Gel electrophoresis is normally set up with the negative electrode at the top of the gel and the positive electrode at the bottom of the gel. The DNA products are loaded at the top of the gel, and then a current is applied to separate them then DNA molecules will run toward the bottom.
The positive electrode is often placed at the bottom of the gel, and the negative electrode is typically placed at the top. At the top of the gel, the DNA products are added, and a current is then used to separate them. Due to the negative charge of DNA, when an electric current is supplied to the gel, DNA will move in the opposite direction, toward the positively charged electrode. The DNA fragments are ordered in order because shorter DNA strands pass through the gel more quickly than longer ones do.
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a testcross involves an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype being crossed with an individual that has ano genotype
A testcross involves an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype being crossed with an individual that has one genotype
What is test cross?
Gregor Mendel used the test cross experiment for the first time in his research on the genetics of characteristics in pea plants. According to Mendel's idea, which is still valid today, every creature has two copies of each characteristic. One was a dominant characteristic, while the other was recessive. If existent, the dominant characteristic would dictate the phenotype, or the phenotypical makeup of the organism.Mendel intended to take these steps to ensure that he was working with a homozygous dominant organism, or one that solely contained dominant alleles. However, the genotype of an organism cannot be determined only from its phenotype. The organism could be concealing a non-expressed, recessive gene. Mendel devised the method of mating this individual with a homozygous recessive individual for the same trait in order to identify this unknown allele.Examples of test cross:
Monohybrid crossDihybrid crossHence, A testcross involves an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype being crossed with an individual that has one genotype
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how do class i and class ii aminoacyl-trna synthetases differ? choose one or more: a. structure of the active site b. atp binding domain c. types of reactions they catalyze d. mechanism of interaction with the trna
The two kinds of synthetases catalyze the same global process, the attachment of an amino acid to the tRNA, but differ in where the amino acid is put on the terminal adenosine of the tRNA: Class I enzymes prefer 2' hydroxyl groups, whereas class II enzymes prefer 3' hydroxyl groups.
ARSs catalyze the ligation of amino acids to their corresponding transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and so play a crucial role in protein synthesis. These enzymes can be found in free form or as part of a multi-tRNA synthetase complex in eukaryotic cells (MSC).
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases feature a proofreading mechanism that allows them to distinguish between various amino acids.
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how does the development of living organisms compare to the fossil record of closely related organisms?
Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of extinct animals, plants, and other organisms. Because they demonstrate that earlier life on Earth was distinct from the life found today, fossils are crucial proof of evolution.
By counting the number of differences between the DNA or amino acid sequences of two species, molecular clocks can estimate how closely two species are related. All living things share the same biochemical building blocks, which is molecular evidence for evolution.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. ____ is a gene-linked abnormality in which the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.
The Huntington's disease is a gene-linked abnormality in which the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.
What is gene?
Parent to child transmission of the fundamental component of heredity. The chromosomes in the nucleus of cells contain specific locations where the DNA sequences that make up genes are arranged in a logical order, one after another.
What is nervous system?
The term "nervous system" refers to an organized collection of cells, or "neuron," that are trained to transmit impulses—excited states—from a sensory receptor to an effector, or the location where a response takes place, via a nerve network.
Therefore, Huntington's disease is a gene-linked abnormality in which the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.
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how many atp and how many nadh molecules are invested to add one molecule of glucose to a glycogen chain?
Two NADH molecules are fashioned for each one glucose molecule. 5. Two molecules of ATP are generated for each one molecule of glucose in step 7 (powered via way of means of hydrolysis of the excessive electricity phosphate bond on 1,3- BPG).
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and a pair of pyruvate molecules: Glycolysis, or the cardio catabolic breakdown of glucose, produces electricity withinside the shape of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate, which itself enters the citric acid cycle to supply greater electricity.
It is the system of breaking down glucose to create electricity. Glycolysis generates 2 ATP and a pair of NADH, for a complete of eight ATP molecules.
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Which of following lists the correct order of the layers of the epidermis in thick skin from deep to superficial?
a. stratum spinosum, stratum basale, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum
b. stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
c. stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum basale, stratum spinosum
d. stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
The correct order of the layers of the epidermis in thick skin from deep to superficial is as follows: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum (option B).
