The substances like Borax (sodium borate), Copper(II) sulfate, barium, and boric acid burn with a characteristic green flame.
A qualitative test called the flame test is used to identify the constituents of a combination. With the aid of a fine wire, the unidentified item or mixture is exposed to a flame (such as the flame of a Bunsen burner or a spirit lamp) in this procedure. It is mentioned what the hue of the flame is. The identification of metals with this test is sensitive. It also has the ability to discern between colors that are similar, allowing for reliable ingredient identification. This technique can also be used to detect impure chemicals.
Impurities could prevent the test from identifying the metal ions using this method, but the mixture is dipped in hydrochloric acid before being exposed to the flame. The similar flame colors of metal ions would present another challenge. The substances like Borax (sodium borate), Copper(II) sulfate, barium, and boric acid burn with a characteristic green flame.
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What is the Compacted/condensed "copy" of a chromosome? Only visible during M-phase. Each side will separate during Anaphase. (Sisters) What is each side called?
Chromosome
Chromatin
Chromatid
DNA
The compacted/condensed copy of a chromosome visible during the M-phase and each side separated during the anaphase is called (sister) chromatid, 3rd option.
What are chromatids?A chromatid is a part of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated during the the anaphase of cell division. They are known as sister chromatids and are joined at constricted region of the chromosome.
They are also the known as daughter cells to chromosomes. They are made of chromatin fibers during the meiosis and mitosis. Another name for these sister chromatids are dyad. All of this process occur after DNA replication.
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a gerbil is fed a normal diet including 14c-lysine. after a period of time on this diet biopsies are taken from several tissues and analyzed for radioactivity. 14c is detected in glycogen from muscles and liver, triglycerides from adipose tissue, and nucleic acids isolated from all tissues. in as much detail as you can, show how the radioactivity from an amino acid found its way into these other classes of biopolymers.
Answer:
All types of biomolecules show radiation production resulting from amino acid degradation. Lysine is converted to alanine by Lysine-pyruvate 6-transaminase.
Explanation:
Explain what happens when a strong acid and a strong base are poured into the same container
Answer: When an acid and a base are combined in equal ratios, the two chemicals essentially cancel each other out to generate salt and water.
Explanation:
Strong acid and strong base in equal amounts produce a neutral solution with a pH of 7, and these kinds of reactions are referred to as neutralization reactions.
The pH of the resulting solution can be calculated from the concentration of the excess reactant if either the acid or the base is in excess. And The pH of water will drastically change if a strong acid or strong base is added.
For instance, the reaction HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- occurs when a strong acid like HCl is added to water. In other words, the acid's proton (H+) bonds to the neutral water molecules to generate H3O+, which increases the H+ concentration.
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Bryophytes are usually found in areas that are very wet or damp at least part of the year. Which of the following statements describes characteristics of bryophytes that make them dependent on water? Check all that apply. They have swimming sperm that need water so they can swim to fertilize the eggs of other nearby plants. They do not have lignin-stiffened vascular tissue or roots to effectively distribute water throughout the plant. Some species are able to reproduce asexually through fragmentation.
Characteristics of bryophytes that make them dependent on water is a)They have swimming sperm that need water so they can swim to fertilize the eggs of other nearby plants. So, correct option is A.
The Bryophyta s.l. are a proposed ordered division containing three gatherings of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and greeneries. Bryophyta s.s. comprises of the greeneries as it were. They are distinctively restricted in size and lean toward wet territories despite the fact that they can get by in drier conditions.
The bryophytes comprise of around 20,000 plant species.Bryophytes produce encased regenerative designs (gametangia and sporangia), yet they don't create blossoms or seeds. They repeat physically by spores and agamically by discontinuity or the development of gemmae. However bryophytes were considered a paraphyletic bunch lately, practically all of the latest phylogenetic proof backings the monophyly of this gathering, as initially characterized by Wilhelm Schimper in 1879.
Hence, option A is correct.
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(Complete question) is:
Bryophytes are usually found in areas that are very wet or damp at least part of the year. Which of the following statements describes characteristics of bryophytes that make them dependent on water? Check all that apply.
A)They have swimming sperm that need water so they can swim to fertilize the eggs of other nearby plants.
