Excess fluid in your tissues leads to this swelling (edema), which is frequently brought on by congestive heart failure or a blockage in a leg vein. These are edema symptoms.
How can you eliminate severe edema?Treatment for edema entails a number of steps, including treating the underlying cause (if feasible), cutting back on salt (sodium) in their diet, and, in many situations, using a drug called a diuretic to get rid of extra fluid. Additionally suggested measures include elevating the legs and wearing compression stockings.
How can you tell whether an edema is severe?
If your edema suddenly gets worse, hurts, is new, or if it's accompanied by chest pain or breathing difficulties, seek medical attention right once. The latter could be an indication of pulmonary edema, a serious illness where fluid fills the lung cavities.
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Elevated blood levels of homocysteine increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Homocysteine metabolism requires which of the following nutrients?
Check all that apply
A. Thiamin
B. vitamin B-6
C. Vitamin B-12
D. FolateB. vitamin B-6
C. Vitamin B-12
D. Folate
Answer:
Explanation: Homocysteine metabolism requires the participation of folate as well as vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 coenzymes. Reduction of homocysteine levels in plasma requires that all three of these vitamins be supplemented.
on admission a client reports taking disulfiram as part of their home medications. what would the nurse need to be aware of when coordinating the client's other medications?
As acetaldehyde dehydrogenase is inhibited by disulfiram, many of the side effects of alcohol use are experienced right away.
What impacts the body does disulfiram have?Disulfiram functions by preventing the body from breaking down alcohol. This causes a hazardous alcohol-related chemical to accumulate, which can make patients who consume alcohol while taking this drug very ill.
How soon does disulfiram start to work?In milder situations, the disulfiram-alcohol interaction lasts 30 to 60 minutes; in more severe cases, it lasts several hours or until the alcohol is digested.
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like other methods used to get information about the harmful effects of chemicals on human health, measuring dose-response curves has its limitations and benefits. what are the limitations to these types of studies? check all that apply.
Some disadvantages of BMD modeling are as follows:
(1) The BMD approach performs better when many dose groups with different response levels are available;
(2) The modelling results may be unnecessarily conservative because it consistently provides BMDLs below the NOAELs;
(3) For data sets with small sample sizes, limited number of dosing levels, and limited information on mechanisms of toxicity, the modelling may result in linearization (Faustman).
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the nurse is caring for an older adult client who is confused and agitated. when the client's family comes to visit the nurse asks how long the client has been confused. the family states that the client has been confused for a long time and the confusion is getting worse. the client is subsequently diagnosed with dementia. what is the most common cause of dementia in an older adult client?
The most common cause of dementia in an older adult client is alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive medical specialty disorder that causes the brain to shrink (atrophy) and brain cells to die. Alzheimer's disease} is that the most typical explanation for dementia — an eternal decline in thinking, activity and social skills that affects somebody's ability to perform severally
During the moderate dementia stage of Alzheimers, folks grow additional confused, agitated and forgetful and start to wish additional facilitate with daily activities and self-care. Folks with the moderate dementia stage of Alzheimers may: Show more and more poor judgment and deepening confusion.
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which clinicalmanifestations would be typical in an individual with pernicious anemia ataxia
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels increase in pernicious anemia patients. Increased levels of MMA and homocysteine promote myelin degradation, which results in neurologic impairments such anemia ataxia and neuropathy.
What types of clinical signs would typically be present in someone with pernicious anemia?Fatigue, weakness, waxy pallor, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, shaky stride, smooth tongue, gastrointestinal disorders, and neurological issues are all signs of pernicious anemia. Affected individuals frequently experience memory loss, depression, and weight loss.
What has pernicious anemia as an association?Pernicious anemia is frequently brought on by: An autoimmune condition known as atrophic gastritis causes a weakened stomach lining by having your immune system attack the cells in your stomach lining that produce the intrinsic factor protein.
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after each feeding, a 3-day-old newborn is spitting up large amounts of a non-dairy based newborn formula. the pediatric healthcare provider changes the neonate's formula to a soy protein isolate based infant formula. what information should the nurse provide to the mother about the newly prescribed formula?
The prescribed formula is well tolerated by lactose intolerant infants.
What is lactose intolerance ?Your body's insufficient lactase production is typically the cause of lactose intolerance. Your small intestine normally produces lactase, an enzyme that is a protein that triggers a chemical reaction and is used to break down lactose. A lactase deficiency is the result of insufficient lactase production in the body.