What is epidermis?Epidermis is the outer, protective layer of the skin of vertebrates, covering the dermis.
The epidermis is composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. It is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. It does not have any blood vessels within it
The layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial include:
Stratum basale (the deepest portion of the epidermis)Stratum spinosumStratum granulosumStratum lucidumStratum corneum (the most superficial portion of the epidermis)Therefore, option B is the correct representation of the epidermal layers from deepest to the most superficial.
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a key characteristic of aquatic dead zones is . group of answer choices a low concentration of keystone species a low concentration of oxygen a high concentration of urban development a lack of water low concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus
An important characteristic of aquatic dead zones is a low concentration of oxygen.
Dead zones are areas of water where aquatic life cannot survive due to a lack of oxygen. Dead zones are typically caused by significant nutrient pollution and are especially problematic in bays, lakes, and coastal waters because they receive excess nutrients from upstream sources. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus cause an explosion of algae in a short period of time, a phenomenon known as algae blooms. Algae growth consumes oxygen and blocks sunlight from reaching underwater plants. When the algae dies, the oxygen in the water is depleted.
Aquatic life is unable to survive due to a lack of oxygen.Elevated nutrient levels and algal blooms can also cause drinking water problems in communities near and upstream of dead zones. Toxins released by harmful algal blooms contaminate drinking water, causing illnesses in both animals and humans.
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If you are neither relaxing or contracting a specific muscle, what is happening to the amount of atp that is available in that muscle cell?.
If you are neither relaxing or contracting a specific muscle, the amount of ATP is A. staying the same or increasing.
Muscle cells require ATP as a source of energy for contraction and muscle movement. Even when you are setting your muscle to a relaxing mode, you are using some ATP to do so.
However, if a muscle is set in such a state that it is neither relaxing not contracting, hence there is no work being performed by the muscle. At this stage the ATP amount inside this muscle will remain the same and can increase if the neurons bring some extra ATP for the muscle cells to store here.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
If you are neither relaxing or contracting a specific muscle, what is happening to the amount of ATP that is available in that muscle cell?
A. It is staying the same or increasing.
B. It is decreasing rapidly.
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the replication of scientific studies is an important and necessary component of empirical research and science in general. what are some of the benefits of replication? select all that apply.
The benefits of replication are
they provide information on generalization of the research findings.they can help support the original research study.Empirical research is research that is based on empirical evidence. It is also a method of acquiring knowledge through direct and indirect observation or experience. Some types of research are more valued by empirical research than others. Quantitative or qualitative analysis of empirical evidence is possible. Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena, and knowledge is derived from actual experience rather than theory or belief.
An example of empirical analysis would be if a researcher wanted to know if listening to happy music encourages prosocial behavior. An experiment could be carried out in which one group of the audience is exposed to happy music while the other is not.
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half of the offspring have white flowers, what is the genotype of the plant with purple flowers
Answer:
Half the offspring have a heterozygous genotype, Ff. Half have a homozygous recessive genotype, ff. Thus, half the offspring have purple flowers, and half have white flowers. The resulting genotypic ratio is 1:1 of heterozygous:homozygous recessive.
Branliest Please! (Crown)
which of these describes a strain? a.) muscle tissue grows uncontrollably b.) muscle fiber tears or stretches too far c.) muscle tissue doesn't grow from exercise d.) muscle tissue shrinks
Muscle tissues shrink in the strains thus the correct answer is option (C).
Option (D). Muscle tissue shrinks
An injury to a muscle or tendon, the connective tissue between muscles and bones, is referred to as a muscle strain. More serious injuries may involve partial or total tears in these tissues, although minor injuries may merely involve stretching a muscle or tendon.
Strains, also known as pulled muscles, frequently affect the muscles in the lower back and the back of the thigh (hamstrings).
A strain involves damage to a muscle or to the band of tissue that connects a muscle to a bone, whereas a sprain involves an injury to the bands of tissue that join two bones together.
Rest, cold, compression, and elevation are all parts of the initial treatment. It is successful to cure mild strains at home. Sometimes surgery is necessary to fix severe strains.
