digestive tract, as well as additional organs like the liver and pancreas make up the digestive system.
The lengthy organ tube that connects the mouth to the anus is known as the alimentary canal. It contains the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. The digestive tract of an adult is approximately 30 feet (9 meters) long.
Long before food even enters the stomach, digestion starts in the mouth. Our salivary glands under the lower jaw, under the tongue, and in front of the ear start secreting saliva when we sight, smell, taste, or even just think about a delicious meal (spit).
Although they are not a part of the alimentary canal, the pancreas, which is located beneath the stomach, the gallbladder, and the liver are all vital to digestion. The liver is located under the ribcage in the right upper region of the belly.
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4) what do animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have in common? a) body cavity between body wall and digestive system b) number of embryonic tissue layers c) type of body symmetry d) presence of hox genes e) degree of cephalization
Animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have d) presence of Hox genes in common.
Structure of the HOX gene/protein and mutations found in limb malformation HOX genes are made up of two exons and one intron. Exon 2 contains a 180-nucleotide sequence known as the homeobox, which encodes a 60-amino acid helix-turn-helix motif with DNA-binding activity known as the homeodomain.
Hox genes control embryonic development in all animals, including humans, flies, and worms. They choose which body parts go where. Not surprisingly, if these genes fail, the consequences can be disastrous.
Hox genes are a subset of homeobox genes that specify regions of an embryo's body plan along the head-tail axis of animals. Hox proteins encode and specify 'position' characteristics, ensuring that the correct structures form in the correct places on the body.
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Cecropias are known for the mutualistic relationship they have with which creature?.
Cecropias are known for the mutualistic relationship they have with the Azteca ants.
A symbiotic form of mutualism between the cecropia tree and the Azteca ant. Cecropias trees provide homes for ants inside the hollow stems of the plants and also provide food rich in white carbohydrates for Azteca ant colonies.
In exchange, the ants offer protection to the cecropia tree. Ants fend off robbery from leafcutter ants, drive away locusts, and deal with much bigger threats, such as woodpeckers and monkeys. If a leaf is damaged, a chemical signal from the tree calls on the ants to investigate. Azteca ants even prune inappropriate vines
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