B)They do not have lignin-stiffened vascular tissue or roots to effectively distribute water throughout the plant.
C) Some species are able to reproduce asexually through fragmentation.
what biome is characterized by alternating rainy and dry seasons and large herds of grazing animals that migrate in response to the seasons?
tropical dry forest, also called monsoon forest or tropical deciduous forest, biome of any open forest in tropical areas that have a long dry season followed by a heavy rainy season.
Found on all continents except Antarctica, the grassland biome is characterized by being flat and grassy, with little tree cover. Large grazing mammals, such as elephants or bison, inhabit these areas, along with small mammals, birds, and predators. The grassland biome is made up of large open areas of grasses. They are kept with grazing animals and frequent fires. Grassland types include savannas and temperate grasslands. If it rained all year, the savannahs would turn into tropical forests, full of trees and tall vegetation. For grasslands to survive, they need dry spells that prevent trees from taking over.
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an experimental drug has been added to a eukaryotic cell, and while the drug was designed to interfere with a membrane transport process, the investigators found that in cells treated with the drug the lysosomes quickly turned into inclusion bodies. none of the material directed to the lysosomes for removal was being digested in the lysosome, and remained intact inside the organelle. an analysis of lysosomal contents in drug-treated cells indicated that the full complement of lysosomal enzymes were present in the organelle. assuming that the drug is targeting just one protein, which one of the following proteins is most likely the target?
Lysosomal enzymes play a major role in the degradation of material that has been ingested, and they work best within a specific range of acidic pH values.
What is the procedure known as when lysosomes digest damaged cells?They could be utilized to eliminate invasive bacteria and viruses. Lysosomes can assist a cell in self-destruction in a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, if the damage is irreparable.
What kind of lysosomes remove deteriorated organelles?Old organelles and dysfunctional cellular components are eliminated from a cell by the process of auto phagocytosis, in which they are encased by internal membranes that then join with lysosomes.
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what division of the nervous system is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves? biolgy abeka 10th grade
Peripheral nervous system division of the nervous system is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves.
Your nervous system's portion outside of your brain and spinal cord is known as your peripheral nervous system (PNS). It is essential for both carrying out commands from your brain to various sections of your body and relaying information from various parts of your body back to your brain. One of the two parts that make up an animal's nervous system, together with the central nervous system, is the peripheral nervous system.
Spinal nerves are mixed nerves that communicate with the spinal cord directly in order to modulate sensory and motor information coming from the body's periphery. Your brain, spinal cord, and the rest of your body receive electrical signals from your spinal nerves.
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what is the role of helper t cells in the adaptive immune response? what is the role of helper t cells in the adaptive immune response? helper t cells produc
Given that nearly all adaptive immune responses depend on helper T cells, they are arguably the most significant cells in adaptive immunity.
They support the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which kill infected target cells, as well as macrophages and B cells that release antibodies and kill ingested microorganisms. Without helper T cells, we cannot protect ourselves even against numerous ordinarily harmless bacteria, as was vividly shown in AIDS patients. However, helper T cells cannot function by themselves; they must be stimulated to become effector cells. They develop during the innate immunity responses brought on by an infection and become activated on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
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if an atom has 12 electrons how many energy levels are used?
How could we collect evidence to support this one way or the other?
Giving a citation to a source that supports your claim—either a source that concurs with you or supporting data—is the most common method of argumentation.
What is evidence?This method could need to be expanded as your studies go on, perhaps by citing more sources or offering critical commentary on them.
A good reference may be extremely selective and ignore superior or contradicting sources.
Even better is a carefully picked reference from a reputable study or scholar, and best of all are multiple sources that show the weight of the evidence mounting over time. The point has been made, but after three or four references, it starts to feel a little redundant.
Therefore, Giving a citation to a source that supports your claim—either a source that concurs with you or supporting data—is the most common method of argumentation.
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What was marshall nirenberg and heinrich matthaei’s contribution to our current understanding of the genetic code?
a. discovery of codons
b. discovery and extraction of dna
c. creation of a model of dna
d. creation of photo
Answer: c.
Explanation: discovered the key to breaking the genetic code when they conducted an experiment using a synthetic RNA chain.
which of the following is not a part of inspiration? group of answer choices the pressure in the lungs increases. the rib cage moves up and out. the diaphragm contracts and moves down. the intercostal muscles pull the ribs outward. air rushes into the lungs.
