the same second messengers are used in many different cells, but the response to second messengers is different in each cell. Proteins produced by different cells include cell-surface receptors and signalling pathway components.
As a result, they react differently to different ligands, and the second messengers activate different pathways. Signal integration can also alter the outcome of signalling. Second messengers are intracellular signalling molecules that the cell releases in response to extracellular signalling molecules, which are the first messengers. Second messengers induce cellular physiological changes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, apoptosis, and depolarization.
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inorganic fluoride inhibits enolase. in an anaerobic system that is metabolizing glucose as a substrate, which compound would you expect to increase in concentration following the addition of fluoride?
Enolase is inhibited by inorganic fluoride. When fluoride is added to an anaerobic system that is metabolizing glucose as a substrate, the compound 2-phosphoglycerate is expected to increase in concentration. The correct answer is option(a).
Enolase is a glycolytic catalyst, that catalyzes the bury-adaptation of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Altered expression concerning this something that incites activity is repeatedly noticed in tumors and gives reason for the Warburg effect, an adjusting response of swelling containers to hypoxia.
Enolase is something that incites activity being the reason for the erratic change of D-2-phosphoglycerate (2PGA) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, two metabolic pathways that are frequently essential for cellular function. Glucose is a plain carbohydrate accompanying the microscopic recipe C₆H₁₂O₆.
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The complete question is:
Inorganic fluoride inhibits enolase. In an anaerobic system that is metabolizing glucose as a substrate, which of the following compounds would you expect to increase in concentration following the addition of fluoride?
A) 2-phosphoglycerate
B) Glucose
C) Glyoxylate
D) Phosphoenolpyruvate
E) Pyruvate
mr. r has beta-thalassemia minor; he is heterozygous for the beta-thalassemia gene, so he only makes half as many beta chains as normal. the red blood cells containing abnormal hemoglobin are destroyed more rapidly, so mr. r suffers from mild anemia (low hematocrit). what are the beta chains, and why are they important in the hemoglobin molecule? choose the best answer. mr. r has beta-thalassemia minor; he is heterozygous for the beta-thalassemia gene, so he only makes half as many beta chains as normal. the red blood cells containing abnormal hemoglobin are destroyed more rapidly, so mr. r suffers from mild anemia (low hematocrit). what are the beta chains, and why are they important in the hemoglobin molecule? choose the best answer. beta chains are the part of the erythrocyte that holds the hemoglobin in position so it can properly receive oxygen. beta chains are the part of the hemoglobin that carries oxygen. all of the protein in hemoglobin is beta chains; therefore, hemoglobin could not exist without them. beta chains are two of the four protein chains that hold heme groups in position and modulate their oxygen-binding properties.
Beta chains are two of the four protein chains that hold heme groups in position and modulate their oxygen-binding properties
What is Hemoglobin ?
A blood test is necessary to determine how much hemoglobin is present in your blood. Hemoglobin is the main substance found in your red blood cells. Hemoglobin is a protein made up of the substances heme and globin. Heme is made composed of iron and porphyrin, a pigment that gives your blood its red color.
Hemoglobin's essential job is to move oxygen and carbon dioxide through your blood. Hemoglobin is carried around in your body by red blood cells. If your hemoglobin level is too low, you might not be able to give the other cells in your body the oxygen they need to survive.
Four iron atoms are included in each hemoglobin protein, which allows it to carry four oxygen molecules. Anywhere that blood flows, hemoglobin connects to red blood cells and distributes oxygen throughout the body. The billions of cells that make up the body each require oxygen to maintain and repair themselves.
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Which change would cause a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve?.
A decrease in temperature would cause a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve.
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve plots the rate of red blood cells in allure soggy establish the upright point around which something revolves against the general oxygen tightness on the level point around which something revolves. This curve is the main finish for understanding by means of what our ancestry accomplishes and releases oxygen.
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve equates the oxygen satiation of red blood cells across a range of oxygen pressures. The complete evil line shows the curve for common adult red body fluid (Hb A). An oxygen-binding curve is a plot that shows partial satiation against the aggregation of oxygen.
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describe and explain the circumstances under which dendritic drainage patterns develop and the conditions under which trellis drainage patterns develop.
A dendritic stream consists of the random merging of streams, with tributaries joining larger streams irregularly at acute angles generally developing in regions where the underlying structure does not significantly control the drainage.
Trellis stream drainage patterns develop on alternating bands of hard and soft strata, with long parallel subsequent streams linked by short, right-angled segments and joined by short tributaries.
