a seismic station recorded an earthquake that was 4,000 km away. what was the travel time difference between p-wave arrival and s-wave arrival in seconds?

Most earthquakes occur at depths of less than 100 km. As most of the earthquakes restricted to this depth only except the deep focus earthquake at trench.

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If differential erosion exists in a region, it's likely to be an arid region of multiple sedimentary layers.

Differential erosion is a type of erosion that occurs at irregular and varying rates. It's caused by the resistance and surface hardness difference in the materials that are being eroded. Softer and weaker ones will be eroded more quickly than the harder ones.

When differential erosion occurs, it most likely happens in an arid region that has multiple sedimentary layers. Multiple different sedimentary layers mean multiple different materials, each having its own hardness and erosion rate. Various erosion rates then will occur, showing differential erosion.

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Answer: A settlement is a place where people live. A settlement could be anything from an isolated farmhouse to a mega city (settlement with over 10 million people). Settlements can either be temporary or permanent. Temporary settlements include things such as refugee camps.

Explanation:

When a glacier is stagnant in its lateral movement, it deposits a moraine at its toe; a moraine marks the farthest location the glacial reached recession terminal.

Glaciers are things that we often hear as a form of chunks of ice. The definition of a glacier is a large chunk of ice that forms on land through the process of crystallization of snow or snow deposition over a long period of time.

In addition to the definitions that have been mentioned, there are also those who call a glacier a river of ice that forms in mountain valleys and flows down mountain valleys slowly resulting from the accumulation of ice, snow, and rocks due to changes in temperature. That is the meaning of a glacier. The occurrence of this glacier is a result of the sublimation process and also the freezing of snow. Snow that is initially in the form of grains will become loose and become solid and will eventually form a kind of snowball. If the snow that falls freezes more than the snow melts or evaporates, a glacier will form

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The factors that influence the amount of rainfall that becomes runoff are the nature of the ground surface, the rate of rainfall and the slope of the land. (Option D)

Surface runoff, also known as overland flow, refers to the water discharged which occurs on the ground surface when excessive water from rainwater, stormwater, meltwater, or other sources, saturates the ground up to a point that water can no longer be sufficiently and rapidly infiltrate in the soil. In order words, when rainfall exceeds the soil infiltration rate, surface runoff happens. Factors affecting runoff include rainfall intensity, ground water storage capacity, slope of the ground, and infiltration rate.

Note: The question is incomplete as it is missing options which are A) nature of the ground surface. B) rate of rainfall. C) slope of the land. D) all of the above.

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The correct response to the question is "just before an earthquake," when rocks around a fault have the maximum levels of strain or absorbed elastic strain.

According to geology, a rock is just a naturally occurring material made up of crystalline crystals of ore deposits that have fused to together form a solid mass. The minerals might not even have formed simultaneously.

They are a part of daily life and aid in the development of new technology. We use mineral deposits for things like construction, cosmetics, transportation, infrastructure, and appliances.

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High viscosity and high dissolved gas content tend to increase the explosive potential of a magma body beneath a volcano. (Option A).

A volcano is a fissure in a planet's crust, like the one on Earth, through which gases, hot lava, and volcanic ash can leak out of a magma chamber beneath the planet's surface. Volcanoes are most usually found when tectonic plates are divergent or converging, and the majority of them are underwater.

The material that erupts on Earth can also be gas, ash, cinders, or liquid rock (referred to as "lava" when it is on the surface and "magma" when it is underground).

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In temperate lakes, a spring capsize occurs after ice melts and water at 4 0C rises, while a thermocline is the area of a lake in summer where the water temperature changes suddenly due to thermal position.

The subcaste that separates warmer face mixed water from cooler deep water is known as a thermocline.

Water bodies correspond of layers that vary in consistence grounded on temperature. The epipelagic zone, also known as the" ocean skin" or the" sun zone," is the topmost subcaste of the ocean's face. The commerce of this subcaste with the wind and swells mixes the water and disperses the heat. The thermocline is located at this subcaste's base. The subcaste that lies between the face's warmer mixed water and its cooler depths is known as a thermocline. In a body of water, the thermocline can generally be linked by the unforeseen temperature change that occurs.

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Complete question:

In temperate lakes, a ______ overturn occurs after ice melts and water at 4 0C rises, while a ______ is the area of a lake in summer where the water temperature changes abruptly due to thermal stratification.

In the adjacent hydrograph for a significant river, a single incident of intense rainfall 50 km upstream has been the reason of a flood. When did that rain at time C most likely happen?

