During eating, the tongue and nose receptors collaborate to send signals to the brain that can provide an idea of the flavor. When one has a cold, the nose does not work well enough to detect smell of the food.
What is the role of receptors in the body?Many receptors on various cell types function differently, such as the tongue receptor, which sends food taste information to the brain. The nose receptors send the food smell to the olfactory region of the brain, but when a person becomes allergic or cold, the nose receptors stop working properly, and the smell does not reach the brain.
Hence, due to these reasons, the nose cannot smell and the person gets little flavor from the food.
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for every molecule of glucose that enters stage i of glycolysis there is an initial investment of 2 molecules of before the subsequent generation of atp.
Before the future production of ATP, 2 molecules of atp are first invested for each molecule of glucose which enters phase I of glycolysis.
Two ATP molecules are invested during the glycolysis energy investment phase, which produces two molecule of glyceraldehyde phosphate. The net benefit of glycolysis is just two ATP because atp Molecules are consumed in the initial part of glycolysis, even if four Molecules of atp are created in the second half. Phase of energy investment. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is created from glucose in a sequence of processes that each need two ATP. Two pyruvate molecule, a total of 4 ATP molecules, and two NADH molecules are produced throughout the process of glycolysis, which begins with glucose. The initial part of the route required two ATP molecules to set up the six-carbon rings for cleavage, therefore the cell gains two ATP molecules overall.
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Which of the following provides the best evidence that glycolysis evolved before other reaction pathways in cellular respiration? A. Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and does not require oxygen. O B. Glycolysis is carried out in prokaryotic cells, but not in eukaryotic cells. ° C. Glycolysis does not involve membrane-bound organelles and is present in virtually all organisms. D. Glycolysis produces significantly less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation.
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Glucose, often known as dextrose or simple sugars, is one of the carbohydrate (monosaccharides).
What happens if you eat too much carbohydrates?An excessive consumption of carbohydrates strains the body's metabolic processes. Over time, ingesting both sugar and starch raises blood sugar levels, which contributes to weight gain, poor metabolism, and an increased risk of heart disease.
What normal blood sugar level corresponds to age?Between 5.0 and 7.2 mmol/L for adults, or 90 to 130 mg/dL. The range is 5.0 to 7.2 mmol/L (90 to 130 mg/dL) for children ages 13 to 19. 90 to 180 mg/dL (5.0–10.0 mmol/L) is the recommended range for children aged 6 to 12. 5.5 to 10.0 mmol/L, or between 100 and 180 mg/dL, for children under the age of six.
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The right answer is C. Almost all organisms engage in glycolysis, which does not necessitate membrane-bound organelles.
Short answer: What is glycolysis?The process by which carbohydrate is taken down to provide energy is known as glycolysis. It generates two pyruvate molecules, ATP, NADH, and water. There is no need for oxygen throughout the process, which occurs in the the cell's cytoplasm. Both and anaerobic creatures experience it.
Why is glycolysis important? What is it?One glucose is oxidatively broken down into two pyruvates as part of the glycolysis metabolic pathway, and some energy is captured as ATP and NADH. Since glucose serves as the body's primary energy source for tissues, glycolysis plays a crucial role in the cell.
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Two closely related forms of the fruit fly Drosophila mate at different times of day. One type
mates only in the morning, while the other mates only in the afternoon. Which statement most
likely describes the two forms of Drosophila?
A. They share the same gene pool.
B. They belong to the same species.
C. They make up two separate species.
D. They are part of populations in genetic equilibrium.
Answer: They make up two seperate species.
Explanation:
many biomaterials are used to enhance the performance of functional, natural organs rather than what?
Many biomaterials are used to enhance the performance of functional, natural organs rather than substitutes for real organs.
A biomaterials is a material created to interact with biological systems for diagnostic or therapeutic (treating, improving, mending, or replacing a tissue function of the body) purposes. An area of study called biomaterials has existed for nearly fifty years. The study of biomaterials is known as biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering. It has had steady and robust growth throughout its history as a result of various enterprises making large financial expenditures in the development of new products. Aspects of tissue engineering, biology, chemistry, and materials science are all incorporated into the discipline of biomaterials science. Remember that a biomaterial is not the same as a biological material produced by a biological system, such as bone. Additionally, care should be given when describing a biomaterial as biocompatible because it relies on the use. A biomaterial that is biocompatible or suitable for one application might not be in another in specific circumstances. Biomaterials can be produced chemically in a lab setting using ceramics, composite materials, metallic or polymeric components.
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what is clorophyll?and how is it used
Answer: The green pigment used by plants during the process of photosynthesis is known as chlorophyll.
Explanation:
Most commonly, chlorophyll is recognized as the component that gives plants their distinctive green color and aids in their ability to absorb energy and nutrients from sunlight.
It is most likely listed as chlorophyllin, a water-soluble form of chlorophyll that contains copper and sodium, if you try to purchase it as a supplement.
It plays major role such as:-
enhancing immunological functioncleansing your blood and removing fungus from your bodyintestinal cleansingstimulating the body, removing smells, and preventing cancerThe majority of drug stores, natural food stores, and health food stores sell supplements containing chlorophyll. Like tablets, ointments, sprays
and liquids. It isn't toxic though but it can also have some risks.