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1- In the alternating generations of the plant life cycle, the haploid plant body is called the.....
a) sporophyte
b) gametophyte
c) Zygote
2- The diploid plant body that makes up the other half of the plant life cycle is called the....
a)sporophyte
b) gametophyte
c) gamete
Answer: 1.-gametophyte
2. sporophyte (Parentals have to be diploid)
Explanation: 1.-all gametes are haploidy.
you are studying a species of insect that is only found on a specific type of tree. the tree occurs over an area of 5000 km2 and has a clumped distribution. you sample one of the clumps of trees that covers 200 km2 and catch 1000 individuals. from your sampling data, you extrapolate to calculate the density of this insect over all 5000 km2 in an effort to estimate population size. your value of total population size will be: please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices an underestimate of the total population size. an overestimate of the total population size. an accurate estimate of the total population size.
Answer: an overestimate of the total population size
Explanation:
Richness (S) is the total number of species in an ecosystem. Richness does not take into account the number of individuals, proportion, or distribution of each species within the ecosystem. Based on the species list below, what is the richness of this ecosystem? Species list: Wildebeest, Warthog, Elephant, Zebra, Hippo, Impala, Lion, Baboon, Warbler, Crane S =
the richness of this ecosystem is: Given that there are a total of 73 animals (abundance) in the ecosystem.
Therefore, to calculate the abundance of wildebeest (3) in the ecosystem
= 3/ 73 = 0.0411 (Pi).
taking natural logarithm of Pi = ln (Pi) = - 3.19 We calculate all the values for each species in the same manner and tabulate it as given below:
SN Pi * In (Pi) -0.13 1 In (Pi) -3.19 -3.19 -3.60 2 -0.13 Pi = A/T 0.0411 0.0411 0.0274 0.0137 0.0137 3 -4.29 4 5 Abundance
The number of different species represented in an ecological community, landscape, or region is referred to as species richness. Species richness is simply a count of species; it does not take into account species abundances or relative abundance distributions.An ecosystem is a geographical location wherein plants, animals, as well as other life forms, in addition to climate and countryside, live in harmony to establish a living bubble.
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Identify the factors that stimulate production of pancreatic juice.
Multiple select question.
Gastrin
Secretin
Parasympathetic impulses
Sympathetic nerves
Cholecystokinin
The release of the pancreatic juice was stimulated by secretin
What does a pancreas do?
The pancreas is a spongy organ that is roughly 15 centimetres long and formed like a tube. It connects to the duodenum and is situated at the rear of the belly, behind the stomach.
Because it creates a range of enzymes that digest all main food categories, the pancreas is a crucial digestive organ.
The duodenum secretes these enzymes along with a significant amount of bicarbonate. Pancreatic secretions become alkaline as a result of bicarbonate.
Pancreatic fluids and hormones are produced by the pancreas. Enzymes included in pancreatic secretions aid in small intestine food digestion.
Insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels, is one of the hormones produced by the pancreas. Enzymes and hormones are both essential for the correct.
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Many prokaryotes that are easily cultured in the lab are human or animal pathogens. Why would these species be more readily cultured than non-pathogenic prokaryotes?.
Prokaryotes that are pathogenic are more resilient than those that are not. Supplements are more important for non-pathogenic prokaryotes' growth media. For pathogenic prokaryotes, the majority of the essential culture conditions might be assumed.
Why is prokaryotes difficult to culture?Because they are obligate intracellular parasites and cannot grow outside of a host cell, some bacteria cannot be cultured. Other times, culturable organisms that were previously culturable under stressful circumstances become culturable again.
Do prokaryotes cause disease in people?Prokaryotes that are harmful to humans exist. As one of the main causes of death worldwide, devastating diseases and plagues have been around since the dawn of time. Emerging diseases are those with a swiftly expanding geographic or incidence range.
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chloroplasts were only examined and labeled in the spirogyra slide. relate the function of these organelles to explain why they were not present in the onion root tip slide.
The onion fruiting body (bulb), which is utilized for storing energy rather than photosynthesis, is the reason why the clear epidermal cells are found in a single layer and lack chloroplasts.
A big vacuole, cytoplasm, cell wall, cell membrane, and nucleus are all components of a plant cell. Because they are underground, the roots are shielded from the sun. As a result, they are independent of chloroplasts. Organelles found in plant cells called chloroplasts use the photosynthetic process to change light energy into relatively stable chemical energy. They ensure that life on Earth continues.
