A 22-year-old was recently diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). CD4+ T-helper lab finding would be expected to accompany this virus.
The best chance for vaccination protection is provided by CD4+ T cells, which are essential for preventing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. However, little is known about the characteristics of Mtb-specific CD4 T cells that mediate control, and the absence of correlates of protection makes it extremely difficult to develop new, rational vaccines and therapeutic alternatives—both of which are urgently needed. In this article, we discuss the properties of protective CD4 T cells, including recent evidence for IFN-dependent and independent mechanisms of protection, the inadequate protection of terminally differentiated cells, and the importance of T cell migratory capacity for the treatment of Mtb infection. The leading infectious disease-related cause of illness and death among individuals around the world is tuberculosis (TB). According to estimates, Mycobacterium TB (Mtb), which is thought to impact one-third of the world's population, causes 8.7 million new cases of the disease and 1.4 million fatalities per year. Drug-resistant TB strains are becoming more prevalent; in some regions, their frequency peaked in 2011 at 19%.
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6. bacterial strategies for evading host defense systems a.different parts of the host defense system work together to eliminate invading bacteria.give some examples of how virulence factors could work together to make a pathogenbetter able to cause infection.
The virulence factors help a pathogen to invade, cause and evade the host.
Movement and attachment also are crucial issues for bacterial virulence. The flagella, which aids in movement, can assist micro organism unfold. The flagellum is a key virulence thing in urinary tract infections as it facilitates the micro organism unfold up the urethra. The shorter filaments are Pilli. The following are varieties of virulence factors include many pathogenic micro organism colonize mucosal web sites via way of means of the usage of pili (fimbriae) to stick to cells.
Therefore, pathogenic micro organism colonize mucosal web sites.
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at some point, categories like herbivore/parasite/predator break down. (for example, small insects that eat small amounts of large plants, over a long time, seem to conform to the definition of a parasite.) why is this?
At some point, categories like herbivore/parasite/predator break down, this is because the categories are artificial constructs- the organisms don't care.
Herbivores feed on plants products and plants. They are also considered as predators because they also transfer energy across the trophic levels. Besides this, they also keep the population of their prey under control. The predator is defined as an animal which feeds upon other animals or prey that are usually smaller and weaker than itself. Therefore, at some point all these categories are artificial constructs for better understanding- organisms don't care.
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Complete question- At some point, categories like herbivore/parasite/predator break down. (For example, small insects that eat small amounts of large plants, over a long time, seem to conform to the definition of a parasite.) Why is this? a) Newly discovered organisms (or viruses) may not fit existing categories. b) the categories are artificial constructs--the organisms don't care c) scientific knowledge--including categorizations like this--is continuously updated as new data become available d) Herbivory, parasitism, and predation can change over time, in response to natural selection.
macromolecules are made of functional groups that give them specific characteristics. what are the functional units of a carbohydrate? (4 points)
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are the four main macromolecules. They perform important functions, including providing structural support, being a source of stored fuel, storing and retrieving genetic information, and speeding up biochemical reactions.
Name of the functional group Chemical symbol of the functional group Macromolecules containing this functional group
Hydroxyl -OH Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
Carbonyl -C=O Lipids Proteins
Carboxyl (sometimes written as –COOH) Protein Lipid (fatty acid)
Amino -NH2 Proteins Nucleic Acids Biological macromolecules are large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules. There are four main classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids); each is an important cellular component and performs a wide range of functions
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environmental movements led to genuine solutions to many of the environmental problems addressed in the late sixties.
yes. environmental movements concentrated on pollution reduction and force the congress to create some measures for clean earth with pure air and water
As a series of environmental disasters and revelatory books altered American environmental consciousness in the late 1960s, a "environmental crisis" emerged. A number of hugely popular books, such as Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring and Ralph Nader's 1965 book Unsafe at Any Speed, prompted the public to consider the relationship between the government, which is responsible for defending the public interest, and industries, which are motivated to act in their own economic interests, prior to the crisis taking its final form. The Cuyahoga River fires, the Santa Barbara oil disaster, and the pervasive smog in New York City and Los Angeles all grabbed headlines and alarmed Americans across the nation.
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how did the allelic frequencies change over the 10 generations modeled in response to natural selection?
It will increase because an allelic organism that is more well-suited to its environment will be able to pass its genes to the next generation through natural selection.