Floods, the most common sort or natural disaster, happen when an excess of water submerges normally dry ground. Floods are frequently brought on by prolonged periods of heavy rain, quick runoff, or storm surges from tropical cyclones or tsunamis in coastal locations.

Flooding's negative effects include: the taking of a life. Infrastructure and property destruction. dangers of landslides, erosion, or road closures.

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The trends in the distribution of Canada's majority population, and the location of the sawmills and pulp and paper mills is that they are located in areas that have forests.

Canada is one of the largest nations in the world when it comes to landmass but there are parts of Canada that are not occupied by many people. This is because a lot of Northern Canada is basically frozen and would therefore be a difficult place to live for anyone.

This is why most of Canada's population is located in the South, where the climates are not as cold, and there are natural resources like forests. It is these forests that sawmills settle next to, as shown by the map of Canada's forest regions. We see saw mills in higher quantities in Cordilleran forests than any other place.

Pulp and paper mill factories on the other hand, see, to prefer Boreal forests.

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The correct answer is Hard stabilization is the use of human-made structures to prevent coastal erosion.

Rocks, soils, and/or sands near the coast are worn down or carried away by the process of coastal erosion, which is brought on by local sea level rise, powerful wave action, and coastal flooding. As a result of the action of waves, currents, tides, wind-driven water, waterborne ice, or other storm-related effects, coastal erosion is the loss or displacement of land as well as the long-term removal of silt and rocks along the coastline.The last main erosional process is known as hydraulic action, and it involves erosion brought on by the power of a water body. Rocks are forced toward the ocean as a result of the shock wave pressure that separates them from their source. Stacks, sea caves, and sea arches are common formations along coastlines that have undergone erosion.

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Functional regions are based on connections. They are organized around a focal point and including the areas linked to the focus through patterns of trade, communication, and/or transportation routes.

A functional region is a predetermined geographic area with a predetermined focal point and function.

In geography, a functional region is a space dominated by a node, focal point, or central hub and enclosed by interconnected links. The principal node in a functional region features neighboring areas with shared social, political, or economic functions that relate to transportation, trade, communications.

Hence, it is a region with a main purpose that is built around a certain activity. For whatever function or activity the functional region is concerned with, there is typically a central hub or point of distribution within the region.

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Functional regions are based on connections. They are organized around a focal point and including the areas linked to the focus through patterns of trade, communication, and/or transportation routes.

A functional region is a predetermined geographic area with a predetermined focal point and function.

In geography, a functional region is a space dominated by a node, focal point, or central hub and enclosed by interconnected links. The principal node in a functional region features neighboring areas with shared social, political, or economic functions that relate to transportation, trade, communications.

Hence, it is a region with a main purpose that is built around a certain activity. For whatever function or activity the functional region is concerned with, there is typically a central hub or point of distribution within the region.

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Economic system varies with time and also influences the production, distribution and consumption system in the economy.

In traditional economic system, people are main participant in decision making about all this process.

In capitalist economic system, private sector is making decision about the economy like what to produce? how to produce? and for whom to produce.

In socialistic economic system government is the main body to make such decision about society and concerned about equal treatment and no privileges for anyone.

In communism economic system community as whole chose a government and they make decision for people.

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The majority of state plane zones are based on either a Lambert conformal conic projection or a transverse Mercator projection projections.

The state's shape and its zones determine which of the two map projections should be used. Typically, zones that are long east-west are separated into states that are long east-west . This coordinate system uses comparatively small zones to reach its high level of accuracy. The various zones of the State Plane Coordinate System often correspond to county boundaries (except in Alaska). A maximum typical State Plane coordinate system scaling factor is typically not greater there, at the boundary of the zone. The Lambert Conic is the projection that is most frequently used for states that are longest from east to west. This projection says the scale factor for east-west lines is constant.

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Pressure increases with altitude Temperature decreases with altitude in the troposphere Ozone O3 is formed in the thermosphere Temperature increases with altitude in the troposphere

The troposphere, the first and lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, is where most meteorological events take place and comprises 75% of the planet's total atmospheric mass, 99% of the entire mass of water vapor, and aerosols.

The Greek terms tropos, which means "spinning," and sphaira, which means "sphere," indicate that rotational turbulence mixes the air layers and so defines the structure and phenomena of the troposphere.

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According to the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, the larger Permian Basin is responsible for almost 40% of the nation's total oil production and nearly 15% of its natural gas production.