Dendritic drainage: The steams display a pattern that resembles a branching tree. These were created in lithologically consistent regions, such as sedimentary, huge igneous, or metamorphic rock. It grows on strata that are either almost horizontal or very gently dipping. That surface has virtually little relief. In the Himalayan region, Deccan plateau, and glaciated lowland region, this type of drainage pattern is quite prevalent.
Short tributaries join the mainstream at practically a straight angle in a drainage system known as a trellis. It grows in an area above strata that are crumpled and inclined. The mainstream develops in the strike troughs cut into the soft rocks, in contrast to the dendritic pattern, while tributaries flow down resistive ridges.
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Alleles for which pair of genes are most likely to act as though they are being inherited independently?.
Chromosome-specific genes are inherited independently of one another. Mendel noticed that when peas with many traits were crossed, the offspring frequently differed from the parents.
How is it possible to claim that qualities are inherited independently?Mendel discovered during his dihybrid cross that each trait expressed independently of the other when two pairs of traits were taken into account. The Law of Independent Assortment, which addresses the independent transmission of traits, was created by Mendel.
What are the inheritance laws of Mendel?The Law of Dominance is one of Mendel's three proposed laws of inheritance. Segregationist law. Independent Assortment Law.
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Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport?
A. amino acids of the globin
B. spectrin
C. iron
D. heme group
Amino acids of the haemoglobin part of the haemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport.
What is haemoglobin?
The iron-containing oxygen-transporting metalloprotein known as haemoglobin, also known by the abbreviations Hb or Hgb, is found in the tissues of some invertebrates as well as the red blood cells of almost all vertebrates. The oxygen from the respiratory organs is transported to the rest of the body by haemoglobin in the blood.
What causes a decrease in haemoglobin?
Your illness or injury is causing blood loss. Every time you lose blood, you lose iron. If you have internal bleeding, such as a bleeding ulcer, you could potentially lose blood.
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At embryonic day 7.0 in mouse embryos, BMP4 and BMP8b are secreted from the extraembryonic ectoderm. In response to these factors a small population of cells at the posterior/caudal end of the embryo will _____. Finish the sentence with the best answer.
A. express Blimp1 and become oocytes
B. express Fragilis, Blimp1 and Stella and become primordial germ cells
C. express Fragilis, Blimp1 and Stella and become spermatozoa
D. express retinoic acid and undergo meiosis.
In response to these factors a small population of cells at the posterior/caudal end of the embryo will B. express Fragilis, Blimp1 and Stella and become primordial germ cells.
A common generic model for the development of mammals is the mouse embryo. They differ from ordinary gastrulating/neurulating mammalian embryos, though. Mouse and rat embryos take on the shape of a "egg cylinder" before rotating, but most mammalian embryos, including those of humans, assume a flat disc shape.
As the fertilized egg moves through the oviduct and into the uterus, it splits and grows. This procedure takes 4-5 days in mice. The zona pellucida, a protective membrane on the egg, prevents the egg from implanting in the oviduct wall.
The embryonic origins of sperm and eggs known as primordial germ cells (PGCs) transmit genetic and epigenetic information from one generation to the next. In mammals, BMP signaling from the surrounding tissues induces them from a subpopulation of cells in the peri-implantation epiblast.
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Why is approximately 50% of any individual’s dna inherited from that individual’s father?.
Each pair receives one chromosome from each parent.
How much of your DNA is passed down from your father?23 pairs of chromosomes, those thread-like structures in every cell's nucleus that hold a person's genetic instructions, are among the numerous things parents pass down to their offspring. Our moms give us one set of 23 chromosomes, while our men give us another set of 23 chromosomes.
What influences how much DNA each parent contributes to you?The majority of us have 46 chromosomes total, or 23 pairs. Your mum gives you one of each pair, and your dad gives you the other one. This means that each parent contributes exactly half of your DNA to you.
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Why do you think that it is important for body functions to return normal after exercise?
Answer: Think about it when you exercise your heating up inside so you body is functioning every part inside your body but then after a while you start to calm down and your back to normal again. But then the next day your going to feel all sorts of your body parts feeling like its bruised up but that's just your body still functioning of all the exercise you did that day!
Explanation: Hope this helps?
some biologists prefer to focus efforts on preserving endangered species while others prefer to focus on preserving ecosystems. what is your advice to biologists that are choosing which way to follow?
The correct answer is b) Preserving ecosystems is the first thing to do because this problem is more closely related to us, as human beings.
Healthy ecosystems maintain our soil, purify our air, regulate our climate, recycle nutrients, and provide us with food. For the production of medicines and other items, they provide resources and raw materials. They are the foundation of all civilizations and support our economies. Simply put, without these "ecosystem services," we could not survive. They are known as our natural capital.