The pressure in the lungs increases is not a part of inspiration.
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, primarily to flush out carbon dioxide and bring in oxygen, is known as breathing (or ventilation).
The process of taking air into the lungs is known as inspiration (inhalation). Because it is the result of muscle contraction, it is the active phase of ventilation. The diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity expands during inspiration. This lowers the intraalveolar pressure, allowing air to enter the lungs.
Expiration (exhalation) is the process by which air is expelled from the lungs during the breathing cycle. The relaxation of the diaphragm and elastic recoil of tissue during expiration reduces thoracic volume while increasing intraalveolar pressure. Expiration forces air from the lungs.
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transcription and translation are seperate processes in gene expression; however they have simialarities. the following terms all relate to translation. which of these has a role that is most similar to that of the transcription start site during transcription
By converting the DNA code into a complementary RNA code, transcription is the process of creating RNA from a DNA template. The process of translating an mRNA template into a protein involves changing the mRNA's coding into the amino acid sequence of the protein.
DNA, the subunit, and the RNA polymerase core enzyme are the initial transcription components. mRNA, small and large ribosomal subunits, initiation factors, elongation factors, and tRNA are some of the components involved in translation. In order for the transcription enzyme to reach the template strand, a DNA double helix must be denatured. Since the template is a single mRNA strand, no such denaturing is required during translation. RNA is the end result of transcription and is found as mRNA and tRNA.
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what is the reading frame? be able to translate mrna into amino acids (a codon chart will be provided)
A reading frame is one of three different approaches to reading a nucleotide sequence. Say we have the DNA sequence acttagccgggacta, which consists of 15 base pairs. Starting with the first letter, "a," also known as the first reading frame, we can begin to translate or read the DNA.
How to spot an open reading frame Finding the sequence that corresponds to a start codon will help you identify the reading frame; it will be ATG. until a stop codon is reached, read this sequence in base triplets.
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bark consists of a) cork only. b) cork cambium and pith. c) secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork. d) secondary xylem, cork cambium, and cork.
Bark consist of secondary phloem, cork cambium and cork (c).
What parts make up tree bark?Bark is the outermost part of stems and roots of woody plants such as trees. It provides significant support and protection from many form of damages.
As woody plants grow, they will grow by adding cells to the internal layers. Since the vascular cambium is the main growth layer in woody plants, addition of cell layers to the inside ring of vascular cambium cause the outside is pushed outward. It will forms another part named bark.
Bark consist of tissues outside the vascular cambium. The inner bark is composed of living tissues, secondary phloem.There is also cork cambium which develops and forms cork cells. This cells push the old secondary phloem outward and eventually die and slough off. All tissues outside the cork cambium constitute the outer bark, including the nonfunctional phloem and cork cells. Thus the outer bark is made up of dead tissue.
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cocaine acts as a neural stimulant because multiple choice 2 its fat soluble properties allow it to penetrate the postsynaptic membrane and stimulate the effecter organ directly. it inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing their concentration and the postsynaptic stimulation. it directly binds to the postsynaptic receptor, producing unhindered stimulation. it penetrates the presynaptic membrane and there it is metabolized to the neurotransmitter.
It prevents neurotransmitter reuptake from the synaptic cleft, thereby raising their concentration and stimulating postsynaptic receptors.
Free tryptophan (TRP), which is a precursor to 5-HT, is transformed in the terminal axon of the serotonergic neuron . Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and aromatic decarboxylase are the enzymes that catalyse the two steps of 5-HT production (DDC). The rate-limiting enzyme, TPH, comes in two different isoforms, TPH1 and TPH2. In neural tissue, the TPH2 isoform predominates [3, 4]. The vesicular monoamine transporter mediates the uptake of 5-HT into presynaptic storage neurotransmitter vesicles (SLC18A2). The transporter uses a proton gradient across the vesicular membrane to deposit serotonin into synaptic vesicles . Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) converts 5-HT that isn't stored in vesicles into 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA).
Serotonin is exocytotically released from presynaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft in response to an action potential.