Natural selection happens when an organism is more or less fit—able to live and reproduce in a given environment—as a result of one allele (or a mix of alleles from other genes). A gene's frequency tends to decrease from one generation to the next if it has a negative impact on fitness. We'll go into great detail on the various types of natural selection that take place in populations.
In actuality, multiple evolutionary factors may have operated simultaneously to determine the evolutionary trajectory of a particular gene. For instance, both gene flow and genetic drift may affect the allele frequencies of one gene. Natural selection may favor (or disfavor) a new allele of a different gene as a result of mutation.
The complete question is:
Experiment 2 Data Table 5:
Sampling Without Replacement Generation Starting Allelic Frequency 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average p 0.50 9 0.50 Starting Allelic Number B 50 50 Data Table 5 Genotypic Number BB Bb Graph 1 Deaths (bb) Final Genotypic Frequency 0² 2pq q² 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Exercise 2 Final Allelic Number b B
Please answer the following question with the given data:
How did the allelic frequencies change over the 10 generations modeled in response to natural selection?
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evaluate this statement: evolution is said to occur when new traits accumulate over time, increasing complexity.
While it is true that evolution happens when new features start to accumulate, this is not the only time it happens.
Why did the development of wings play such a significant role in the evolution of insects?Long before birds, bats, or pterosaurs, between 300 and 360 million years ago, insects first ascended to the air. Insecta swiftly established themselves as one of the most diverse and successful animal classes, a position they still hold today, thanks to the development of wings that allowed them to colonize new environments and ecological niches.
What kind of evolution is convergent?Convergent evolution can be seen in the similarities between the bodies of sharks and dolphins, vertebrates and cephalopods, and bats and insects. Similar structures are produced by convergent evolution.
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when (r)-2-chloro-3-methylbutane is treated with potassium tert-butoxide, a monosubstituted alkene is obtained. when this alkene is treated with hbr, a mixture of products is obtained. identify all of the expected products. select all that apply.
The elimination of a positive impartial molecule from a substrate is called an removal reaction.
An example of elimination reaction is the formation of an alkene via way of means of reacting alkyl halide with a base thru removal of hydrogen halide molecule. The reaction between R-2-chloro-3-methylbutane and potassium tert-butoxide, it yields a monosubstituted alkene. When this alkene is treated with hydrogen bromide (HBr), a mixture of products is obtained. The possible products are shown in the image given below:
Therefore, all the expected products are drawn in the image attached.
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1. How are barn owls different from common owls?
A barn owl has a heart shaped face, short tail and small eyes compared to a normal owl.
if you exhale to residual volume, close your glottis and relax your chest muscles, what will happen to your alveolar pressure?
The lungs will desire to elastically recoil, but because the glottis is closed, there is nowhere for the air to escape, alveolar pressure will rise above atmospheric pressure.
The thoracic cavity capacity increases and the intra-alveolar pressure falls when the diaphragm slides downward from an ambient pressure of 760mmHg to 756mmHg. Air enters the lungs as a result of a pressure gradient. The muscles of the external intercostals also aid in inspiration.
The alveolar pressure is b. larger than the ambient pressure during the process of expiration. As a result, air will escape from the lungs and alveoli.
The lungs' volume expands and their internal pressure drops to below atmospheric levels during inhalation.
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identify the molecular approaches that have helped determine evolutionary relatedness in prokaryotes.
Yes. Convergent evolution is the process by which unrelated or distantly related animals acquire similar features while having unrelated predecessors. Prokaryotic organisms have the ability to express these genes by absorbing DNA from their environment.
Similar features will result from the expression of these genes in different organisms.Prokaryotes can be split into two classes based on their evolutionary history: bacteria and archaea.Archaea and bacteria, originally known as Eubacteria (formerly Archaebacteria). Eukaryota, the third domain, is designated for organisms containing nuclei.Prokaryotes are creatures without a nucleus or other organelles in their cells.The microorganism and the archaea, which scientists accept as true and have unique evolutionary lineages, are two magnificent groups that make up the prokaryote kingdom.The majority of prokaryotes are tiny, single-celled organisms with a very straightforward structure.
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An object at rest is suddenly broken apart into fragments a and b by an explosion. The fragment a acquires five times the kinetic energy of the fragment b.
The explosion will conserve momentum in one dimension. When An object at rest is suddenly broken apart into fragments a and b by an explosion.