The nurse should explain that the soy-based formula, which contains sucrose and is well-tolerated in infants with milk allergies and lactose intolerance, is being substituted for the cow's milk formula because it may be related to the lactose present in it.
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which assessment suggests to the nurse that a client with systemic lupus erythematous is having renal involvement?
People of all ages, including children, are susceptible to systemic lupus erythematous . However, the largest risk of getting SLE is among women who are of childbearing age (15 to 44 years). Women are harmed much more than males, regardless of age (estimates range from 4 to 12 women for every 1 man).
For a client who might have rheumatoid arthritis, which blood result would the nurse review?We do the following laboratory tests, which, if positive and/or high, support the diagnosis: Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) testing are both done when a patient is first being assessed for RA.
What does systemic lupus erythematosus look like clinically?Different systemic manifestations may be present in SLE patients. Fever, malaise, arthralgias, myalgias, headache, and other general symptoms.
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a terminally ill client is being cared for at home and receiving hospice care. the hospice nurse is helping the family cope with the client's deteriorating condition, educating them on the signs of approaching death. which sign would the nurse include in this education plan?
Difficulty in swallowing is the sign that the nurse would include in the education plan.
What is a Hospice care?
The goal of hospice care is to improve the lives of people who are suffering from an incurable illness. Hospices care for patients from the time their illness is diagnosed as terminal until the end of their life, however long that may be. That does not imply that hospice care must be continuous.
Hospice care focuses on the care, comfort, and quality of life of a person who is nearing the end of life from a serious illness. It may become impossible to cure a serious illness at some point, or a patient may refuse certain treatments. Hospice is intended for situations like this.
Hospice care is a type of palliative care that is geared toward the terminally ill.
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a client with severe peptic ulcer disease has undergone surgery and is several hours postoperative. during assessment, the nurse notes that the client has developed cool skin, tachycardia, labored breathing, and appears to be confused. which complication has the client most likely developed? perforation
The client has most likely developed Hemorrhage.
What is hemorrhage?
In medicine, blood loss is caused by damaged blood vessels. A hemorrhage can be internal or external, and it typically involves a significant amount of bleeding quickly. injuries include bone fractures, traumatic brain injury, or cuts and puncture wounds. Physical abuse or acts of violence, like a knife or bullet wound. viruses like a viral hemorrhagic fever that target blood vessels. These three types of hemorrhage differ from one another in terms of location, flow, and intensity. In particular, capillary bleeding trickles from the body whereas venous bleeding flows gradually. Arterial bleeding spews out in spurts. The severity of bleeding from the arteries and veins varies.
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when development a teaching plan for a client newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, the nurse should explain that an increase thirst is an early sing of diabetes ketoacidosis (dka), which action should the nurse instruct the client to implement if this sign of dka occur? a. resume normal physical activity b. drink electrolyte fluid replacement c. give a dose of regular insulin per sliding scale d. measure urinary output over 24 hours.
The right response for a client with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes is (d) measure urine output over a 24-hour period. The nurse should provide the client instructions to implement if this indicator of dka occurs.
What is diabetes ketoacidosis?Diabetic ketoacidosis is a risky and potentially fatal side effect of diabetes. The majority of persons with type 1 diabetes experience DKA. People with type 2 diabetes can also develop DKA. DKA happens when the body doesn't produce enough insulin, which prevents blood sugar from entering your cells to be used as energy. Diabetes has a serious side effect that causes the body to produce too much blood acid (ketones). This syndrome emerges when the body fails to produce adequate amounts of insulin. It could be caused by a disease or an infection. One or more of the symptoms may include thirst, frequent urination, nausea, stomach pain, weakness, and confusion. Hospital treatment may be required to deliver insulin therapy and replenish lost fluid and electrolytes.
What is the most common cause of diabetic ketoacidosis and can you recover from diabetic ketoacidosis or not?Newly diagnosed diabetes, disruptions in insulin therapy, and underlying infections are the most common causes. (Check out Etiology) Clinically, ketoacidosis and severe uncontrolled diabetes are both present in DKA, which calls for rapid insulin therapy and IV fluids.
Introduction A serious and potentially fatal consequence of diabetes mellitus is diabetic ketoacidosis. Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis are anticipated to recover completely in 24 hours with the right care.
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the nurse is caring for a 6-year-old child with acute glomerulonephritis. when reviewing the client's laboratory results, which result is most important to review with the health care provider?
Blood pressure 136/84 is the correct option that needs to be checked by the health care advisor.
What is Glomerulonephritis?
Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the small filters of the kidneys (gloe-MER-u-loe-nuh-FRY-tis) (glomeruli). Urine is the body's method of excreting the extra fluid and waste that glomeruli (gloe-MER-u-lie) remove from the bloodstream. Glomerulonephritis can develop gradually or quickly (acutely) (chronic).
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on admission to the prenatal clinic, a 23-year-old woman tells the nurse that her last menstrual period began on february 15, and that previously her periods were regular. her pregnancy test is positive. this client's expected date of delivery (edd) would be
The top intervention is to monitor bleeding from peripheral locations. The client is displaying placental abruption symptoms. Placental abruptio is associated with the condition known as diffuse intravascular
DIC: What is it?Unusual blood clotting throughout the blood arteries of the body is brought on by the uncommon but deadly disorder known as diffused intravascular coagulation (DIC). Infections or injuries that interfere with the body's normal blood clotting process can cause DIC.
What is the best way to stop intravascular coagulation?Finding and treating the root cause of DIC is the objective. Some examples of supportive therapies are: If there is significant bleeding, plasma infusions may be used to replace blood coagulation components. Heparin is a blood-thinning medication that can be used to stop blood clotting if it is happening a lot.
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the nurse administers proparacaine hcl (ophthaine) drops to a patient prior to an eye examination. what sign will the nurse look for to determine when the examination can begin?
The nurse will check to see if there is no blink reflex before starting the examination.
What is the purpose of proparacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution?Before surgery, certain examinations, or treatments, the eye is numbed using proparacaine eye drops. The eye drops are applied throughout the surgery to minimize pain. The class of drugs known as local anesthetics includes proparacaine. It does this by preventing pain impulses from reaching the nerve terminals in the eye.
In the eye, how long does proparacaine last?Suitable for ophthalmic application, proparacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution is a fast-acting local anesthetic. The effects of anesthetic start to take effect after just one drop and last for at least 15 minutes.
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a client is diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and asks the nurse why the skin is so dry and itchy. what is the nurse's best response?
The nurse answers a customer's question on why the skin is so dry and itchy due to changes in lipid content after the client is given an atopic dermatitis diagnosis.
Atopic reaction: what is it?Histamine is released as a result of atopic reactions, which are frequently brought on by animal dander, pollen, mold, or mite excrement.
What are the three ailments that an atopic person frequently has?The most prevalent symptoms of atopy are allergic rhinitis, allergic bronchial asthma, and atopic dermatitis, with food allergy coming in third and fourth. An individual may experience one or more clinical disorders both concurrently and intermittently.
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when describing the action of barbiturates and barbiturate-like agents in the control of seizures, what would the nurse include?
The cerebral cortex is depressed, cerebellar function is changed, and motor nerve output is decreased by barbiturates and medicines of the barbiturate class, which also block impulse conduction in the ascending (RAS).
Barbiturates are helpful medications for the management of epilepsy. The negative systemic consequences are not severe. The presence of cognitive and behavioural issues is the key limiting factor.
What effects do barbiturates have on seizures?
The central nervous system's activity is suppressed by a class of medications known as barbiturate anticonvulsants, which are produced from barbituric acid. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is enhanced by barbiturate anticonvulsants. This prevents the onset of discharge that would initiate the seizure.
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the healthcare provider prescribes terbutaline (brethine) for a client in preterm labor. before initiating this prescription, it is most important for the nurse to assess the client for which condition?
It is most important for the nurse to assess the client for : Gestational diabetes.
What is gestational diabetes ?The primary cause of pregnancy-related diabetes or gestation diabetes is Your body produces more hormones during pregnancy, along with other changes like weight growth.
Insulin resistance is a condition where your body's cells use insulin less efficiently as a result of these changes. Your body requires more insulin if you have insulin resistance.
Newborns may have very low blood glucose levels at birth as a result of the extra insulin the baby's pancreas produces, and they are also more likely to experience breathing issues.
Children and adults who are born with an excess of insulin are at risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
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the nurse should explain to a 30-year-old primigravida client that alpha fetoprotein testing is recommended for which purpose?
A 30-year-old primigravida client should be informed by the nurse that alpha fetoprotein testing is advised to identify cardiovascular issues. Check for flaws in the neural tube.
Which observation shows the nurse that a baby who is 4 days old is getting enough breast milk?A minimum of 2 to 3 wet diapers and 2 stools4 during the course of the second and third days show that your baby is nursing successfully and obtaining the milk she or he requires.