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the sense organs detection of external physical stimuli is called , wheras futher processing, organizing, and interpting od those stimuli in the brain is called
The right answers are sensation and perception. Both these are two distinct but closely connected processes.
Sensation is the physiological process by which our sense organs—including the eyes, hearing, and nose—respond to stimuli from the outside world. When you eat noodles, feel the breeze on your cheek, or hear a distant automobile horn, you experience sensation. Our sense organs are engaged in transduction during sensation, which is the transformation of one type of energy into another. After the electrical signals reach our brain, we process all of this stimulation and start to understand how intricate the environment is. Perception is the term used to describe the psychological process of making sense of the stimuli. The process of organizing and interpreting the information we get from our senses is known as perception.
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coral reefs are formed by the growth of coral polyps, which form a mutualistic relationship with algae. explain how each organism benefits from this relationship
These unique cells interact mutualistically with corals. The coral gives zooxanthellae a safe environment and the substances necessary for photosynthesis. The coral receives oxygen production and waste removal assistance from the zooxanthellae in return.
What is Mutualistic relationship ?
When two organisms of different species "operate together," they are said to be in a mutualistic relationship since they both gain from it.Ticks and other skin-living parasites are eaten by oxpeckers when they settle on rhinos or zebras. The oxpeckers are fed, and the animals are protected from pests. Additionally, the oxpeckers fly upward and scream a warning when there is danger, which aids the symbiont (a name for the other partner in a relationship).
Mutualistic organisms developed alongside one another. Both was a component of the other's environment, thus while they each "made use of" themselves, it was to their mutual advantage.
A sort of mutually beneficial association between creatures of various species is referred to as mutualism. Two separate species interact with one another and, in certain situations, completely depend on one another for survival. This is a symbiotic interaction. Other symbiotic connections include commensalism and parasitism, in which one species gains while the other suffers (where one species benefits without harming or helping the other).
For a variety of crucial reasons, including the need for food, shelter, and protection as well as for reproductive functions, organisms live in mutualistic interactions.
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Suppose a female fruit fly carries a mutation in her nanos gene that prevents expression of the nanos protein in any eggs she produces. Which effect is likely to be observed?.
Her eggs create fruit fly embryos with two heads, one of which is on a gene that blocks the expression of the nanos protein in any subsequent eggs she produces.
Which circumstances would cause developing ducks to lose their webbing?Webbing is lost as a result of apoptosis. Duck embryos that have been experimentally implanted with mutant BMP4 have non-webbed feet. Both the growth of a single organism and the evolution of species distinctions are governed by the actions of genes under the direction of genetic switches.
Which role do gap genes play in Drosophila?In Drosophila melanogaster and other insects, the gap gene system regulates the initial steps of the segmentation pathway. This system plays a crucial part in embryo patterning due to its tractability and has been the area of interest for both experimentalists and computational modelers.
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For every adenine on one strand of DNA, there is a thymine on the opposing strand of DNA. For every cytosine on one strand of DNA, there is a guanine on the opposing strand of DNA. This is because
DNA strands are complementary with each other.
For every adenine on one strand of DNA, there is a thymine on the opposing strand of DNA. For every cytosine on one strand of DNA, there is a guanine on the opposing strand of DNA. This is because DNA strands are complementary with each other.
The hereditary substance in humans and almost all other organisms is DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. Almost every cell in a person's body contains the same DNA. The majority of DNA is found in the cell nucleus (where it is known as nuclear DNA), but a small amount can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Mitochondria are cell structures that convert food energy into a state that cells can use.
DNA stores information as a code composed of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA is made up of approximately 3 billion bases, with more than 99 percent of those bases being the same in all people.
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From the RFLP data below, fill in the appropriate letters to complete the following statement: ______ is the child of _____ and _____
a. C is the child of B and A b. A is the child of B and C c. B is the child of D and C d. D is the child of A and C
C is the offspring of B and A, in accordance with the Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of a DNA’s information below.
The term "restriction fragment length polymorphism" (RFLP), short for "restriction fragment length polymorphism," refers to changes (or variances) in people's DNA sequences at places identified by restriction enzymes. By processing the DNA with such a restriction enzyme, this variation causes the DNA fragments to be formed in various sizes (or lengths). Any genomic DNA may be distinguished using RFLP markers depending on the existence or presence of restriction enzyme domains. The specific location is recognized and cleaved by restriction enzymes. Furthermore, a sizable DNA sample, whose isolation can be difficult and time-consuming, is needed for RFLP. In comparison, PCR can rapidly amplify minute quantities of DNA.