And the Delaware Basin alone offers a sizable amount of prospective expansion. The Delaware Basin in West Texas and Southern New Mexico has the potential to generate 281 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 46.3 billion barrels of oil, according to a 2018 estimate by the U.S. Geological Survey. In fact, the Permian Basin is a significant and lucrative supply of domestic natural gas and oil. But according to the most recent geological evaluations and American energy use, Permian oil reserves are not expected to last Americans for 200 years.

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On the Richter scale, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake is 100 times more powerful than a magnitude 5.0 earthquake.

When compared to a magnitude 5 earthquake, a magnitude 7 earthquake is 100 times stronger. The scale went up from 5 to 7, which is an increase of 2, so you multiply the magnitude of the weaker earthquake earthquake by 107-5, which equals 102, to get the magnitude of the stronger earthquake..

earthquake, any jolting of the earth that occurs suddenly and is brought on by seismic waves moving through the planet's rocks. Seismic waves magnitude are created when a form of energy that has been trapped in the Earth's crust for a while suddenly escapes, typically when massive rocks that are rubbing up against one another suddenly fracture and "slip." Most earthquakes happen along geologic faults, which are confined areas earthquake where rock masses move relative to one another. The major fault lines in the world can be found on the edges of the enormous tectonic plates that make up the crust of the Earth. (View the list of large earthquakes.)

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The expansion of universe origin after an event known as "Big bang"

Before the big bang it was assumed that universe's size was like pea and with increasing temperature and gases in it become denser and later it explodes.

Big bang assumes to be starting point for the expansion of the universe and other bodies starting to be formed like planets, comets etc. This phenomenon has its own importance for studying the continuing growth of the universe.

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We must pass through Kuwait in order to travel from Iraq to the Persian Gulf.

The Persian Gulf, also referred to as the Arabian Gulf, is a Mediterranean sea located in Western Asia. The waterway is an extension of the Arabian Sea and runs between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. It connects to the Gulf of Oman in the east via the Strait of Hormuz.

The Persian Gulf is significant because it produces around one-third of the world's oil, has more than half of the world's reserves of crude oil, and makes a considerable contribution to the world's natural gas reserves.

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If the Earth were to reorient such that the North Pole always received direct sunlight (always faced the Sun),The South Pole would get colder.

The Earth receives sunlight due to its tilt and rotation about its axis, and the position of the North Pole is realigned with the position of the Sun, so more sunlight reaches the north, snow and ice melt faster, The equator has little effect, but Antarctica is darker and colder, indirectly affecting Earth's climate.

therefore, If the Earth were to reorient such that the North Pole always received direct sunlight (always faced the Sun),The South Pole would get colder.

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Near the island of Hispaniola Hurricane Jeanne lose strength and downgrade to a tropical depression.

A tropical storm that has sustained winds of 74 mph or greater is referred regarded as a hurricane.

Jeanne reached hurricane strength on September 16 near the eastern coast of the Dominican Republic on the island of Hispaniola after passing through Puerto Rico, but later that day as it proceeded across the mountainous island, it weakened to tropical storm status.

Therefore, Hurricane Jeanne lose strength and downgrade to a tropical depression near the island of Hispaniola.

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The Earth's temperature will eventually be a few degrees warmer than it was before human impact, as positive feedbacks will reverse the initial change.

Even a little increase in the average yearly surface temperature of the Earth requires a substantial amount of heat energy due to the vast size and heat capacity of the seas. The roughly 2-degree Fahrenheit (1-degree Celsius) increase in global average surface temperature during the pre-industrial era (1880-1900) signifies a large gain in heat that has been stored, despite its apparent insignificance. The added heat is boosting heavy rains, producing regional and seasonal temperature extremes, reducing snow cover and sea ice, and expanding and constricting some plant and animal habitat ranges.

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Review for the unit on tectonic plates. One of 81 total products. The plates only pass each other at certain borders, causing a pause.

A tectonic plate, also known as a lithospheric plate, is a substantial slab of solid rock with an uneven shape that is typically made up of the both the oceanic and continental lithosphere. The Ocean and Antarctic Provinces are some of the largest plates, but they can vary in size from very few hundred to a few thousand kilometers broad.

Cooler portions of the Earth's crust were dragged downward into to the hotter upper mantle starting about four billion years ago, causing damage to and deterioration of the overlying crust. According the authors, this cycle repeated until the weak spots established plate borders.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The equator

The sun’s rays are strongest at the equator where the sun is most directly overhead and where UV rays must travel the shortest distance through the atmosphere.