The two membranes that surround chloroplasts also include a third complex membrane system called the thylakoids, which includes grana and lamellae. In addition, key chloroplast structures include starch grains, plastoglobules, stromules, eyespots, pyrenoids, etc. It is largely agreed that a free-living, photosynthetic cyanobacterium gave rise to chloroplasts before being absorbed by a eukaryotic cell. The majority of the chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, and the gene products are carried into the chloroplast through complicated import machinery. Chloroplasts retain a limited genome. The biogenesis and dynamic three-dimensional structure of chloroplasts depend on these activities.
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what part of the brain is affected in bipolar disorder are similar to those seen in cases of
In a longterm structural MRI study of bipolar disorder, Abé et al. find that individuals who have manic episodes have less frontal brain volume than patients who remain stable.
The findings imply that the presence of mania contributes to frontal grey matter loss in bipolar disorder.
The amygdala, hippocampus, and dorsomedial thalamus are the primary subcortical limbic brain areas associated with depression. Depression has been associated with both structural and functional abnormalities in these regions.
Hippocampal volumes have been found to be smaller in depressed people (10, 25). It is generally accepted that bipolar disorder is caused by chemical imbalances in the brain. Neurotransmitters, such as noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine, are the substances in charge of regulating how the brain works.
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the four generalized phases in the development of an animal are: (i) organization of the body along , (ii) organization of the body into several smaller , (iii) organization of cells in ways that produce body parts and (iv) cell , where cells change morphologies and become specialized.
The four generalized phases in the development of an animal are: (i) organization of the body along axes, (ii) organization of the body into several smaller regions, (iii) organization of cells in ways that produce body parts and (iv) cell differentiation, where cells change morphologies and become specialized.
The 4 critical techniques through which a multicellular organism is made: mobileular/cells proliferation, mobileular specialization, mobileular interaction, and mobileular movement. In a growing embryo, most of these techniques are going on at once, in a kaleidoscopic range of various methods in unique elements of the organism.
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explain how a pneumothorax has precipitated respiratory failure, using the effects on lung function and gas exchange in your answer. include the criteria for respiratory failure.
The hypoxemia , hypercapnia and decreased serum pH is responsible for respiratory failure in case of pneumothorax.
The respiratory failure occur only when partial pressure of PO₂ is less than 50 mm Hg or hypoxemia. It can also be marked when PCO₂ is >50 mm Hg or hypercapnia condition and decreased serum pH below 7.3.
With each exhalation, more and more air becomes trapped in the pleural cavity, compromising the unaffected lung and ultimately leading to the failure of both lungs. This condition is known as pneumothorax.
Hence, respiratory failure occur due to decreased partial pressure of oxygen.
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which of the following factors favors a release of oxygen from hemoglobin? a. decreased co2 b. lower blood temperature c. increased ph d. decreased ph
The method of plowing the remains of the previous year's crop into the ground is called?
beetles may be the most varied order of animals. new beetle species are authenticated, completely unpredictably, at a typical rate of one every 7.0 months. a supplement to a guide is planned to be published after 20 new species have been discovered.
As the imply till the complement is posted is a hundred and forty months, even as the usual deviation is of 11.8months.
The Poisson distribution is used to clear up this question, as we've simplest the imply. In this distribution, the usual deviation is the rectangular root of the imply.
In this question, we've that:
Species are found at a charge of as soon as each 7 months.A complement to a manual is deliberate to be posted after 20 new species had been found.a) What are the anticipated cost and preferred deviation of the variety of months (handled as a non-stop degree of time) till the complement is posted?Mean is: 7×20 = a hundred and forty months.Standard deviation is sqrt(a hundred and forty) = 11.eight months.The imply till the complement is posted is a hundred and forty months, even as the usual deviation is of 11.eight monthRead more about beetles :
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Which sentence best describes the role of the Calvin cycle in a plant cell?
OA. The cycle takes in energized electrons after they pass through
electron transport chains.
о B. The cycle uses ADP and phosphate groups to make ATP
molecules.
OC. The cycle produces substances that are needed for the light
reactions to occur.
D. The cycle breaks down CO₂ molecules into carbon and oxygen
atoms.