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Exotoxins can be grouped into functional categories according to the tissues they affect
•Neurotoxins damage nervous system
•Enterotoxins cause intestinal disturbance
•Cytotoxins damage variety of cell types by either interfering with cellular mechanisms or lysing cells
Both neurotoxins and enterotoxins can disrupt the digestive system. Cytotoxins harm several cell types by disrupting cellular processes or lysing cells. superantigens (Type I toxins), exotoxins (Type II toxins) that disrupt the membranes of host cells, A-B toxins, and other toxins that impair host cell function (Type III toxins).
By causing cell death or obstructing normal cellular metabolism, an exotoxin can cause injury to the host. They are extremely strong and capable of causing the host tremendous harm. Exotoxins, like endotoxins, can leak during cell lysis or can be secreted.
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which food is the most likely source of the infection? which food is the most likely source of the infection? turkey sprouts tomato avocado
The most contaminated raw animal products include raw or barely cooked meat and poultry, raw or barely cooked eggs, unpasteurized (raw) milk, and raw shellfish. Vegetables and fruits can also become infected.
Especially unpasteurized (raw) milk, raw seafood, raw or undercooked meat and poultry, eggs, and unpasteurized (raw) milk. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can potentially contaminate fruits and vegetables. a gram-negative bacillus; creates erratic elevated colonies and a water-soluble pigment that ranges in color from green to blue on trypticase soy agar. You will attempt to obtain pure cultures of each organism in your mix throughout the following two labs in order to identify which two bacteria you have. Infectious disorders are frequently spread from one person to another by direct contact with bacteria, viruses, or other organisms. When someone who has the bacterium or virus contacts, kisses, coughs, or sneezes on someone who is not yet done, this can happen. It spreads from one person to another.
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If a human is bitten by an animal that has rabies, then it is recommended that the human receive immune globin (human rabies antibodies) and a rabies vaccination (with inactive virus) as well. Which of the following is the best (and most specific) explanation for why both are recommended in this case?
a. Because rabies is such a serious illness, using antibodies and a vaccine provides the strongest possible immediate protection. Both antibodies and the vaccine provide a rapid immediate response to prevent illness from developing.
b. The rabies antibodies provide a rapid response but short-lived response while the vaccination provides slower but longer-lasting protection.
c. The rabies vaccination is relatively new and ineffective, so it is important to give the immune globin as well to make certain that the viruses cannot cause disease.
While the immunization offers slower but more durable protection, the rabies antibodies offer a quick but transient response. There are rabies immunoglobulins and vaccinations for humans to immunization.
People are immunized with the same vaccine either before or after exposure to rabies antibodies(see PEP) (less common). People who work in high-risk occupations, such as laboratories handling live rabies and rabies-related (lyssavirus) viruses, as well as people (such as animal antibodies disease control staff and wildlife rangers) whose professional or recreational activities of antibodies might put them in close proximity to bats, carnivores, or other mammals that may be infected, antibodies should get pre-exposure immunization.
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using the laboratory tests in this experiment, would you be able to distinguish between a starch and a sugar such as glucose? explain why or why not.
because the iodine test in a lab can distinguish between starch and glucose. With an iodine solution, starch becomes blue, whereas glucose does not.
The most fundamental kind of carbohydrate is glucose. It is a monosaccharide and is quickly taken up by cells. The respiratory substrate is another name for it. A polysaccharide of glucose is starch. It is a kind of stored glucose. In the iodine test, the starch component amylose combines with the iodine to create a complex that is coloured blue-black. Amylose has a helical structure, and this helical structure contains the iodine.
The majority of green plants synthesize this polysaccharide as a form of energy storage. It is the most prevalent carbohydrate in diets for people everywhere.
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the highlighted structure articulates with which structure and bone? the highlighted structure articulates with which structure and bone? coronoid process of the ulna coronoid fossa of the humerus radial notch of the ulna radial fossa of the humerus
The highlighted structure articulates with the structure and the bone is a radial notch of the ulna.
