Low surface area to volume ratio in a dry atmosphere . Low surface area to volume ratio to retain heat for respiration, organisms with a high surface area to volume ratio are more likely.
Photosynthesis benefits heterotrophs in a number of ways. They rely on the process for producing oxygen, which is created as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Furthermore, photosynthesis supports the autotrophs on which heterotrophs rely for survival.
Because many species have comparable genes regardless of the habitat they are in, gene flow among populations decreases the opportunity for local adaptation within each group.
The plant's large surface area allows it to absorb as much sunlight as possible, which is essential for photosynthesis to produce food for the plant.
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According to piaget's theory, which stage of development is between birth and 2 years of age during which the individual uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment?.
The sensorimotor stage is the time when babies are developing their senses, knowledge and motor skills, and it lasts from birth to two years of age.
Basic reflex motions like sucking, flailing limbs, or shaking the head are a newborn's initial means of communication. To learn more about their environment and their body, they make use of their five senses: sight, touch, smell, taste, and hearing. Infants absorb knowledge about these encounters and discover how various factors affect their feelings. They also learn to distinguish between various items, persons, textures, and sights. Children begin to grasp the idea of cause and effect at this sensorimotor stage.
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a team of scientists is trying to categorize a new life form they believe is an insect. on what criteria will the scientists base their decision on whether or not to classify the creature as an insect?
The team will study insects in the phylogenetic tree to see if their new creature resembles one of the tree's branches.
Insects are pancrustacean hexapod person who has no strength of the class Insecta. They are the best group inside the bug phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body, three pairs of slay and prepare animal for meat poles, compound eyes, and individual pairs of feelers.
A phylogenetic tree, also known as a theory of evolution, is a drawing that describes a foul line of developmental lowering of different varieties, animals, or genes from a coarse founder. Phylogenetic trees are the main tools for systematizing information of organic difference, and they correspond speculated evolutionary friendships with residing groups of taxa (monophyletic groups) that are by means of joint characteristics known as synapomorphies.
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suppose that certain root cells have an overall charge that is more negative than normal. what impact would this likely have on the uptake of anions such as
The answer of this question is Anions would be less likely to enter roots.
What is plant nutrition?
A significant source of the nutrients required by plants for growth is soil. The three essential nutrients are potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen (K). They combine to form the group known as NPK. The nutrients calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are also very important. Additionally, plants require trace elements including iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, and molybdenum, which are minuscule amounts that the plant only needs in trace amounts. This document merely provides a basic overview of the complicated role that these nutrients play in plant growth.Major elements:
Nitrogen: A crucial component for plant growth is nitrogen. It can be found in chlorophyll, plant proteins, hormones, and all plant cells.Phosphorus: Phosphorus promotes early root and plant growth, speeds up maturity, and aids in the transfer of solar energy to plants.Potassium: Potassium helps plants form and move starches, sugars, and oils, increases plant vigor and disease resistance, and can enhance the quality of fruits.Calcium: Calcium is necessary for healthy roots, the creation of new roots and root hairs, and the growth of leaves.Magnesium: Magnesium is essential for photosynthesis and is a crucial component of chlorophyll, the substance that gives plants their green color.Sulfur: Sulfur is a component of the amino acids in plant proteins and is involved in the processes that allow plants to produce energy.Hence, Anions would be less likely to enter roots.
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22) plant growth regulators can be characterized by all of the following except that they a) may act by altering gene expression. b) have a multiplicity of effects. c) function independently of other hormones. d) control plant growth and development. e) affect division, elongation, and differentiation of cells.
Plant growth regulators can be characterized by all of the following except that they c) function independently of other hormones.
In the field of botany, plant growth regulators can be described as such proteins that influence the growth rate in a plant. For increasing or decreasing the rate of plant growth, the gene expression for proteins that are associated with the formation of plant growth regulators is altered.
The plant growth regulators can either increase or decrease the growth of a plant and hence have multiple effects. They usually work by elongation the cells and promoting the differentiation of cells. However, they do not function independently of other hormones or proteins.
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The biological levels of organization range from a single organelle all the way up to the biosphere in a highly structured hierarchy. Your lab partner is struggling to understand the interaction between the levels in the biological hierarchy. Using the model, what explanations can your offer to help your classmate? choose all that apply.
Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere, in that sequence, are the elaborated levels.
An ecosystem is a place where several types of living things coexist to create a bubble of life, including plants, animals, and other species. Ecosystems are made up of both biotic (or alive) and abiotic (or nonliving) components. Plants, animals, and other living things are considered biotic factors. Rocks, temperature, and humidity are examples of abiotic variables. In an ecosystem, every component is dependent on every other component, either directly or indirectly. For example, a change in ecosystem temperature frequently affects the types of plants that may flourish there. Animals that rely on plants for food and shelter will have to shift to accommodate the new conditions.
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the use of slower, controlled speeds during resistive exercises increases the duration of time stress is placed on the muscle, thereby increasing . muscle fiber recruitment risk of muscle fiber tears muscle fiber atrophy all of the above
In contrast to endurance workouts, which focus on brief, strong movements that are not repeated for extended periods of time, resistant exercises target rapid glycolytic fibers in muscles.
Strong muscular contractions are caused by the rapid ATP hydrolysis and cross-bridge generation in fast glycolytic fibers. As a result, muscles that are used for strength frequently contain a larger proportion of rapid glycolytic fibers than slow oxidative fibers. The diameter of muscle fibers increases as a result of resistance training boosting the production of myofibrils. Athletes attempting to increase their muscle mass frequently consume high levels of protein since this muscular growth is made possible by the addition of structural proteins. Resistance training can cause overuse injuries to the muscle, tendon, or bone if it is performed incorrectly. These injuries can happen if the load is too great, if the muscles don't have enough time to heal between sessions, or if the joints aren't properly positioned when doing the exercises. After vigorous exercise, muscle fibers sustain cellular damage, including harm to the sarcolemma and myofibrils. After intense exercise, injured muscles might make you feel painful, but when the damage is healed and new structural proteins are added to replace the ones that were lost, muscles develop bulk.
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for the following represents a basic flow chart of aerobic respiration. a-c) identify the major molecules that are produced at each step which are used to fuel the next step. d) identify the major product of respiration
The basic flow chart of aerobic respiration represents the major molecules that are produced at each step which are used to fuel the next step are ATP.
Respiration the use of oxygen to interrupt down meals molecules is referred to as cardio respiratory . 'Aero' method air, which incorporates oxygen, main to the call cardio respiratory. Glucose is the molecule usually used for respiratory - it's far the primary respiration substrate Oxygen and glucose are each reactants withinside the technique of cell respiratory.
The most important made of cell respiratory is ATP; waste merchandise consist of carbon dioxide and water. Aerobic respiratory is a sequence of enzyme-managed reactions that launch the strength saved up in carbohydrates and lipids in the course of photosynthesis and make it to be had to residing organisms. There are 4 stages: glycolysis, the reaction, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
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If genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome, they will assort ___________________________ during meiosis.
Genes will assort independently and are referred to as being unlinked during meiosis if they are located on distinct chromosomes or distantly from one another on the same chromosome.
What transpires when two genes on the same chromosome are located far apart?Due to cross-over, genes that are on the same chromosome but located far apart assort separately (homologous recombination). This is a mechanism where homologous chromosomes randomly exchange matched pieces at the start of meiosis.
What does meiotic independent assortment entail?During meiosis, a process known as independent assortment causes the chromosomes to randomly move to different poles. After meiosis, a gamete will have 23 chromosomes, but independent assortment means that each gamete will have 1 of numerous different combinations.
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If 16% of an african population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be heterozygous (ss) for sickle-cell and therefore resistant to malaria?.
Now that we are aware of the frequencies of both alleles in this population, we can use these numbers to determine the frequency of heterozygotes. Therefore, since 42% of this group carries the sickle-cell allele, they will be more resistant to malaria.
Individuals that are in sickle-cell heterozygous occur with a frequency of 2pq. In this instance, 2pq is 0.32, which indicates that 32% of people are heterozygous for this gene (2 (0.8)(0.2) = 0.32). The dominant allele frequency is, while the recessive allele frequency is, according to the Hardy-Weinberg formulae. is the ratio between the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals, heterozygous individuals, and homozygous recessive individuals in a population. The Hardy-Weinberg equation is written as p 2 + 2 p q + q 2 = 1, or p2 + 2 p q + q2 = 1. and is employed to establish the prevalence of genotypes in a certain group. Start by substituting the necessary terms with the known values to find the frequency of a particular genotype.