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The Complete questions is-
What is Chlorophyll and How it is used?
1. Which of the following describes a population?
A. 85 great white sharks off Cape Cod
B. thousands of dolphins and whales around
Hawaii
C. a mating pair of seagulls migrating to an
island
D. corals, sponges, algae, reef fish, lobsters,
and giant clams
Answer: A
Explanation:
A disease kills most members of a plant species in an ecosystem. Several animal species feed on that plant species. After a time, the population of those animal species declines. Which is the BEST conclusion about the ecosystem based on this information? A, Many of the animal species that rely on the diseased plant species will become extinct over time. B, The entire ecosystem has no chance of survival and becomes extinct. C, The ecosystem has no chance of recovery from the decline.
Answer:
Answer A.
Explanation:
Many of the animal species that rely on the diseased plant species will become extinct over time
identify the tiny fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption
A. lacteals
B. rugae
C. microvilli
D. villi
E. mecentery
The finger like projections that are present on the surface of the intestine were called as villi
why are villi present on the surface of the intestine ?
The small intestine's mucosal wall develops millions of tiny finger-like projections called villi.
It expands the surface area for greater nutrient absorption.
The absorption process is mostly controlled by the small intestine.
The small intestine has villosa to expand the absorption surface area.
On the other hand, the stomach is an organ that mostly temporarily stores food and aids in the digestion of proteins.
Villi are therefore more appropriate in the small intestine than the stomach.
Villi are the finger-like projections that are found on the intestine's surface.
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if the effective rate of reproduction of an asexual lineage is 12 per year, what would be the effective rate of reproduction of a lineage that was identical to the asexual lineage in every way except that it was sexual?
The effective rate of reproduction of an asexual lineage is 12 per year, what would be the effective rate of reproduction of a lineage are 3.
Although the primary replica quantity, R zero, is beneficial for information the transmissibility of a ailment and designing diverse intervention strategies, the conventional threshold amount theoretically assumes that the epidemic first takes place in a totally inclined population, and hence, R zero is basically a mathematically described amount. In many instances, it's miles of realistic significance to assess time-structured versions withinside the transmission capability of infectious diseases.
R(t) indicates time-structured version because of the decline in inclined individuals (intrinsic factors) and the implementation of manipulate measures (extrinsic factors). If R(t)<1, it indicates that the epidemic is in decline and can be seemed as being beneathneath manipulate at time t (vice versa, if R(t)>1). T
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what is the sequence of events that take place in the trp operon when tryptophan is present? begin with the first event at the top of the list.
Answer:
When tryptophan is present in the cell, two tryptophan molecules bind to the trp repressor, which changes shape to bind to the trp operator. Binding of the tryptophan–repressor complex at the operator physically prevents the RNA polymerase from binding, and transcribing the downstream genes.
what do you predict will happen to the paramecium cell when it is placed in a freshwater environment?
The contractile vacuole removes excess water, prevents swelling/bursting.
What is paramecium?
Paramecium or Paramoecium is a eukaryotic, unicellular organism. It comes under the ciliate group. They have thousands of cilia covering their body, which is how they are characterized. They are mostly found in freshwater, marine and brackish water. Paramecium are also found attached to the surface at times.
Paramecium primarily reproduce asexually (binary fission). They also show conjugation and are slipper-shaped. They are easily cultivated and are widely used to study biological processes.
So, therefore, the contractile vacuole removes excess water which prevents swelling/bursting.
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true or false - ribosomal rna acts as a ribozyme, catalyzing peptide bond formation in protein synthesis.
RNA that has the ability to function as an enzyme is known as a ribozyme. Particular viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes are the principal sources of ribozymes.
What are ribozymes?
Similar to how protein enzymes work, ribozymes are RNA molecules with the capacity to catalyze particular biochemical processes, such as RNA splicing in gene expression. It can function as a protein enzyme in a cell, catalyzing biochemical and metabolic processes because of its clearly defined tertiary structure. These RNA molecules are non-protein-containing enzymes. When Group I introns were shown to be operating as enzymes in Tom Cech's lab in 1982, ribozymes were first identified.
Hence the answer is, true.
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when in the cell cycle are active cyclin d-cdk and cyclin e-cdk complexes required for the cell cycle to continue?
It activates CDK1 by cyclin A, causing the cells to enter the transition to the M phase.
What is cell cycle?
The cell cycle is made up of several steps in which the chromosomes and other cell components replicate themselves to make two copies. The material is then duplicated and given to each of the two daughter cells as the cell divides. Each daughter cell must have its own outer membrane for the cell cycle to be complete.
What is cyclin?
Cyclins are a family of proteins that do not themselves have any enzymatic activity but instead work by binding to CDKs to activate them.
By phosphorylating CDC6 and E2F1, the cyclin A/CDK2 complex ends the S phase, initiates the transition from the S phase to the G2 phase, and then activates CDK1 by cyclin A, causing the cells to enter the transition to the M phase.
Therefore, it activates CDK1 by cyclin A, causing the cells to enter the transition to the M phase.
