The original concentration in the sample is 4.3 × [tex]10^{4}[/tex] CFU/mL.
What is colony forming unit?
Colony forming units, or CFUs, are frequently used to calculate the number of microorganisms present in a test sample. A CFU/ml result can be obtained by multiplying the number of visible colonies (CFU) present on an agar plate by the dilution factor.
Given:
CFU in 1.0mL of [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] dilution is 43.
Total CFU in original sample = [tex]\frac{Plate count}{Dilution factor}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{43}{10^{-3} }[/tex] = 43000
S0, 1 mL of the original sample = 4.3 × [tex]10^{4}[/tex] CFU.
we know, cell density of the sample = no. of cells per mL of solution.
= 4.3 × [tex]10^{4}[/tex] CFU/mL.
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Write the molecular formulas of alkane,alkene with one double bond, alkene with two double bonds,Cycloalkane and Cycloalkenenwith no substituents comprising six carbons.
There are two types of chemical compound one is covalent compound and other is ionic compound, covalent compound formed by sharing of electron and ionic compound formed by complete transfer of electron. Therefore, chemical formula can be shown as below.
What is chemical Compound?Chemical Compound is a combination of molecule, Molecule forms by combination of element and element forms by combination of atoms in fixed proportion.
An ionic compound is a metal and nonmetal combined compound. Ionic compound are very hard. They have high melting and boiling point because of strong ion bond.
Compound chemical formula
alkane CnH2n+2
alkene with one double bond CH[tex]_2[/tex]=CH[tex]_2[/tex]
alkene with two double bond CH[tex]_2[/tex]=c=CH[tex]_2[/tex]
cycloalkane C[tex]_6[/tex]H[tex]_{12}[/tex]
Therefore, chemical formula can be shown as above.
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3
b Li + 0,₂ → Li₂O
2 how to balance
Answer:
4Li + O2 = 2Li2O
Explanation:
1. Label Each Compound With a Variable
Label each compound (reactant or product) in the equation with a variable to represent the unknown coefficients.
aLi + bO2 = cLi2O
2. Create a System of Equations
Create an equation for each element (Li, O) where each term represents the number of atoms of the element in each reactant or product.
Li: 1a + 0b = 2c
O: 0a + 2b = 1c
3. Solve For All Variables
Use substitution, gauss elimination, or a calculator to solve for each variable.
Simplify the result to get the lowest, whole integer values.
4. Substitute Coefficients and Verify Result
4Li + O2 = 2Li2O
Reactants Products
Li 4 4 ✔️
O 2 2 ✔️
Since there is an equal number of each element in the reactants and products of 4Li + O2 = 2Li2O, the equation is balanced.
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Barium-131 is used in the detection of bone tumors. The half-life of barium-131 is approximately 12 days. How long will it take for the radiation level of barium-131 to drop to 1/4 of its original level?.
The amount of barium-131 radiation will be reduced to 1/4 of its initial level after 24 days.
How long is a half-life in terms of time?The period of time needed for the reactant concentration to drop to half its initial value is known as the half-life of a reaction. t 1/2 = 0.693/k is a constant that relates to the reaction's rate constant and represents the half-life of a first-order reaction.
How does a first order reaction's half-life equation work?t1/2 = 0.693/k is a constant that relates to the reaction's rate constant and represents the half-life of a first-order reaction.
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lone pairs present in trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair geometry always occupy which position? A. equatorial B. axial C. central D. none of the above
The Lone pairs present in trigonal bipyramidal electron pair geometry always occupies equatorial position.
In the trigonal bipyramidal electron pair geometry, the electrons which do not forms Bond with any other atom are called lone pair of electron.
These lone pair of electrons generally goes to the equatorial position of the geometry.
They do so because the equatorial geometry provides them the maximum stability as we know that The Lone pair-lone pair repulsion is more than the bond-pair Bond pair repulsion.
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a gas sample contains 4.00 g of ch 4. what is the volume of the sample at stp? 32.0 l 16.8 l 22.4 l 5.59 l 132 l
A gas sample contains 4.00g of CH₄. The volume of a given sample at standard temperature and pressure(STP) condition is 5.59 L.