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the majority of the staphylococci isolated from human skin are coagulase-positive. the majority of the staphylococci isolated from human skin are coagulase-positive. true false
The majority of the staphylococci isolated from human skin are coagulase-positive. the majority of the staphylococci isolated from human skin are coagulase-positive. Given statement are false.
Instead of being the primary cause of disease, S. aureus is typically isolated from an abscess, boil, or other skin lesion as a result of its secondary invasion of a wound. Similar to abscesses, breast abscesses or mastitis, dermatitis or skin infections, and genital tract infections, S. aureus can also be isolated from these conditions.
Clinical specimens are often cultured on Blood agar to isolate staphylococci (described in Lab 14). A spherical, elevated, opaque colony with a diameter of 1-2 mm is produced by staphylococci. The novobiocin disc is used to assess novobiocin sensitivity or resistance.
It is the main contributor to skin and soft tissue infections such cellulitis, furuncles, and abscesses (boils). S. aureus can cause serious infections such bloodstream infections, pneumonia, or bone and joint infections, even though most staph infections are not dangerous.
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One main difference between thin skin and thick skin is that __________.
a. in thin skin, the stratum lucid appears to be absent
b. in thin skin, the stratum corner appears to be absent
c. in thin skin, there are no melanocytes
d. in thin skin, keratinocytes are absent
a) In thin skin, the stratum lucid appears to be absent.
Difference between thin and thick skin
Under a microscope, thick and thin skin have various appearances. The epidermis of thick skin has a fifth layer, whereas thin skin only has four layers. These layers are the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale, and stratum granulosum.
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What is the process by which a star is born
Answer:
Stars form from an accumulation of gas and dust, which collapses due to gravity and starts to form stars. The process of star formation takes around a million years from the time the initial gas cloud starts to collapse until the star is created and shines like the Sun.Jul 4, 2019
Explanation:
Infortmation:
How Do Stars Form? - Frontiers for Young Mindshttps://kids.frontiersin.org › articles › frym.2019.00092
According to the size principle of motor recruitment, in what order will muscle fibers be recruited during activity?
Smallest and fastest firing rate to largest and slowest firing rate
Largest and fastest firing rate to smallest and slowest firing rate
Smallest and slowest firing rate to largest and fastest firing rate
Largest and slowest firing rate to smallest and fastest firing rate
Correct Option is ( C) Smallest as well as slowest firing type of rate to the largest and fastest type of firing rate. For muscle type of recruitment patterns, it is also crucial to say a precept that governs the order of recruitment, termed Henneman's length precept.
It states that smaller muscles are recruited first as they may be particularly fatigue resistant and convey small quantities of pressure The accurate order of systems of a muscle from smallest to biggest is: muscle fiber, endomysium, fascicles, perimysium, epimysium.
Motor very commonly recruited so as of smallest to biggest (smallest motor neurons to biggest motor neurons, and as a consequence sluggish to speedy twitch) as contraction increases. This is called Henneman's length precept. Based at the dimensions, the above-cited systems may be organized withinside the following manner from the most important to the smallest component: Muscle fiber → Myofibril → Sarcomere → Thin-filaments →Troponin. Therefore, the best series of order is 5, 2, 3, 4, 1.
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Correct Question:
According to the size principle of motor recruitment, in what order will muscle fibers be recruited during activity?
a). Smallest and fastest firing rate to largest and slowest firing rate.
b). Largest and fastest firing rate to smallest and slowest firing rate.
c). Smallest and slowest firing rate to largest and fastest firing rate.
d). Largest and slowest firing rate to smallest and fastest firing rate.
if there are 100 individuals in a population and 20 are homozygous for b, 60 are heterozygous, and 20 are homozygous for b, what is the allele frequency of b?
If there are 100 individuals in a population and 20 are homozygous for b, 60 are heterozygous, and 20 are homozygous for b, the allele frequency of b is 50%.