In plain English, what is kinetic energy?The force that drives motion, which can be observed in the movement of a particle, an object, or a collection of particles, is known as kinetic energy. Examples of objects in motion that use kinetic energy include a person walking, a baseball being thrown, a piece of food falling from a table, and a charged particle in an electric field.
Given that fragment a gains three times as much kinetic energy as fragment b, Pinitial = pfinal 0 =mav0a+mv0=0 v0=-mav0a/m
KE=3KE, where 1/2 mav0a2 = 3 (1/2mv0), and
1/2 mav0a2 = 3/2 m(-mav0a/m).
2 "1/2 x 2/3 = ma/m= 1/3" "1/2 x 2/3 = ma/m= 1/3" "1/2 x 2/3 = ma/m= 1/3"
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Describe the trend in atomic radius as the atomic number increases across a period.
Atomic radius increases inside a group and then gradually diminishes. While electron shielding remains constant over time, effective nuclear charge increases.
What does the periodic table's increase in period mean?As the atomic number rises, a period's metallic character decreases. Metallic character decreases from left to right as you move through the periodic table. Atoms are more willing to accept electrons in order to fill a valence shell than to give them up in order to empty the shell, which causes this.
Which trend deteriorates with time?Moving across a period causes the nuclear charge and atomic size to change, which increases the nucleus's force of attraction on the outermost shell electron.
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what and who came from uranus private part?
Answer: The Greek Goddess Aphrodite
Explanation:
blank can capture the beauty of
nature and the ugliness of problems
that affect the environment adversely
Pictures can capture the beauty of nature and the ugliness of problems that affect the environment adversely.
What is Environment?This is referred to as the sum total of all the living and non-living elements and their effects that influence human life or that of other organisms which are present in the ecosystem.
Environmentalists employs the use of photographers & film production crews to capture the beauty of nature and the ugliness of problems that affect the environment adversely through the use of tools such as camera which produces different types and forms of pictures thereby making it the correct choice.
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examine the skeletal material below to help you answer questions 1-3. which mystery primate is a biped?
The Primate A is having short broad pelvis or bowl shaped pelvis therefore is biped.
What is primate?
Haplorrhines and Strepsirrhines are the two subgroups of primates. The words for haplorrhine and strepsirrhine respectively mean dry and wet nose. The dry-nosed primates known as haplorrhines include tarsiers, apes, monkeys, and humans. Haplorrhines are divided into three groups:
1) the catarrhines, which include humans, apes, and monkeys from the old world;
2) the platyrrhines, which include South American monkeys; and
3) tarsiers. Tarsiers can only be found in South East Asia, while apes can be found in both South East Asia and Africa.
What is skeletal material?
Bone, antler, ivory, teeth, and horn are all examples of skeletal materials, which are organics primarily made up of hydroxyapatite and collagen in varying amounts. One must first look for a porous surface or a distinctive shape to determine whether a substance is skeletal.
Primate A is having short broad pelvis or bowl shaped pelvis therefore is biped.
Following are the adaptations seen in this primate's pelvis that indicate bipedal locomotion.
1) Primate has has bowl shaped pelvis which helps in holding up the internal organs and upper body weight for upright locomotion and brought the vertebral column closer to the hip joint, providing a stable base for support of the trunk while walking upright.
2) In primates the ilium evolved from long and narrow shape to a short and broad one and the walls of the pelvis evolved to face laterally. These evolution increased area for the gluteus muscles to attach and helps to stabilize the torso while standing on one leg.
3)The sacrum evolved to become more broad which led to increase in the diameter of the birth canal and making birthing easier.
Therefore, Primate A is having short broad pelvis or bowl shaped pelvis therefore is biped.
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Which area of biotechnology would most likely create ethical issues with human society?.
Area of biotechnology that would most likely create ethical issues with human society is : organ cloning for use in transplants
What do you understand about biotechnology?Biotechnology is the combination of natural and engineering disciplines to apply organisms, cells, their components and also molecular counterparts for the creation of goods and services. Genetically engineered foods are one of the example of a product created using living cells in biotechnology.
Organ cloning can defined as the process of cloning embryos, removing stem cells from the blastocyst and inducing stem cells to differentiate into the desired organ. Organ cloning might be conceivable to use a cloned body organ to replace a failing body organ like kidney or heart.