What should the nurse do to stop a newborn from losing heat conduction?When a newborn is placed on a cold surface right after delivery, heat will be transferred to the cold surface. Whenever possible, a scale or resuscitation bed should be pre-warmed to reduce conductive heat loss.
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a mother who is 4 days postpartum and is breastfeeding expresses to the nurse that her breast seems to be tender and engorged. which suggestions should the nurse give to the mother to relieve breast engorgement? select all that apply.
Before breastfeeding, apply warm compresses to the breasts. Before nursing, physically express some milk. Shower in a warm to hot water to promote milk production.
The client should be instructed by the nurse to take warm to hot showers to promote milk release, manually express some breastfeeding milk prior to breastfeeding, and apply warm compresses to the breasts before nursing in order to reduce breast engorgement. In addition to sitting up and laying down while breastfeeding, the mother should be asked to feed the baby in a variety of situations. From beneath the axillary region, massage the breasts toward the nipple.
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The branch of medical science that deals with the structure, function, and diseases of the eye.
Branch of medical science that deals with the structure, function, and diseases of the eye is called : ophthalmology.
What do you understand by ophthalmology?Ophthalmic and vision science is the study of vision disorders, diseases of the eye and the visual pathway. Working in ophthalmic and vision science, you will assess the structure and function of the eye and also the visual system.
An ophthalmologist specializes in ophthalmology and the branch of medical science dealing with the structure, functions, and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a physician but optometrist is not. Ophthalmologists can also do vision tests and prescribe corrective lenses just like optometrists does.
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the nurse is caring for a client who recently experienced a myocardial infarction and has been started on clopidogrel. the nurse should develop a teaching plan that includes which points? select all that apply.
The nurse should develop a teaching plan that includes :any unexpected bleeding or bleeding that lasts a long time, bruise, bleeding gums etc.
What is clopidogrel ?Clopidogrel works by preventing platelets from sticking together and forming a clot.
It is an antiplatelet drug called clopidogrel. It stops platelets, a kind of blood cell, from congregating and creating a potentially harmful blood clot. If you have a higher risk of developing blood clots, using clopidogrel can help. There may be negative effects from clopidogrel.
In individuals who have already experienced a heart attack, stroke, or have certain cardiovascular disorders, clopidogrel, an antiplatelet blood-thinning medication, may help prevent future heart attacks, strokes, and other clot-related ailments.
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a nurse is reviewing the admission assessment data of a client diagnosed with acute gastritis. the nurse determines that the condition most likely occurred as a result of:
According to the nurse, the disease was probably caused by a strain of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), environmental conditions, or family history.
What causes H. pylori to be so prevalent?Peptic ulcers, or stomach ulcers, are discussed individually. pylori is most likely spread by ingesting food or drink that has been tainted with the bacteria, which is expelled in infected people's feces.
What are the early indicators of acute gastritis?Stomach discomfort, appetite loss, nausea, and vomiting are common signs of acute gastritis. Gastrointestinal bleeding and ulceration can also happen in extreme circumstances. There are many symptoms that patients with gastritis can encounter, such as moderate nausea or an upper abdominal fullness.
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for the last 3 weeks, a nurse in a long-term care facility has administered a sedative hypnotic to a client who complains of insomnia. the client does not seem to be responding to the drug and is now lying awake at night. what is the most likely explanation?
The majority of sedative-hypnotic drugs start to lose their effectiveness after one to two weeks of usage. Even if the majority of sedative-hypnotic medications let you sleep deeply for a few nights.
A customer is not a client.Since there are two separate categories of customers, a person who makes use of a company's products or services is referred to as a user rather than a client. As contrast to consumers who usually purchase products, customers purchase solutions and guidance.
Would you provide an illustration of a specific customer type?Anyone who pays for goods or services is referred to as a customer. Customers might be businesses and other institutions. Clients do not have a connection or agreement with the vendor, in contrast to customers who frequently do.
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which type of emergency assessment is being performed when the nurse is inserting a gastric tube and arranging for diagnostic studies for a client who sustained injuries after a bus accident?
When the nurse places a stomach tube and arranges for diagnostic tests for a patient who suffered injuries in a bus accident, focused adjuncts are being carried out.
What is a gastric tube?In individuals with IC, gastric tubes are used to either supply food and medicine or to drain gastric content (stomach pumping). The tube ought to be in the stomach and have gone through the heart. This implies that the tube must be visible on chest X-rays down to the diaphragm, ideally deeper to prevent dislocation. It might be challenging to determine whether the tube is in the stomach occasionally due to image quality. An extra, more detailed abdominal imaging and, in certain cases, the injection of tiny volumes of contrast fluid through the tube, may be helpful in these circumstances.