Allele frequency, sometimes referred to as gene frequency, is the percentage or fractional frequency of an allele (gene variant) at a certain location in a population. What is being discussed is the proportion of chromosomes in the population that carry that allele in comparison to the entire population or sample size. The slow change in allele frequencies within a population is known as microevolution.
Taking into consideration:
1. A particular allele at a particular chromosomal region.
2. A collection of N individuals with ploidy n, which denotes that each individual's somatic cells have n copies of each chromosome (e.g. two chromosomes in the cells of diploid species).
If an allele is found in a population on I chromosomes, the allele frequency is the proportion of all I occurrences of that allele to the total number of copies of the chromosome in the population (nN). Despite being related, the genotype frequency and the allele frequency are separate and one can infer the other from the other.
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Which type of moderately repetitive dna would be least likely to change its location in the genome?.
The least probable type of tRNA gene to move within the genome is one with a somewhat repetitive DNA sequence.
What kind of DNA sequence is seen most frequently in eukaryotic genomes?Abstract. The majority of the nuclear DNA in most eukaryotic genomes is composed of repetitive DNA, which are sequence motifs repeated hundreds or thousands of times throughout the genome.
Is a DNA sequence's specific position known?Repetitive DNA sequences are abundant in eukaryotic genomes and are present in multiple copies (thousands, in some cases). The term "unique-sequence DNA" is used to describe the coding sections of genes, which are normally found in a single copy per haploid genome.
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Identify the physician who, in 1902, proposed a relationship between genes and the production of enzymes.
Sir Archibald Garrod, a British physician, was the first to postulate a link between genes and enzymes.
Who made the decision that genes dictate which enzymes exist?As demonstrated by Beadle and Tatum, genes specify enzymes. It was discovered that several enzymes were absent in Neurospora mutants unable to produce arginine. The "one gene/one polypeptide" theory was advanced by Beadle and Tatum. According to the core dogma, information travels through cells from DNA to RNA to proteins.
Who made the connection between DNA and proteins known?The discovery that the four bases of DNA, which at first glance appeared to be randomly arranged, actually formed a code dictating the arrangement of the twenty amino acids that make up the majority of proteins was made by Watson and Crick.
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explain why a quantitative pcr analysis cannot determine the size of the initial template the sequence in a dna sample.
Quantitative PCR analysis cannot determine the size of the initial template sequence in a DNA sample just because it measures the amount of particular sample present.
Building on the fundamental PCR technology, quantitative PCR (also known as quantitative real-time PCR, or qPCR) detection enables scientists to determine how much starting material is present in a sample. qPCR has a much greater dynamic range of analysis than traditional, end-point PCR since the products are detected as the reaction progresses; from one copy to approximately 1011 copies are recognized in a single run. Using a closed-tube format for quantitative real-time PCR and the subsequent amplicon identification, which does not require post-PCR processing such as gel electrophoresis, dramatically reduces the possibility of cross contamination. In order to determine indirectly how much nucleic acid is present during each cycle of amplification, qPCR uses a fluorescent reporter dye. During the reaction's repeating stages, the number of exponentially increasing PCR product molecules (amplicons) generated is directly proportional to the growth in fluorescence signal. Reporter molecules can be classified into one of three groups: additional dye-conjugated oligonucleotides known as probes, dyes attached to primers.
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compare your d1s80 pcr product with those of the rest of the class. did any students have genotypes similar to yours? how could you explain such similarities?
The mitochondrial DNA itself will vary between students because each of us inherited it from our moms; but since the same region is being amplified, the sequences of our PCR result will be the same.
Despite the fact that each student's mitochondrial DNA is unique because we all received it from our mothers, the sequences of our PCR results will be the same because the same region is being amplified. The fluid around the nucleus contains hundreds to thousands of mitochondria per cell (the cytoplasm).
The majority of DNA is stored on chromosomes in the nucleus, while mitochondria only store a little amount of their own DNA. This genetic material is referred to as "mtDNA," or mitochondrial DNA. In the human mitochondria, 16,500 DNA base pairs, or about 5% of the total, are present.
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question content area top part 1 what type of pathogen is described as a plantlike microorganism that typically will not cause infection in a person with a normally functioning immune system?
Fungi is described as a plantlike microorganism that typically will NOT cause infection in a person with a normally functioning immune system.