At STP condition, the pressure is 1atm and the value of temperature is 0°C, which is 273K. First calculate moles of CH₄. The molar mass of CH₄ is
Molar mass=(12+(4×1))g/mol
=(12+4)g/mol
=16g/mol
Therefore, the moles of CH₄ is
moles=4.00 g×(1 mol/16 g)
moles=0.25 mol
To find out volume, use ideal gas law formula which is
PV=nRT
R=0.08206 Latm/molK
Rearrange the formula for V
V=nRT/P
Plug all values in the formula
V=(0.25mol×0.08206Latm×273K/1atm×molK)
V=5.601 L
V=5.60 L
Therefore, the volume of a sample is 5.60 L, which is closer to the value 5.59L. Hence, the volume of a sample is 5.59 L.
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a mixture of gaseous reactants is put into a cylinder, where a chemical reaction turns them into gaseous products. the cylinder has a piston that moves in or out, as necessary, to keep a constant pressure on the mixture of . the cylinder is also submerged in a large insulated water bath. (see sketch at right.) the temperature of the water bath is monitored, and it is determined from this data that of heat flows into the system during the reaction. the position of the piston is also monitored, and it is determined from this data that the system does of work on the piston during the reaction. is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? exothermic endothermic does the temperature of the water bath go up or down? up down neither does the piston move in or out? in out neither does the reaction absorb or release energy? absorb release neither
The reaction is exothermic and therefore the temperature of the water bath go up.
What is exothermic reaction?A chemical reaction involves the movement of energy to or from the environment.
An exothermic reaction occurs when energy is transmitted to the environment, increasing temperature.
The reaction is exothermic because energy is released as a result of it.The released heat will be employed to operate on the piston and to raise the temperature due to the heat input from the eater bath, respectively.As a result, the bath's temperature will increase.
As was already indicated, the heat generated will exert force on the piston, causing it to move out.Energy produced during the reaction. Heat will therefore go from the gas combination to the bath.The solution is hence "out."
We know the released energy = work + heat supplied to the bath
energy = 390 kJwork = 117 kJClearly,
heat = energy - work
= (390 - 117) kJ
= 273 kJ
Thus, when the energy is absorbed by the system, a positive sign is assigned.
Therefore, the reaction absorb energy.
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consider the equilibrium system described by the chemical reaction below. if 0.1908 moles of co₂, 0.0908 moles of h₂, 0.0092 moles of co, and 0.0092 moles of h₂o are present in a 2.00 l reaction vessel at equilibrium at 300 k, what is the value of kc of the reaction at this temperature? co₂(g) h₂(g) ⇌ co(g) h₂o(g)
In equilibrium The value of kc of the reaction at this temperature is 4.886 ×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex]
What is equilibrium system ?
When the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, a system is said to be in equilibrium. The rate of the forward reaction increases when more reactant is added. As the reverse reaction rate remains constant at first, the equilibrium appears to shift toward the product, or right, side of the equation.
Here,
CO2 = [tex]\frac{moles}{volume}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{0.1908}{2}[/tex] = 0.0954M
H2 = [tex]\frac{0.1908 }{2}[/tex] = 0.0454M
CO = [tex]\frac{0.0092}{2}[/tex] = 0.0046M
H2O = [tex]\frac{0.0092}{2}[/tex] = 0.0046M
Now, Kc = [tex]\frac{ 0.0046 * 0.0046}{0.0954 *0.0454M}[/tex]
Kc = 4.886 ×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex]
Hence 4.886 ×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex] is a correct answer.
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how many monochloro substitution products are produced when the alkanes below are chlorinated? consider constitutional isomers only, ignore stereoisomers.
When the alkanes below are chlorinated they produce 3 monochloro substitution products. These isomers have the same chemical formula, but their atoms arrangements are different.
What are constitutional versus isomeric isomers?
Although structural (constitutional) isomers share the same chemical formula but their atoms are bonded in a different way. Stereoisomers have the same atomic configurations and chemical formulae. The groups' spatial orientation is the only thing which distinguishes the molecules distinguishes them from one another.