Wegner propounded the continental drifting theory and stated that continents are moving apart from each other.

To support this theory, he also cited some evidence which proves that continents are really drifting, they are

But such evidence was enough to support its theory because other scientists were not satisfied with the forces that cause this drifting of continents.

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A decrease in the tilt of the earth's axis changes the intensity of the seasons in the mid-latitudes when tilt affects the amount of sunlight on the Earth's surface receives throughout the year.

The tilt of the earth's axis of rotation is a condition in which the angle of the earth's axis of a planet deviates from the perpendicular drawn to its orbital plane. This kind of tilt makes the amount of sunlight that the earth receives varies at each point. This phenomenon then affects the change of seasons on earth throughout the year.

Seasonal changes will affect temperature changes. Temperature changes are affected by latitude. The temperature will be inversely proportional to latitude. The higher the latitude, the lower the temperature. The temperature will rise or warm when the latitude is at a low point.

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The correct answer is Arctic sea ice has declined over the past five decades, while Antarctic sea ice has increased, and then declined.

Sea ice's surface albedo decreases as it melts at the surface, increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed by the ice surface and accelerating ice melt. By creating a barrier between the cooler air above and the warmer water below, sea ice also helps to keep the air cool. Penguins, seals, and other creatures depend on the Antarctic sea ice as part of their ecosystem. Sea ice cover has decreased globally as a result of warmer air and ocean temperatures. Less ice means less heat is reflected, which leads to more severe heatwaves everywhere. But it also means more severe winters because warmer air can cause the polar jet stream, a high-pressure wind that circles the Arctic region, to drop south and bring harsh cold with it.

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The reason that coasts such as those in Canada, north Britain, and Scandinavia have been uplifted are The crust is rebounding after the recession of glaciers. The correct answer is option (d).

The coast is the land near an expanse. The line of a coast, where land meets water, is named the border by water. Waves, tides, and currents help form coastlines. Such a classification leads to the description of three comprehensive tectonic types of coasts: (1) accident coasts, (2) following-edge coasts, and (3) borderline ocean coasts.

A glacier is a continuous body of thick icicles namely uniformly affecting under allure own weight. A glacier forms a place the growth of snowstorms surpasses allure ablation over many ages, frequently day. The best glacier on the planet, Antarctica's Lambert Glacier, is one of the planet's fastest-mobile hailstone streams.

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The complete question is:

What is the reason that coasts such as those in Canada, north Britain, and Scandinavia have

been uplifted?

A) The sea level has fallen.

B) The ocean crust has subsided.

C) The crust has uplifted due to plate tectonics.

D) The crust is rebounding after the recession of glaciers.

In a heavy snow year that sees an expansion of the zone of accumulation the line of equilibrium increases in elevation.

The area above the firn line on a glacier known as the accumulation zone is where snowfall accumulates and outpaces ablation losses. Each year, the accumulation and ablation zones are divided by the annual equilibrium line. The area of a glacier's surface, typically at higher elevations, where there is net snow accumulation that later turns into firn and glacier ice is known as the accumulation zone. The area of the glacier where snow accumulates and freezes moves outward from that point.

Equilibrium line cuts through and separates the accumulation and the factors that lead to material destruction as a result of some factors, like erosion.

The line of equilibrium rises in elevation as a result of substance deposition during a heavy snow year that sees an expansion of the zone of accumulation.

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Geodatabase topology is the rules that constrain how point, line, and polygon features share geometry. Defines and enforces data integrity within a geodatabase as well as allowing advanced relationship queries and feature creation/editing tasks.

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a database system with analytical capabilities for spatially referenced data. GIS has the ability to integrate spatial data and attribute data so that the analysis is able to produce the desired information. GIS can also be used to input, store, retrieve, process, analyze and generate geospatial data, to support decision making in the planning and management of natural resources, environmental transportation, urban facilities and other public services.

In GIS there is a database that has a geographic reference (georeference) or also called a geodatabase. Geodatabase is an integrated database, a central source of data and can be accessed by various existing and future applications for information and analysis needs. Geodatabase is a relational data management concept that contains spatial and nonspatial data. Geodatabase helps the process of storing and managing geographic information in a standard data management system.

By using a geodatabase, users will get several benefits at once. These include all features and their attributes having a centralized storage location, the ability to group features into subtypes and create spatial and attribute validation rules. Geodatabase became known in ArcGIS 9.x. Geodatabase is a relational database containing geographic information. Geodatabase consists of feature classes (spatial) and tables (non-spatial).

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