The biodiversity of an environment is the most crucial indicator of its health. A wide variety of species will be able to reject threats more successfully than a small number of them in large populations. Even if some species are killed by pollution, climate change, or human activities, the ecosystem may adapt and continue to exist.
The complete question is:
Some biologists prefer to focus efforts on preserving endangered species while others prefer to focus on preserving ecosystems. What is your advice to biologists that are choosing which way to follow?
a) Both types of efforts are not needed; the decreasing biodiversity is a natural process of mass extinction.
b) Preserving ecosystems is the first thing to do because this problem is more closely related to us, as human beings.
c) It is important to preserve the species first as humans can create artificial ecosystems.
d) Both types of efforts are needed; their relative importance depends on the circumstances.
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aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate. group of answer choices true false
Principal cells absorb sodium and release potassium into the lumen in response to aldosterone. Potassium ions and hydrogen ions are exchanged in alpha-intercalated cells, which are found in the collecting duct and late distal tubule. The potassium is absorbed while hydrogen is excreted into the lumen.
Aldosterone is a hormone that affects the kidney's tubules to increase sodium and water absorption into the blood; this chemical is directly linked to decreased urine production. The juxtaglomerular cells change prorenin to renin when the blood flow to the kidneys is decreased. Angiotensinogen becomes angiotensin I as a result.
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a vaginal swab for anaerobic culture is received in the laboratory. how should this specimen be handled?
Answer:
The specimen should be rejected
Explanation:
Hope it helps!
beriberi is a disease that results from a dietary lack of thiamine, the vitamin that serves as the precursor for thiamine pyrophosphate (tpp). there are two metabolites that accumulate in individuals with beriberi, especially after ingestion of glucose. which of the following is the most likely pair that accumalate: group of answer choices
The most likely pair which accumulate in individuals after taking precursor thiamine pyrophosphate (tpp) is c)Pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate. So, correct option is c.
Pyruvate is the form base of pyruvic corrosive. It is a vital transitional in numerous natural cycles. It is created toward the finish of the glycolysis cycle and is the interfacing connection of different biochemical cycles, for example, gluconeogenesis, aging, cell breath, unsaturated fat blend, and so on.
AKG (α-ketoglutarate) is the without nitrogen piece of the amino acids known as glutamine and glutamic corrosive, which is associated with protein combination that might assume a part in supporting sound blood glucose levels. α-Ketoglutaric corrosive is one of two ketone subsidiaries of glutaric corrosive. The expression "ketoglutaric corrosive," when not further qualified, quite often alludes to the alpha variation.
Hence, correct option is c.
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(Complete question) is:
Beriberi is a disease that results from a dietary lack of thiamine, the vitamin that serves as the precursor for thiamine pyrophosphate (tpp). there are two metabolites that accumulate in individuals with beriberi, especially after ingestion of glucose. which of the following is the most likely pair that accumalate: group of answer choices
a)Pyruvic and 2-aldeglutaric
b)Nitogenic and 2-oxoketoglutaric
c)Pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate
d)Isotric and β-ketoglutarate
Prokaryotes stain as gram-positive or gram-negative because of differences in the cell ___.
mimosine is a natural product found in large quantities in the seeds and foliage of some legume plants. what functional groups are present in mimosine?
The functional groups present in Mimosine are carboxylic acid, ketone, amine, and alcoholic groups.
Mimosine is a natural substance that is abundant in some legume plants' seeds and foliage. It has been demonstrated to cause hair loss and hair growth suppression in mice. Alcohol, ketone, amine, and carboxylic acid make up the chemical known as mimosine. Six carbon atoms with sp2 hybridization and two carbon atoms with sp3 hybridization make up the chemical "mimosine." 24-alpha bonds and 4 pi-bonds make up mimosine.
One of the main effects of the amitotic drug mimosine is to inhibit the development of hair. It has undergone testing to determine whether it might be used to chemically shear sheep. In Indonesia, leucaena seed, which is high in mimosine, is typically only used sparingly in human diets as a curry sambal.
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what happens when oligomycin, an inhibitor of atp synthase, is added to mitochondria suspended in a buffered medium?
The concentration of protons (H+) increases if oligomycin, an inhibitor of ATP synthase, is added to mitochondria suspended in a buffered medium.
The Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis are the three primary phases of cellular respiration.
In the cytoplasm, glycolysis produces pyruvate. For every molecule of glucose produced during this process (glycolysis), two molecules of pyruvate are produced.
Additionally, during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, Nicotinamide Adenine Diphosphate (NADH) is created in its reduced form.