What are instances of stereoisomers?
According to the general definition of stereoisomers, stereoisomers are isomers with the same composition (i.e., the same parts), but different orientations in space. Stereoisomers are of two different types which are enantiomers and diastereomers.
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complete and balance the following neutralization reaction, name the products, and write the net ionic equation.
The main products in neutralization reaction are aluminium chloride and water .
What is neutralization reaction?
When same amount of strong acid is react with the same amount of strong base then the reaction is known as neutralization reaction.
The complete balanced reaction is:
[tex]Al(OH)_{3} + 3HCl - > AlCl_{3}+3H_{2} O[/tex]
And the net ionic equation is:
[tex]3H^{+}+3OH^{-} - > 3H_{2}O[/tex]
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a 3.50 gram sample of ch4 is burned in a calorimeter. the calorimeter is filled with 35.0 grams of water. the temperature of a calorimeter increases from 25.0°c to 30.0°c. calculate the energy lost or gained by the reaction.
The energy lost or gained by the reaction is 732.2 J.
Combustion enthalpy
The amount of heat that is evolved when a substance is burnt in the air at a constant pressure is known as the combustion enthalpy of the substance. Combustion enthalpy can be absorbed by another substance to raise its temperature and that can be determined by using the specific heat capacity of that substance.
Given,
Mass of CH₄ = 3.50 g
Mass of water, m = 35 g
Specific heat of the water = 4.184 J/g°C
T₁ = 25°C
T₂ = 35°C
Determine the heat absorbed by water by using the formula,
c = Q/[m(T₂-T₁)]
⇒ Q = cm(T₂ - T₁)
⇒ Q = 4.184 × 35 × (30 - 25)
⇒ Q = 4.184 × 35 × 5
⇒ Q = 732.2 J
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the balance of aluminum is 3 in the balance of chlorine is 921 the formula for aluminum chloride is correctly written as
Aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) is a chemical compound formed from aluminum and chloride.
Aluminum chloride is a chemical compound that, while uncontaminated, is a white solid and, when contaminated with iron chloride, a yellow powder. The periodic table's group 13 and period 3 elements of aluminum and group 17 and period 3 elements of chlorine make up the entire formula for aluminum chloride.
Aluminum and chlorine ions combine to form aluminum chloride, a neutral ionic compound. Aluminum chloride has zero net charge overall. The chloride anion is a negatively charged ion Cl⁻, whereas the aluminum cation is a positively charged ion Al³⁺. The aluminium cation, which has three of its valence electrons transferred to chlorine, has more protons than electrons. Although it only requires one electron to reach the electron configuration of the noble gas argon, chlorine cannot accept more than one electron.
Hence, aluminum chloride is a neutral chemical compound
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Calculate the standard reaction entropy for the decomposition of 1 mol calcite to carbon dioxide gas and solid calcium oxide at 25°c.
Entropy change is typically 160.6 J/K.
ΔH°reaction=∑ΔH°f(reactants)+∑ΔH°f(reactants)
What does a typical entropy mean?The entropy content of one mole of a pure substance at a standard condition of pressure and any desired temperature is known as the standard molar entropy in chemistry. These are frequently (but not always) used as the typical temperature and pressure.
How is the entropy of a reaction calculated?Take an energy reading at a given temperature to calculate entropy. To quantify thermal energy transmitted (q) at a particular temperature, a calorimeter is typically used. Maintain the temperature value mathematically constant by assuming only extremely slight variations in the process's conditions.
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the heat capacity of a bomb calorimeter is found to be 5.68 kj/°c . when a 1.652 g sample of glucose, c6h12o6 , is burned in the calorimeter, the temperature of the calorimeter increases from 24.56 °c to 29.10 °c. calculate the ∆h for the following reaction: c6h12o6(s) 6o2(g) → 6co2(g) 6h2o(g)
The ∆ H of combustion reaction of C₆H₁₂O₆(s) + 6O₂(g) => 6CO₂(g) +6H₂O(g) is -42.6 kJ
Given
Heat capacity of glucose= 5.68 kj/°c
The mass of glucose = 1.652 g
Temperature changes = 24.56°C to 29.10°C
q = C mass ∆T
q = ∆ H
q = (5.68)(1.652)(29.1-24.56)
q = -42.6 kj
The heat energy released when one mole of a substance burns entirely in oxygen is known as the enthalpy of combustion of a substance. The temperature rise is measured as fuel burns. Calculating the enthalpy change of the reaction can be done using the mass of fuel that corresponds to the rise in temperature. Because combustion processes are exothermic, the enthalpy change (∆ H) value is always negative.