(Highlight is in the picture)
The articular surface of the ulna is called the radius the ulnar notch is at the distal radius, and is narrow, concave, smooth, and articulates with the head of the ulna to form the distal radioulnar joint.
The top of the ulna forms a C-shaped protrusion, consisting of a radial notch and a trochlear notch. The radial notch is the point where the radius joins the ulna. These two structures rest on one another and join to form the forearm. In addition, this structure allows the ulna to function properly. This notch allows fingers to move smoothly and freely.
Complete question:
The highlighted structure articulates with which structure and bone? (the choice is)
coronoid process of the ulna
coronoid fossa of the humerus
radial notch of the ulna
radial fossa of the humerus
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the testcross aa bb × aa bb produces the progeny shown: 40 aa bb, 10 aa bb, 10 aa bb, 40 aa bb. what was the arrangement of the genes in the aa bb parent?
The arrangement of the genes in the aa bb parent is in repulsion. The genes are in repulsion because the most numerous progeny are the nonrecombinants.
What does it mean when genes are in repulsion?
Repulsion refers to the case where each homologous chromosome has one dominant and one recessive allele from the two genes.
What is Gametic repulsion?
Similarly, it was observed that when two such dominant alleles or two recessive alleles come from different parents, they tend to remain separate. This was called gametic repulsion.
What is repulsion configuration?
When one wild-type allele and one mutant allele are on one homologous chromosome, and the opposite is on the other, this is known as a repulsion (or trans) configuration (e.g., A+b– / a–B+). The way to determine the orientation is to look at the parents (or P generation) of that cross if you know their genotypes of them.
Thus, the arrangement of genes is in repulsion.
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STEMscopedia: Introduction to photosynthesis answers
Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of sugars.
what is photosynthesis ?The process in which plants, algae and certain bacteria use light energy of sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and convert light them into chemical energy and starch. called as photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis occur in special organelles named chloroplast which has its own DNA, genes and hence can synthesize their own proteins.
Chloroplasts have stroma, fluid, and stack of thylakoids known as grana, three types of chlorophyll such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
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What is the biological significance of the fact that this equilibrium is a saddle point?.
The biological significance of equilibrium is a saddle point i.e. Bifurcation theory's biological applications give us a foundation for understanding the dynamics of biological networks that thought of dynamical systems.
The trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of your thumb is the best illustration of a saddle joint. It joins your thumb's trapezium and metacarpal bone. Your thumb may stretch significantly to help you grasp huge objects because of the joint's flexion-extension and abduction-adduction properties. Additionally, it has the ability to slid inward, touching each of your other fingers closely. Osteoarthritis in this region may also impact your thumb and inner wrist, resulting in discomfort, stiffness, and weakness. A form of synovial joint called a saddle joint has opposing surfaces that are reciprocally concave and convex (sellar joint, articulation by reciprocal reception). It can be discovered in the thumb, thorax, heel, and middle ear. Saddle joints are able to move in all of these directions, just as the condyloid joint: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction. Axial rotation is not permitted, though. When saddle joints can move in both the sagittal and frontal planes, they are said to be biaxial.
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he activity asks you to identify potential targets of antimicrobial drugs by dragging labels to the target. drag the following labels to the appropriate antimicrobial target in the diagram. view available hint(s)for part a
Antimicrobial drugs have been developed to target five bacterial targets: cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, ribonucleic acid synthesis, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, and intermediary metabolism.
Antimicrobials are medications that are used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals, and plants. They include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics.
Cell wall synthesis
Overview of the cell wall The bacterial cell wall monomer lipid II is synthesized inside the cytoplasm and then flipped outward by the transporter MurJ.
Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis refers to the process through which cells produce proteins. Transcription and translation are the two phases. Transcription is the process by which genetic instructions in DNA are transferred to mRNA in the nucleus. It is divided into three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Ribonucleic acid synthesis
Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template and is catalyzed by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. The binding of the enzyme to a promoter sequence in the DNA initiates transcription.
Intermediary metabolism.
The subfield of biochemistry traditionally concerned with the vast and highly integrated network of biochemical reactions that provides cells with forms of energy for immediate use (i.e., metabolic energy), reducing power, and biosynthetic intermediates is known as intermediary metabolism.
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