Bacteria already abound in your body. However, these microorganisms only pose a threat if your immune system is weakened or if they manage to enter a normally sterile area of your body.
Pathogens may spread disease once they enter the body, unlike other organisms.
A pathogen doesn't even need a host to develop and thrive. The infection enters the body of the host, evades the immune system's defenses, and multiplies by using the host's resources before leaving and infecting a new victim. Pathogens can be spread through a variety of techniques depending on the type. Skin-to-skin contact, bodily fluids, airborne particles, feces, and surfaces that have been contacted by an infected person are all ways that they might spread.
Fungi come in numerous types on Earth. There are only roughly 300 reliable sources that are known to be harmful. Fungi can be found almost wherever in the environment, including indoors, outdoors, and on human skin. They spread illness when they grow too much.
A membrane and a substantial cell wall protect the nucleus and other areas of fungus cells. They could be challenging to kill because of how they are built.
The complete question is:
What type of pathogen is described as a plantlike microorganism that typically will NOT cause infection in a person with a normally functioning immune system?
A. Helminths
B. Virus
C. Fungi
D. Protozoa
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overall, is the a. afarensis cranium more similar to apes or to humans? in what way is it more similar to whom?
Overall, the an afarensis cranium resembles apes more than it does humans, which is almost chimpanzee-like. Children of the afarensis species developed quickly after birth.
And reached adulthood earlier than contemporary humans. As a result, Au. afarensis had a shorter childhood than contemporary humans do, which gave them less opportunity for parental instruction and early socialization. Both ape-like and human-like traits were present in Au. afarensis. Its brain was about the size of a chimpanzee's, and the top of its skull, or the cranial vault, was somewhat domed. Less so in females than in males, its face protruded outward. Some Au. afarensis skull samples reveal evidence of this species' strong chewing muscles as well as chimpanzee's.
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two organisms mate and have offspring. how could you test to see if the parents were the same species?
The biological species idea states that organisms can only interbreed and generate viable, fruitful offspring within their own species.
The biggest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the right sexes or mating types can conceive a fertile offspring, usually by sexual reproduction, is referred to as a species. The amino acid sequence of a protein that is found in all species will differ. After a protein has been selected, its amino acid sequence in various species is compared. A closer relationship between two species is indicated by greater similarity or fewer differences. The genetic code and DNA show how life has a common ancestor.
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in animals, the normal development of an embryo is dependent on select one: a. production of new cells having twice the number of chromosomes as the zygote b. mitosis and the differentiation of cells after fertilization has occurred c. fertilization of a mature egg by many sperm cells d. production of body cells having half the number of chromosomes as the zygote
In animals, the normal development of an embryo is dependent on mitosis and the differentiation of cells after fertilization has occurred,
what is mitosis?
One cell (the mother) divides into two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to the original cell during a process known as mitosis.
Normal embryonic development is largely shaped by the process of cell division. In mitosis, the replicated genome is separated (karyokinesis) from the cytoplasmic material (cytokinesis). During typical embryogenesis, these two important steps are closely regulated in both space and time. Thus, understanding cell division is essential for comprehending developmental processes that result in the formation of tissues and organs. Many rounds of cell division are necessary for the transformation of a single cell zygote into an adult with multiple cells that can function.
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a well-accepted biological explanation for schizophrenia states that individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia have issues with the neurotransmitter
A well-accepted biological explanation for schizophrenia states that individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia have issues with the neurotransmitter is dopamine hypothesis
What is schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is a severe internal illness where cases have aberrant comprehensions of reality. visions, visions, and veritably abnormal study and gets are all possible symptoms of schizophrenia, which can make it delicate to carry out daily tasks and be ruinous.
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that a dysregulated dopamine system may contribute to the cognitive, behavioral, and positive symptoms of the condition and dopamine neurotransmitter imbalance in the brain is what causes schizophrenia.
Therefore a well-accepted biological explanation for schizophrenia states that individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia have issues with the neurotransmitter is dopamine hypothesis
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After sperm are produced, they enter the first part of the duct system, the __________.
Sperm enter the epididymis, the first duct system component, once they are created.
What is the sequence of sperm passage?To leave the body, sperm cells travel through a network of channels. Sperm go through the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra after leaving the testes.