Hence, combustion reaction is exothermic reaction.
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calculate the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule. one mole of oxygen molecules has a mass of 32.0 g
Average K.E FOR n Mole of a gas=3/2nRT
= 3/2*1*8.314*296
=3691.4 j/mole
Kinetic energy is the power an object has because of its motion. If we want to boost up an object, then we must follow a force. making use of force requires us to do paintings. After work has been accomplished, energy has been transferred to the object, and the object might be moving with a new consistent speed.
The kinetic energy of an item is the electricity that it possesses because of its motion. it is defined because the work needed to boost up a frame of a given mass from relaxation to its stated pace. Having gained this energy for the duration of its acceleration, the frame maintains this kinetic electricity except for its pace changes
Potential energy saved energy that relies upon the relative position of numerous components of a gadget. A spring has greater potential energy when it is compressed or stretched. A steel ball has extra capability strength raised above the ground than it has after falling to Earth.
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Other than a nuclear power plant find two other applicants of fission.
in a laboratory environment some of the most commonly used chemicals are organic solvents, many of which are volatile chemicals. a volatile chemical is one that
A volatile chemical is one that evaporates readily with a high vapor pressure and low boiling point.
High vapor pressure liquids are referred to as volatile liquids, and they frequently easily evaporate from an open container.
When something boils at a low temperature, it is said to be volatile.
Gases that are released into the air by goods or activities are known as volatile organic compounds, or VOCs. Some, such as those that cause cancer, are dangerous on their own. Some air pollutants can also combine with other gases to create new air pollutants once they are in the atmosphere.
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4. a plate has 259 colonies, with a sample volume of 10-6 ml. what was the original concentration in the sample?
The original concentration is 259,000,000=2.6 x 10-8.
OCD=CFU/original cell volume
259/10-6=259,000,000=2.6 x 10-8
Concentration is a totally commonplace idea utilized in chemistry and associated fields. It's far the degree of the way an awful lot of a given substance there may be combined with some other substance.
The concentration of an answer is the degree of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. A concentrated solution is one that has a fantastically large amount of dissolved solute.
In chemistry, concentration refers to the quantity of a substance in a defined space. Any other definition is that attention is the ratio of solute in a solution to either solvent or overall answer.
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which of the following is not a postulate or assumption of the kinetic molecular theory? select the correct answer below: pressure exerted by a gas in a container results from collisions between the gas molecules and the container walls molecules composing the gas are negligibly small compared to the distances between them gas molecules exert no attractive or repulsive forces on each other or the container walls all of the above are postulates
The right response to the preceding question is: "Repulsive forces on each other or the container walls, both of which are postulates."
The Kinetic Molecular Theory's five fundamental tenets are as follows:
1. The molecules that make up gases are constantly moving, moving straight forward, and only changing direction when they clash with other molecules or the walls of a container.
2. The gas's constituent molecules are minuscule in comparison to the spaces between them.
3. Molecules in a gas collide with the container walls to exert pressure on the walls of the container.
4. Since gas molecules are not attracted to or repelled by the container walls, their collisions are not caused by these forces.
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The kinetic atomic theory does not postulate or assume any of the aforementioned postulates.
What do collisions entail?In physics, collision, which is also known as impact, is the abrupt, violent coming together in close proximity or two substances, such as two pool cues, a club and a shot, a mallet and a nail, two train carriages when linked, or a falling item and a floor.
Why do objects collide?Road rage is the primary reason for car accidents. Speeding, disobeying traffic signs, making incorrect turns, and operating a vehicle while inebriated or on the influence of drugs are significant risk factors for car accidents.
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the formal charge on nitrogen in no3- is . question 22 options: a) -2 b) -1 c) 1 d) 2 e) 0
The formal charge on Nitrogen in no3- is 1.
The number of electrons that an atom "owns" is subtracted from the overall number of valence electrons to determine the formal charge that is given to it. The total of the unshared valence electrons plus half of the shared valence electrons is the number of electrons that are considered to be "owned" by a particular element.
Formal charge =( valence electrons - Non-bonding electrons-Bonding electrons/2)
For Nitrogen = 5 - 0 - 8/2
= +1
For single bonded oxygen = 6 - 6 - 2/2
= -1
For double bonded oxygen = 6 - 4 - 4/2
= 0
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how does the concentration of hydrochloric acid (0.0625m, 0.125m, 0.25m, 0.5m, 1m) affect the rate of reaction when calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid?
CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+H20+CO2
As the concentration of HCl is increased, the rate of reaction will increase. Experimental results show that there is a strong correlation between the co. In summary, this correlation indicates that mass loss increases with increasing hydrochloric acid concentration in the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate. This therefore leads to higher reaction rates, as is known from collision theory. Increasing the concentration of the first-order reaction in this way results in a proportional increase in product formation. This is because the reactants become denser and the collisions become more successful. This was revealed in experiments involving the two reactants
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If 3.21 moles of ammonia gas occupy 5.22 L at 50.0oC, calculate the pressure of the gas using the ideal gas equation AND by using the van der Waals equation. Compare each value to the actual measured pressure of 15.4 atm under these conditions.
R = 0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1, for ammonia under these conditions,
a = 4.17 atm L2 mol-2 and b =0.0371 L mol-1.
The pressure of the gas using the ideal gas equation and by using the van der Waals equation is 2.52 atm and 0.164 atm.
What is ideal gas equation?Ideal gas equation is defined as the state equation for a fictitious perfect gas. Although it has significant drawbacks, it is a decent approximation of the behavior of many gases under various conditions.
Given n = 3.21 moles
V = 5.22 L
T = 50 °C
R = 0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1
a = 4.17 atm L2 mol-2
b = 0.0371 L mol-1
Ideal gas equation
PV = nRT
P = nRT / V
P = 3.21 x 0.0821 x 50.0 / 5.22
P = 2.52 atm
Van der Waals equation
P = RT / V - b - a / V²
P = 0.0821 x 50.0 / 5.22 - 0.0371 - 4.17 / ( 5.22 )²
P = 0.317 - 0.153
P = 0.164 atm
Thus, the pressure of the gas using the ideal gas equation and by using the van der Waals equation is 2.52 atm and 0.164 atm.
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after studying how many different elements absorb x-rays, harry finds that the atomic number of the element is always proportional to the square root of the wavelength of x-rays absorbed by the element, an example of the kind of that in the late th and early th centuries hinted at the structure of the atom.
After studying many different elements absorb x-rays, harry finds that the atomic number of the element is always proportional to the square root of the wavelength of x-rays absorbed by the element, an example of the kind of law that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries hinted at the structure of the atom.
What does "wavelength" mean in chemistry?The distance in between given position and the identical point in the following wave cycle is known as the wavelength () in waves.
In chemistry, what do wavelength and frequency mean?The distance between two wave crests, which also applies to troughs, is known as the wavelength. The frequency is determined in cycles each second (Hz), which is the quantity of vibrations that cross a specific area in a second (Hertz). In this article, the relationship between frequency and the wavelength is covered.
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I understand the question you are looking for is :
After studying how many different elements absorb X-rays, Harry finds that the atomic number of the element is always proportional to the square root of the wavelength of X-rays absorbed by the element, an example of the kind of _____________ that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries hinted at the structure of the atom.
the Ka of a monoprotic weak acid is 0.00247. what is the percent ionization of a 0.157 m solution of this acid?
Percent Ionization of a 0.157 m solution of this acid is 16.4%.
What is Percent Ionization?
The ratio of the equilibrium H3O+ concentration to the initial HA concentration, multiplied by 100%, is the definition of the weak acid, HA, percent ionization.
Ionization energy, sometimes referred to as ionisation potential, is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule in physics and chemistry.
In an electric discharge tube, when a quickly moving electron produced by an electric current collides with a gaseous atom of the element, causing it to eject one of its electrons, the ionisation energy of a chemical element, given in joules or electron volts, is often measured.
You must have been referring to this monoprotic acid, which we will refer to as HA, since the Ka value is 0.00584.
HA <==> H+ + A-
Ka = 0.00584 = [H+]
[A-]/[HA]
Assuming that x is modest in comparison to 0.181, 0.00584 = (x)(x)/0.181 - x, we shall disregard it for the time being.
x2 = 0.001057
Since our assumption was erroneous and this value is closer to 18% of 0.180, we must now utilize the quadratic equation to solve for x. x = [H+] = [A-] = 0.0325
x2 = 0.001057 - 0.00584x
x = 0.0297
Ionization percentage equals 0.0297/0.181 (100%) = 16.4%.
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A mixture of gaseous reactants is put into a cylinder, where a chemical reaction turns them into gaseous products. The cylinder has a piston that moves in or out, as necessary, to keep a constant pressure on the mixture of 1atm . The cylinder is also submerged in a large insulated water bath. (See sketch at right.) The temperature of the water bath is monitored, and it is determined from this data that 370.kJ of heat flows out of the system during the reaction. The position of the piston is also monitored, and it is determined from this data that the system does 316.kJ of work on the piston during the reaction
Since heat was moving through the system, the reaction would be endothermic. As heat left the water and entered the system, the temperature of the water bath would decrease.
Piston motion: inward or outward?A piston that is housed inside a cylinder and utilized in a gasoline engine with many sections. A piston is a rotating disk that is encased in a cylinder and sealed off from the atmosphere by piston rings. As a liquid or gas inside the cylinder expands and compresses, the disk moves inside the cylinder.
Is energy released or absorbed during the reaction?
Energy is needed to break the bonds in chemical reactions, and energy is released when new bonds form as a result of the process. In contrast to endothermic reactions, which absorb energy, exothermic reactions release energy.
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which of the following is not a network solid? a. elemental silicon, si(s) b. diamond, c(s) c. buckminster fullerene, c60(s) d. silicon dioxide, sio2(s) e. graphite
Buckminster fullerene is choice (c). A network solid is a substance that contains atoms bound together by covalent bonds in a continuous network that permeates the entire substance.
What are examples of network solids?Diamond is a typical example of a network solid (a form of pure carbon) At normal temperature, carbon occurs in three different states as a pure element: graphite (the most stable state), diamond, and fullerene.
What is the purpose of pure carbon?Coal, which is mostly composed of carbon, is used as a fuel. Graphite is used for electrodes, dry cells, high temperature crucibles, pencil tips, and lubricants. Due to their extreme hardness, diamonds are employed in both jewelry and industrial.
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cna someone find the charge of the metal in Ni(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) --> Ni(NO3)2(aq) + Pb(s)? Pls give step by step explanation of how you found it.
Explanation:
The nitrate ion is a radical with an overall charge of -1. To get the oxidation number of lead add up all the oxidation numbers and equate to zero. Where x= O.N of lead. Therefore the oxidation state of lead is +2.
from the gc data, assign the signals to 2-methyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-1-butene. how were the assignments made?
A GC-MS generates three-dimensional data, including chromatograms that can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis, mass spectra that can be used for identity confirmation, unknown analyte identification, and structural and chemical property determination of molecules.
What do you learn from GC-MS data?The GCMS quantifies the amount of each chemical present in a sample by comparing it to a standard, which is a previously determined amount of the chemical that was also measured on the GCMS.
Each substance that is separated by the GC is represented by a peak on a graph called a chromatogram. The quantity of peaks indicates the quantity of separated compounds in the sample. The location of each peak displays the compound's retention time.
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Complete question is "from the gc data, assign the signals to 2-methyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-1-butene. how were the assignments made?"
2-methyl-1-butene 1 1.548 95.9
2 4.54 4.1
2-methyl-2-butene 1 7.5 big, broad peak
Propose an efficient synthesis for the following transformation: The transformation above can be performed with some reagent or combination of the reagents listed below. Give the necessary reagent(s) in the correct order, as a string of letters (without spaces or punctuation, such as "EBF"). If there is more than one correct solution, provide just one answer.
The transformation can be performed using the reagents BF3 and E. The sequence of reagents should be BF3 followed by E. BF3 (Boron trifluoride) functions as a Lewis acid and can be used to activate an alkene to make it more susceptible to electrophilic attack. E (an electrophile) can then perform an electrophilic addition to the activated alkene to give the desired product.
The Role of BF3 and E in Electrophilic Addition ReactionsElectrophilic addition reactions are an important class of organic chemistry transformations that are used to convert alkenes into a variety of products. One common method of performing these reactions is to use the reagents Boron trifluoride (BF3) and an electrophile (E). The use of these two reagents in tandem allows for the efficient synthesis of a variety of products from simple alkenes.
BF3 is a Lewis acid, meaning that it can activate an alkene by forming a coordinate bond with the double bond. This results in the formation of an intermediate with a partially positive partial charge on the carbon atom, making it more suitable for electrophilic attack. The electrophile (E) is then able to attack the partially positive carbon atom and form a new carbon-carbon bond. This results in the desired product.
In summary, the reagents BF3 and E can be used in tandem to efficiently synthesize a variety of products from simple alkenes. BF3 activates the alkene, making it more suitable for attack by the electrophile, and the electrophile can then perform the desired electrophilic addition reaction. This method of synthesis is highly efficient and has become a common tool in organic chemistry.
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a novice scientist would like to test the solubility of an unknown compound. she adds a known amount of the compound to a test tube that holds 10 ml of water. she swirls the solution, mixing the substances together and places the test tube in a rack. a cloudy film begins to form near the bottom of the test tube. one possible conclusion might be that .
The conclusion that can be drawn from this experiment is that the unknown compound is soluble in water.
What is solubility?
The ability of the a substance, this same solute, to combine with another substance, this same solvent, is known as solubility in chemistry. Insolubility, or the solute's inability to create such a solution, is the opposite property. The concentration of a solute in a saturated solution—a solution where no more solute could be dissolved—is typically used to gauge the extent of a substance's solubility in a particular solvent. The two substances are thought to be just at solubility equilibrium at this time. There may not be a limit for some solutes and solvents, in which case the two are referred to as "miscible throughout all percentages" (or just "miscible").
The conclusion that can be drawn from this experiment is that the unknown compound is soluble in water. This can be seen from the cloudy film that has formed near the bottom of the test tube when the known amount of the compound was added to the water. This indicates that the compound has dissolved in the water, forming a solution.
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a rigid tank contains 1 kg propane at 500k, 1500 kpa. it is now cooled down to 300 k. find the ehat transfer and the change in entropy
the heat transfer and the change in entropy is −0.8868 kJ/K.
how to solve ?Ideal gas, constant volume so there is no work.
m (u₂ -u₁) = ₁Q₂ ₋ ₁w₂ = ₁Q₂
u₂ ₋ u₁ = Cv (T₂ ₋ T₁) = 1.736(300 - 500) = 347.2kJ/Kg
₁Q₂ = m (u₂ - u₁ ) = 1(-347.2) = -347.2kj
the change in s for an ideal gas v₂ = v₁ gives
m(s₂ - s₁ ) = m [Cv₀ In T₁/T₂ + R In T₂/T₁
= 1kg ˣ 1.736kj / kg - K In 300/500 = -0.8868kJ/K
What is a simple definition of entropy?the amount of thermal energy per unit of temperature in a system that cannot be used for productive work. Entropy is a measure of a system's molecular disorder or unpredictability since work is produced by organized molecular motion.
What does a negative change in entropy mean?Entropy is the amount of disorder in a system. Disorder is much more probable than order in a random system. So if entropy is the amount of disorder, negative entropy means something has less disorder, or more order.
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