The main function of Calvin cycle in the plant cell is it breaks down carbon dioxide molecules into carbon and oxygen and forms different sugar molecules from it. Thus, the correct option is D.
What is the function of Calvin cycle?
Calvin cycle is also known as C3 cycle. It is the cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon dioxide from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars such as glucose, sucrose, and starch. It occurs in the chloroplast of the plant cell.
The main function of the Calvin cycle is to create three-carbon sugars such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can then be used to build other sugars such as glucose, starch, and cellulose which is used up by the plants as a structural building material. Calvin cycle takes molecules of carbon such as carbon dioxide straight out of the air and turns them into useful plant matter.
Therefore, the correct option is D.
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how can you tell? name 1 distinguishing feature that allows you to identify it as that region of the gi tract.
It has four layers. The mucosa is the deepest layer, followed by the sub-mucosa and muscularis propria. The adventitia or serosa is the outermost layer. water and electrolytes absorption.
Other than excrement propulsion and defecation, the large intestine's gross activities include absorbing vitamins created by the region's bacteria and absorbing water and electrolytes. The muscularis propria (Detrusor muscle) is made up of dense bundles of smooth muscle as opposed to the muscularis propria to thin fascicles. Small biopsies may find it challenging to make this distinction. Variable areas of the bladder have different muscularis propria thickness and patterning. Most solid electrolytes can be categorized into the four classes of mucosa. Gel electrolytes are chemically similar to liquid electrolytes.
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what is the term used in this book to refer to humans and our ancestors/relatives after our split with the african apes?
The term "Hominid" now includes all Great Apes and their forebears and has a broader definition. Many different contexts are using this new language.
What name is given to us and our ancestors in this book once we separate from the African apes?Prior to the split from Pan, the human lineage, which includes our ancestors and kindred species, was also referred to as a "hominid," but currently, humans and extinct animals that were more closely related to us than Pan are referred to as hominins.
How do African apes and people compare?African apes and humans have all of the same bones (albeit somewhat different in size and shape), no external tails, similar internal organ configurations, and several important blood type systems. We also get many of the same diseases.
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Classify the organisms based on how they obtain food.
Answer:
autotrophs and hererotrops
Explanation:
Organisms are characterized into two broad categories based upon how they obtain their energy and nutrients
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the carbon cycle?.
Answer:
Respiration and photosynthesis are the two major parts of the carbon cycle. Respiration produces CO2 carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
Explanation:
Respiration takes place in almost all living things (some bacteria get their energy from the breakdown of sulfur compounds in deep ocean vents.) In respiration glucose sugar
before a molecule of mrna can be translated into a protein on the ribosome, the mrna must first be transcribed from a sequence of dna. what amino acid sequence does the following dna nucleotide sequence specify?
The amino acid sequence the following nucleotide will code for is Met-Ser-Cys-His.
The information present in the DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated to amino acids that make proteins. The process of transcription and translation combined are referred to as central dogma.
In the scenario above, the given sequence of nucleotide is 3′−TACAGAACGGTA−5′ which code for the following mRNA sequence: AUGUCUUGCCAU. Now based on this code, the proteins that will be made are to be determined.
The correct question is
before a molecule of mRNA can be translated into a protein on the ribosome, the mRNA must first be transcribed from a sequence of dna. what amino acid sequence does the following DNA nucleotide sequence specify?
3′−TACAGAACGGTA−5′
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you are a big fruit eater and as a result often have slightly high potassium levels in your blood plasma/interstitial fluid. as a result of this, which of the following are true? group of answer choices you would see increased k secretion and decreased aldosterone secretion you would see decreased k secretion and decreased aldosterone secretion you would see increased k secretion and increased aldosterone secretion you would see decreased k secretion and increased aldosterone secretion
The True option is : You would see increased k secretion and increased aldosterone secretion . Aldosterone, like perspiration and saliva, lowers Na+ and increases K+ secretion in the human colon.
Potassium is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid, and appropriate potassium distribution across the cell membrane is crucial for good cell function. Long-term potassium homeostasis is maintained through changes in renal potassium excretion in response to changes in intake.
Understanding the mechanisms and regulatory forces that regulate the internal distribution and renal clearance of potassium under normal conditions can give a foundation for treating potassium problems that are regularly seen in clinical practice.
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