The electron transport chain consumes NADH during oxidative phosphorylation. By pumping protons (H+) across from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane gap, NADH is employed to establish an electrochemical gradient.
An ATP synthase uses this electrochemical proton gradient later on to create ATP. In conclusion, oligomycin DOES NOT CHANGE the concentration of pyruvate or NADH, but it DOES INCREASE the concentration of protons (H+) in the mitochondria.
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when you extend your elbow to put down a heavy object (e.g. placing a heavy textbook on a table), your biceps is being lengthened, but it is still contracting to control the downward movement. what type of contraction is this?
Your biceps are stretched when you extend your arm to set down a heavy object (such a large book on a table), but they are still contracting to regulate the downward movement. Isometric contraction is a form of contraction.
When tension is applied, an isometric contraction happens because the length of the muscle remains mostly unchanged. Isometric contraction, for instance, occurs while doing a biceps curl while holding the weight stationary rather than actively raising or lowering it. Isometric contraction include tightening (contracting) a specific biceps muscle or group of muscles. Isometric exercises do not considerably change the muscle's length. Furthermore, the injured joint is immovable. Isometric exercises help to maintain strength.
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TRUE/FALSE. histoplasma and coccidioides produce tuberculosis-like damage to the lungs that can be seen on x-ray images.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
All cells have some characteristics in common; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have.
Ribosomes, genetic material, cytoplasm, and plasma membranes are common components of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Structures are shared by both bacterial and eukaryotic cells. A plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA are found in all cells. The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, is the phospholipid layer that surrounds and protects the cell from the outside world.
The plasma membrane and the cytoplasm The plasma membrane serves as the gatekeeper, while the cytoplasm houses chemical processes.
The plasma membrane and the cytoplasm The plasma membrane serves as the gatekeeper, while the cytoplasm houses chemical processes.
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great white sharks are at the top of their food web. the total amount of energy at this trophic level..
An ecosystem's overall energy content must be less than that of the lower trophic levels if there are any great white sharks present.
The fundamental framework of interaction in all biological communities, the trophic pyramid is defined by the way that food energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next throughout the food chain.
The autotrophs, which are the ecosystem's main producers, make up the base of the pyramid. Other organisms in the ecosystem are consumers called as heterotrophs, but they all rely, either directly or indirectly, on the primary producers for food and energy. Energy is lost as heat at every trophic level in all biological ecosystem as organisms need energy for metabolic tasks like keeping warm and digesting food. The amount of energy available decreases with the trophic level of the organism. For instance, the tremendous quantity of solar energy that plants and other autotrophs (primary producers) have access to is only partially converted into food energy. The biomass of the plants that herbivores and detritivores (principal consumers) eat limits how much accessible energy they can absorb. As a result, carnivores that eat herbivores, detritivores, and other carnivores, as well as those that consume other carnivores, have access to the least amount of energy.
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5. in an area with a heterogeneous distribution of suitable habitats, the dispersion pattern of a population is probably
In an area with a heterogeneous distribution of suitable habitats, the dispersion pattern of a population is probably clumped.
What is meant by heterogenous distribution?Heterogeneity means that your populations, samples and results are different. It is the opposite of homogeneity, which means that the population, data and results are the same. A heterogeneous population is the one where every member has a different value for the characteristic you're interested in.
Homogenous means alike whereas heterogenous means distinct from one another. Therefore, homogenous population has little variation and you could refer to a specific trait such as hair color or you could also refer to genetic diversity.
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For piano playing, which muscles would have the fewest fibers controlled by each motor neuron?.
A motor neuron, which transmits information from the brain or spinal cord to the muscle, controls each fiber of the skeletal muscle.
The maximum number of muscle fibers that one motor neuron can innervate?This means that each motor neuron will innervate just a few muscle fibers (10–100), allowing the complete muscle to move with many different subtleties.
What purposes serve smaller motor units?A single motor neuron can provide a few muscle fibers in a muscle, which is known as a tiny motor unit. Very fine motor control of the muscle is made possible by small motor units. The tiny motor units of the extraocular eye muscles that move the eyes are the best example in humans.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. The Principle of ______ states that the 2 alleles present at each gene locus separate from one another during gamete formation and remain distinct.
The Principle of segregation states that the 2 alleles present at each gene locus separate from one another during gamete formation and remain distinct.
What is principle of segregation?
According to the principle of segregation theory, every human has two alleles for each specific feature and functions, and these alleles separate throughout the development of gametes. In other words, in everycase, each gamete contains a single allele.
Therefore, The Principle of segregation states that the 2 alleles present at each gene locus separate from one another during gamete formation and remain distinct.
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When something heats up, new energy is created, and when something cools down, energy is destroyed.
Whilst you calm down some thing, the motion of debris or atoms inside that decreases, now no longer strength. Therefore, the given statement "whilst some thing heats up, new strength is created, and whilst some thing cools down, strength is destroyed" is clearly false.
Energy can't be created or destroyed, it could handiest be moved or alternate form. The handiest manner to chill an item down is to take away the heat (strength) from it.
When a substance heats up, the upward thrust in temperature makes those debris flow quicker and encounter every other. Thermal strength is the strength that comes from the heated up substance. The warmer the substance, the extra its debris flow, and the better its thermal strength.
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2. There are 38
chromosomes in the muscle cells of cats.
chromosomes.
The eggs of a female cat would contain
mos
a. 38
b. 8
c. 57
d. 19
If there are 38 chromosomes in the muscle cells of cats. Then, the eggs of a female cat would contain 19 chromosomes. Thus, the correct option for this question is D.
What are Chromosomes?Chromosomes may be defined as the thin, thread-like structure that significantly appears during the process of cell division. These structures would contain DNA, RNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins. Chromosomes were discovered by E. Strasburger in 1875.
Muscle cells are part of somatic cells which are diploid in nature. It means that 2n = 38. While egg cells of the female are categorized under germ cells or gamete cells which are haploid in nature. It means that n = 19.
Therefore, if there are 38 chromosomes in the muscle cells of cats. Then, the eggs of a female cat would contain 19 chromosomes. Thus, the correct option for this question is D.
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Sex-linked problem: Red-green colorblindness Red-green colorblindness in humans is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. A color-blind man marries a woman with normal vision whose father was color-blind. Complete the Punnett square to answer the following questions: What is the probability that they will have a color-blind daughter? (X = wild type allele, Xc = color blind allele) Xc Yc XcXc XcY XY XXc 1/2 1/4 3/4 100% Probability of having a colorblind daughter? None
Answer:
Explanation:
The man is colorblind so his X chromosome is Xc. The woman is not colorblind, but her dad was colorblind so one of her X’s will be Xc. After you have the outside filled in, you can fill in the inside of the Punnett Square. For their daughter to be colorblind, both X’s have to have a c. Only 1 square in the Punnett Square has XcXc so the probability of having a colorblind daughter is 1/4.
PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Mark as brainiest
Answer:
I think it's C
Explanation:
because example the white moths in England they're environment changed too fast and they decreased in population only letting the black ones increase
yellow-headed blackbirds and marsh wrens often occur in the same marshy areas. when they occur together, territory sizes are relatively small with marsh wrens occupying territories at the edge of the marsh, and yellow-headed blackbirds occupying the edges of the ponds at the center of the marsh. in a removal experiment at two different sites, marsh wrens were removed and yellow-headed blackbirds remained. at the second site, yellow-headed blackbirds were removed and marsh wrens remained. at both sites, the territory sizes increased for each species in the regions where the other species is found when they occur together. which statement best reflects which portion of the niche is occupied when both species occur together?
The statement that best reflects which portion of the niche is occupied when both species occur together is that both species occupy their realized niche when found together.
What is a ecological niche?
The term "niche" in ecology refers to an organism's place in a community. A species' niche includes both the physical and environmental variables (such as temperature or topography) and interactions with other species that it needs to survive (like predation or competition).
Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris) and Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) activity centers are geographically separated. This separation may take place because the two species favor distinct habitats, or because one species excludes the other. These theories were put to the test by keeping track of how Marsh Wren territories changed in size and position over the course of the breeding season and by getting rid of Yellow-headed Blackbird nesting colonies. The theory based on Yellow-headed Blackbirds actively excluding Marsh Wrens is best supported by the extension of Marsh Wren territory into blackbird breeding regions following both the natural emigration of blackbirds and their removal.
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what accounts for the different number of atp molecules that are formed through cellular respiration?
Because the composition of electron transport chain varies between species, various organisms use the electron transport chains to produce varying amounts of ATP.
What causes cells to produce the most ATP?The majority overall ATP synthesis takes place during cellular respiration inside the mitochondrial matrix, producing about 32 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule that is oxidized.
What causes about 90% of the ATP produced during cellular respiration?Nearly 90% of the ATP produced by cellular respiration is produced via oxidative phosphorylation.By substrate-level phosphorylation, less ATP is produced during glycolysis and the citric acid/Krebs Cycle.
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the treatment whereby waste materials are separated from the blood by a machine is called .
Answer:
plasmapheresis