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when assessing a client who is at 12-weeks gestation, the nurse recommends that she and her husband consider attending childbirth preparation classes. when is the best time for the couple to attend these classes?
The best week for childbirth classes is at most 30 weeks.
Why are childbirth classes so important?The earliest that parents would be prepared for such sessions is at 30 weeks of gestation. An engaged student facilitates learning!
When the couple is psychologically prepared to end the pregnancy and the birth of their child is an imminent concern, that is when they are most interested in giving birth.
Women who have received childbirth education have the knowledge, abilities, and attitudes necessary to get ready for pregnancy, labor and delivery, and the first few weeks after giving birth.
Partners benefit from classes by learning what to expect and how to assist. Many mothers have reported feeling more confident about giving birth and labor.
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accumulation of nitrogenous wastes such as urea in the circulatory system is an early sigh of chronic kidney disease (ckd). the nurse knows that normal levels of urea in blood are approximately:
The nurse knows that normal levels of urea in the blood are approximately 20 mg/dL.
What causes chronic kidney disease?
Kidney disease is most frequently brought on by diabetes. diabetes of both types 1 and 2. However, obesity and heart disease can also contribute to the harm that results in renal failure. The long-term functional decline can also be brought on by problems with the urinary system and inflammation in various kidney regions. High blood pressure indicates that your blood vessels' blood pressure is too powerful, which can harm them and cause CKD.
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a nurse is preparing a presentation for a group of older adults about health promotion. which statistic would the nurse need to keep in mind about this group?
Geriatric nursing tackles the socioeconomic, psychological, developmental, and physiological aspects.
What part does the nurse play in treating patients with chronic illnesses?In routine follow-up visits, nurses are in charge of regularly monitoring patients with chronic conditions and analysing both the general health situation and behaviour related to health [40]. They create self-management techniques with clients and their families based on this.
What do elderly individuals' nursing interventions entail?Among the nursing interventions for the elderly or family members are: the provision of medical care, including both intensive care and routine care such as feeding, bathing, range of motion, and turning. allowing the elder to take care of their own personal hygiene and grooming. carrying out medical procedures and treatments in accordance with a doctor's orders.
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a client presents to the ed in shock. at what point in shock does the nurse know that metabolic acidosis is going to occur?
Answer:
decompensation
Explanation:
As compensatory mechanisms fail, the decompensation stage starts. The patient's condition worsens, leading to cardiovascular abnormalities, coagulation issues, and cellular hypoxia. Pyruvic and lactic acids rise as the energy supply falls short of the demand, resulting in metabolic acidosis.
which are expected outcomes for a patient who is effectively implementing a decision tree to enhance their problem-solving abilities? select all that apply.
Visualizing the potential results, costs, and effects of a complex decision is part of decision tree analysis.
To choose the optimal course of action, decision tree analysis can assist you in visualizing the effects of your choices.
A decision tree is a flowchart that begins with a single central concept and branches out according to the outcomes of your choices. The model often resembles a tree with branches, therefore the name "decision tree."
These trees are employed in decision tree analysis, which entails graphically illustrating the probable results, expenses, and effects of a difficult decision.
Based on the choices and results that led to each outcome, you can use a decision tree to determine its expected value. The best course of action can then be quickly determined by comparing the results to one another.
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the preoperative nurse is preparing a client for surgery. what actions will the nurse perform? select all that apply.
Answer:
Inform the family to wait in the surgical waiting room.
Remove the client's dentures and contact lenses
Describe who will be in the operating suite.
Explanation:
a nurse who has incorporated complementary and alternative medicine (cam) into nursing practice is caring for a client in a short-term care facility. which examples of nursing interventions are based on cam? select all that apply.
• The nurse suggests that the client sign up for a yoga class.
• The nurse instructs the patient in meditation.
• The nurse looks into possible immune system boosters for the patient.
In order to reduce CAM client anxiety, the nurse utilizes guided visualization.
The phrase complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) refers to both complimentary therapies (which may be used in conjunction with standard meditation treatments and so complement them) and alternative treatment techniques (not included in the scope of medical care). CAM practices include yoga, meditation, guided imagery, and herbal medicines. Traditional allopathic (biomedicine) treatments include prescribing painkillers and scheduling diagnostic procedures.
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