When sperm pass through the ductus deferens, where do they go next?During their journey from the egg to adulthood, sperm pass through the deferent duct, the spermatic cord, the pelvic cavity, the ureter, and the prostate, which is situated behind the bladder. The vas deferens and seminal vesicle join here to form the ejaculatory duct, which empties into the urethra after passing through the prostate.
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Identify two other climate change mitigation strategies (not biofuels!) and explain how each strategy will slow or reduce climate change.
Retrofitting structures to increase their energy efficiency, utilizing renewable energy sources like solar, and wind, and assisting cities in developing more sustainable modes of transportation.
What are climate change mitigation strategies?Modes of transportation like bus rapid transit, electric vehicles, biofuels, and encouraging more sustainable land use are all examples of mitigation strategies.
Growing new trees and mending ecosystems, crop diversification will improve their ability to respond to climate change.
Therefore, investigating and creating novel ways to control and avert natural disasters, and retrofitting structures to increase their energy efficiency.
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Cecropias are known for the mutualistic relationship they have with which creature?.
One of the most well-known pioneer plants in this region is cecropia. Their numerous particular adaptations, notably their close mutualistic association with Azteca ants, are largely responsible for their success (pictured left).
Describe the cecropia?Beautiful silk moths with reddish bodies and black to brown wings bordered by white, red, and tan bands are called cecropia moths. The cecropia moth, which can reach a wingspan of five to seven inches (13 to 18 centimeters), is the biggest moth to be seen in North America.
Can enormous moths harm you?Most adult moths are unable to bite anything, much less you, because they lack mouths. They generally don't sting either. Moths, on the other hand, start out as caterpillar larvae.
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what type of cell did you locate outside of the seminiferous tubule? what is the function of these cells?
Sertoli cells which feed the germ cells are found in seminiferous tubules. They create androgens and release them during spermatogenesis.
In Leydig cells, LH stimulates the production of T, whereas FSH stimulates the development of regulatory molecules and the nutrients needed to maintain spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells in conjunction with T. As a result, T and FSH indirectly regulate spermatogenesis via Sertoli cells.
LH-stimulated Leydig cell androgen production is necessary for the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system as well as for spermatogenesis. The testis of newborn boys and adult males after puberty contain a high concentration of interstitial cells of Leydig, which release testosterone. Leydig cells are also referred to as interstitial cells. They are located outside of seminiferous tubules in the interstitial spaces.
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All of the following statements are true. Which one statement describes the biggest impact that sickle-cell disease has over the organs and organ systems of the body?Mutated hemoglobin molecules result in misshapen red blood cells that cannot function to transport oxygen in the body.
Organ injury. sickle-shaped red blood cells as a result of mutated hemoglobin proteins. Sickle cells that restrict blood flow deplete organs of both oxygen and blood. In sickle cell anemia, blood oxygen levels are also abnormally low. This deficiency in oxygen-rich blood can be lethal and harm nerves and organs including the kidneys, liver, and spleen.
The most frequent cause of Sickled cells complications and the main reason patients with Sickled cells visit the ER or hospital is pain. Sickled cells can become caught and impede blood flow throughout the body when moving via tiny blood veins, which hurts.
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in the gi tract, a food bolus is converted into a semiliquid mass of partly digested food and digesteive secretions known as
The enzymes break down the bolus of food, converting it into semiliquid mass of partly digested food and digestive secretions known as chyme.
The digestion process involves four phases. Ingestion, or gathering food into the digestive secretions, is the initial phase. Although it may appear like a straightforward process, ingestion entails smelling the meal, contemplating the food, and the uncontrollable production of saliva in the mouth to get ready for food entry. The first stages of the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food start in the mouth, where the second stage of digestion takes place. Enzymes are used in the chemical breakdown of food to separate its constituent parts. Amylase, an enzyme that starts breaking down complex carbohydrates, is secreted in the mouth. Mastication, or chewing, in the mouth is the first stage of mechanical breakdown.
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home-canned low-acid foods, such as beans and corn, may be contaminated with clostridium botulinum, a bacterium that produces a dangerous toxin. to destroy the toxin, the food should be
Answer: discarded
Explanation: