3. How do the Greeks differ from the other ancient river civilizations regarding the development of scientific thought and investigation? Explain with examples. 5 marks

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Answer 1

The Greeks differ from the other ancient river civilizations in terms of the development of scientific thought and investigation. Unlike civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley, the Greeks placed a greater emphasis on rational inquiry and empirical observation, which laid the foundation for the development of scientific thinking.

The ancient Greeks made significant contributions to various fields of science, including mathematics, astronomy, physics, biology, and medicine. For instance, the mathematician Euclid established the foundations of geometry with his treatise "Elements," which became a cornerstone of mathematical study for centuries. Greek astronomers, such as Hipparchus and Ptolemy, made advancements in understanding celestial bodies and developing models of the universe. The physician Hippocrates is known as the father of modern medicine, emphasizing observation and natural causes for diseases.

Furthermore, Greek philosophers, including Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, played a crucial role in shaping scientific thought. They sought to understand the natural world through logical reasoning, critical thinking, and systematic observation. Aristotle, in particular, emphasized the importance of empirical evidence and classification of natural phenomena, laying the groundwork for scientific classification and the scientific method.

In contrast, the other ancient river civilizations relied more on practical knowledge, religious beliefs, and metaphysical explanations for natural phenomena. Their scientific advancements were often intertwined with religious rituals, divination, and supernatural explanations.

The Greeks' emphasis on rational inquiry and empirical observation allowed for a more systematic and critical approach to scientific investigation. Their contributions laid the groundwork for the development of modern science and had a profound impact on subsequent civilizations and scientific thought.

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Please identify and give the historical significance:
Mourning war

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Mourning War was a cultural tradition of the Iroquois Confederacy, which was a union of Native American tribes in the northeastern United States. It was a form of warfare that was waged to avenge the death of a member of the tribe. The Iroquois believed that the spirit of the deceased would be at rest only after the enemy responsible for their death was killed. The Mourning War was significant because it was a way for the Iroquois to expand their territory and to capture prisoners, who would then be adopted into the tribe to replace the deceased. This practice helped to strengthen the Iroquois Confederacy and to maintain its population.

Answer:

Mourning war is very essential part of Iroquois culture. This wars were fought for psychological and spiritual reasons.

In these conflicts, warriors would fight to avenge the deaths of warriors killed in previous battles. These wars were not intended to expand territory.

In 1704, Mohawk Indians attacked the frontier village of Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing 50 and kidnapping 112 more, including John Williams, a Puritan minister and prize hostage, and his children. Mourning wars, which arose from a cultural mandate to replace deceased relatives

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