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Click and drag the following stages into the proper sequence to represent the development of the follicle in the ovary. Corpus luteum Secondary follicle Primary follicle Terliary follicle Ovulation
Correct Options for each 1. primary follicle. 2nd. secondary follicle 3rd. tartiary and Graffian follicle 4th. ovulation coming by rupturing GF 5th. corpus luteum- which is white substance left before ovum comes out.
A number one follicle is described with the aid of using the presence of 1 or extra cuboidal granulosa cells which can be organized in a unmarried layer surrounding the oocyte. The essential developmental activities that arise withinside the number one follicle consist of FSH receptor expression and oocyte boom and differentiation.
Your corpus luteum produces the hormone progesterone that makes your uterus a wholesome surroundings for a growing fetus. A new corpus luteum paperwork whenever you ovulate and breaks down after you not want it to make progesterone. It affords for the maturation and launch of a fertilizable oocyte. It additionally paperwork the corpus luteum, which promotes and continues implantation of the embryo. For those strategies to arise, the follicle has to grow, ovulate, and luteinize.
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Correct Question:
in the experimental scheme used by gregor mendel, the f1 generation is to generate the f2 generation.
Yes the F1 generation is to generate the f2 generation.
P, or parental generation of plants were were crossed to produce F1 generation (first filial). Mendel saved the seeds that each cross's P plants produced and planted them the following year.
These offspring were referred to as the F1, or the first filial generation (a filial is a daughter or son). Mendel allowed plants to naturally self-fertilize after examining the traits in the F1 generation of plants. He then saved the seeds from the F1 plants and raised them to create the F2, or second filial generation.
This whole experiment was done on pea plant whose scientific name is Pisum sativum.
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what triggers depolarization? what channels open? what occurs if the depolarization threshold is reached?
A stimulus opens some sodium channels. Na+ inflow through channels depolarizes membrane. If threshold is reached, it triggers action potential.
A stimulus is a perceptible alteration in the internal or external surroundings of an organism's physical or chemical composition. Sensitivity is the capacity of an organism or organ to recognise external stimuli and to respond appropriately to them. A stimulus is an occasion or any change in the environment that causes an organ or tissue to have a certain functional response. An external or internal trigger is possible.
When you enter a room, you must cross a threshold. A threshold separates one space from another, and you are also on a threshold just before beginning something new. A threshold is a starting or stopping point. The maximum amount of money permitted per transaction is known as a Threshold Amount.
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irreversible alteration of extracellular vesicle and cell-free messenger rna profiles in human plasma associated with blood processing and storage.
Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) and cell-free RNA (cfRNA) are promising biomarkers for early cancer detection.
EVs are a heterogeneous combination of vesicles released from cells2,3,4,5 that are different in size and composition. EVs have cell-specific antigens on their surface that can be antibody tagged for imaging and/or isolation in -omics analyses6 because they are either generated from the plasma membrane or entail multivesicular endosome fusion with the cell surface.
EVs may carry a variety of proteins and nucleic acids, including being a possible carrier of cfRNA, according to mounting evidence9,10. Plasma contains protein-coding mRNA molecules known as cell-free messenger RNAs (cf-mRNA), which may be used as biomarkers11,12. The combination of these analytes for blood processing and storage is of great interest because EVs may transport a variety of extracellular RNAs, including cf-mRNA.
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An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the.
An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the fovea centralis.
What is fovea centralis?Fovea is small depression in the center of the macula that has only cones and constitutes the area of maximum visual acuity.
The fovea is center of eye's sharpest vision and contains only cones. It is the point in the retina where the sharpest vision is possible.
The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision which is also called foveal vision and is necessary in humans for reading, driving, and any activity where visual detail is of primary importance.
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once a agent is removed, growth of microbes might resume. a. germicide b. bactericide c. bacteriostatic d. biocide
Answer:
b
Explanation:
a temporary reservoir in the gastrointestinal tract where chemical breakdown of proteins begins and food is converted into chyme is the: (fill in the blank)
A temporary reservoir in the gastrointestinal tract where chemical breakdown of proteins begins and food is converted into chyme is the stomach.
What is Chyme?
chyme is a viscous, semifluid mixture of partially digested food and digestive fluids that develops during digestion in the stomach and intestine. The gastric glands produce digestive juices in the stomach, among which are hydrochloric acid and the protein-degrading enzyme pepsin.
Therefore, A temporary reservoir in the gastrointestinal tract where chemical breakdown of proteins begins and food is converted into chyme is the stomach.
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in which part of the respiratory system does the exchange of gasses between the bloodstream and air occur?
At alveoli the exchange of gasses between the bloodstream and air occur.
Oxygen is transferred from the lungs to the bloodstream during gas exchange. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide is transported from the blood to the lungs. This occurs in the lungs between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries located in the alveolar walls.
The respiratory system's function is to move two gases: oxygen and carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs' millions of alveoli and the capillaries that surround them.
The moisture layer in the alveoli allows gases to dissolve and diffuse quickly. The dense network of capillaries that surrounds the alveoli provides a very large total surface area and a very good blood supply.
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What is genetic drift n how can it occur
Answer: Typically, genetic drift occurs in small populations, where infrequently-occurring alleles face a greater chance of being lost. Once it begins, genetic drift will continue until the involved allele is either lost by a population or is the only allele present at a particular gene.
Based on the phenotypes of the p generation and f1 generation, what are possible phenotypes in the f2 generation?.
Both of the qualities that the parents are heterozygous for are potential phenotypes in the f2 generation.
What potential genotypes could the F2 offspring have?There are three possible genotype combinations for the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross: homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive.
The F1 and F2 generations are what?F2 generation is the second filial generation of the offspring produced through inbreeding of F1 people. F1 generation denotes the first filial generation of the offspring from the parents. The P parent generation's offspring are referred to as the F1 (for filial, or "offspring") generation. The children of F1 are known as the F2, and the children of F2 are known as the F3, the F4, the F5, and so on.
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(5 pts.) in dogs, alleles c and c determine whether a dog has curly (cc), wavy (cc), or straight hair (cc). in a cross of a curly-haired dog with a straight-haired dog, what will be the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? what will be the genotypic ratio?
Considered to be a "dominant" gene characteristic is curly hair. Straight hair is viewed negatively. Simply put, you will be born with curly hair if one parent passes on a gene for curly hair and the other parent passes on a gene for straight hair.
Straight and curly hair are both partially dominant alleles of the same gene. Two curly alleles result in extremely curly hair. Straight hair is a result of having two straight alleles. One straight allele and one curly allele results in wavy hair. Children born with semi-curly or wavy hair are an example of a person displaying incomplete dominance because such offspring are produced by crossing parents who have both straight and curly hair alleles. Uneven hair is a
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during which phase of a burn injury does extravasation of proteins, water, and electrolytes occur, resulting in edema and potential hypovolemia?
The most severe and immediate result of a burn is hypovolemia. It is mostly due to an increase in capillary permeability, which causes a shift of protein and fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial area. Hypovolemia causes "burn shock."
The pathophysiology of a burn wound is characterized by an inflammatory response that leads to fast oedema production as a result of enhanced microvascular permeability, vasodilation, and extravascular osmotic activity.
The objective of fluid management in large burn injuries is to preserve tissue perfusion during the early stages of burn shock, before hypovolemia develops owing to constant fluid extravasation from the intravascular compartment.
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In some plants, the pistils don't form until a few days after the stamens do. How might this keep a plant from self-pollinating?.
Some plants have the capacity to delay the maturation of the pistils and stamens in order to prevent self-pollination. This is because environmental elements like animals and wind, among others, may spread pollen into a plant's stigma before it is ready. In such a case, there wouldn't be any pollen remaining in the flower to fall onto the stigma and begin fertilizing the plant.
What does place after pollination?New plants are formed during the post-pollination fertilization process. Some plants have a propensity to develop and mature stamens before pistils, which inhibits the process of self-pollination.
What transpires to pollen as the stamens develop?
If the stamens develop first, animals, the wind, or whatever other means of dispersal the pollen uses will distribute it. Then, when the pistil is prepared for pollination, no pollen is left in the flower to touch the stigma.
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Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the A)
central canal. B)
posterior gray horns. C)
gray commissures. D)
anterior white columns. E)
both B and C
Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the anterior white columns.
What is Nerve tract?
A group of axons that connect the central nervous system's nuclei together is referred to as a nerve tract. This is referred to as a nerve in the peripheral nervous system and has accompanying connective tissue.
The central nervous system is where you'll find tracts, whilst the peripheral nervous system is where you'll find nerves. The central nervous system's white matter is made up of tracts rather than nerves.
Therefore, Option D is correct.
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