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the ans regulation of blood pressure is involuntary, yet biofeedback techniques enable individuals to reduce their pulse rate and blood pressure. explain how this occurs.
High blood pressure and pulse rate of the individual are reduced by the biofeedback method in which an individual's physiological parameters are visualized in instruments based on values in instrument blood pressure and pulse rate can be reduced by therapies.
Biofeedback is a technique in which individuals are trained to control their involuntary body function which is usually controlled by ANS (Autonomic Nervous System). This is possible because individuals who are in biofeedback therapy sessions are monitored by equipment that can sense physiological functions. This equipment converts physiological signals into auditory, and visual signals hence the patient and therapist can see or hear how the body is reacting to stimuli. Through techniques suggested by therapists, patients can control involuntary physiological functions of the body. Using biofeedback equipment physiological parameters like breathing rate, heart rhythm, finger temperature, and muscle activity of patients with high blood pressure will be collected. On basis of the physiological parameters, the result therapist will design a training program for the patient. Usually, patients are asked to breathe at different rates and contract muscles during therapy.
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What component of the proximal tubule, if not functional, would have the most severe effect on kidney function?.
The proximal tubule's primary role is to reabsorb filtrate in accordance with the demands of homeostasis (equilibrium), whereas the distal part of the nephron and the collecting duct are primarily responsible for the intricate regulation of water, electrolyte, and hydrogen-ion balance.
The proximal tubules reabsorb 85–90% of the bicarbonate, 100% of the glucose, and 100% of the amino acids, in addition to about 65% of the water, sodium, potassium, and chloride. The proximal tubule is particularly susceptible to injury (obstructive, ischemic, hypoxic, oxidative, metabolic), which results in cell death and eventually leads to the formation of tubular glomeruli. This is because it is loaded with mitochondria and depends on oxidative phosphorylation.
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which equation correctly describes the relationship between excretion, filtration, reabsorption, and secretion?
The equation that correctly describes the relationship between excretion, filtration, reabsorption, and secretion is ''excretion = filtration - reabsorption + secretion''.
Filtration is the process of removing solid particles from liquid or gaseous fluids by passing the fluid through a filter media while keeping the solid particles behind. The desired product could be either the fluid that has been cleared or the fluid that has had its solid particles removed.
The most typical illustration is brewing tea. Tea leaves and water are separated during tea preparation using a filter or sieve. The pores of the sieve will only let water through. The filtrate, in this case, water, is the liquid that has been obtained following filtration.
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Compare and contrast the supportive cells involved in the CNS and the PNS that are responsible for myelination and regeneration.
A successful response will include: names, locations, functions, and structures of the cells myelination and regeneration similarities and differences between the CNS/PNS. how their function is affected by M.S.
Both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system contain myelin, however only the central nervous system is impacted by multiple sclerosis (MS). Oligodendrocytes, a unique type of cell, create CNS myelin. Schwann cells generate PNS myelin.
what is neuron?
The two main cell types found in nervous tissue are neurons and glial cells. The cells responsible for electrical signal communication are called neurons. Supporting cells that keep the surroundings of the neurons in good condition are glial cells. Our ability to think, see, hear, speak, feel, excrete (through the bowel or bladder), and move is made possible by the neurons that make up our nervous system. The axon is insulated, protected, and helped transmit nerve signals more quickly by myelin.
Glial cells can be divided into different categories depending on which anatomical division they are located in the nervous system. There are oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and astrocytes in the CNS.
The blood-brain barrier is controlled by astrocytes, which are essential for maintaining the chemical environment around the neuron. The myelinating glia in the CNS are oligodendrocytes. Microglia function as phagocytes and support immunological control.
Ependymal cells are in charge of filtering the blood to create cerebrospinal fluid, a circulatory fluid that, as a result of the BBB, performs some of the activities of blood in the brain and spinal cord. Satellite cells serve as support cells for the neurons in the PNS, and Schwann cells cushion the peripheral axons.
One of these conditions is multiple sclerosis (MS). It exemplifies an autoimmune disorder. Myelin is marked by the antibodies made by lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, as something that shouldn't be in the body. In the central nervous system, this results in inflammation and myelin breakdown.
Scarring is visible as a result of the disease's destruction of the axon's protective covering. The white matter of the brain and spinal cord both contain many scars.
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The gopher tortoise is georgia's state reptile. They dig burrows which other animals in the ecosystem rely on for survival. Without them, the ecosystem would collapse. What type of species is the gopher tortoise to the ecosystem?.
The foundation of an ecosystem: gopher tortoise burrows. Gopher tortoises are a keystone species, which means they have a significant influence on their surroundings.
How do gopher tortoises benefit the environment?As a keystone species, the gopher tortoise is crucial to the stability of the ecosystem it lives in. Numerous creatures, including frogs, owls, and even rare indigo snakes, find refuge in the gopher tortoise's tunnels.
If the gopher tortoise became extinct, what would happen?The gopher tortoise is a keystone species, which means that losing it would have a discernible impact on the ecosystem in which it lives. Particularly, other animals rely on tortoise burrows, including gopher frogs, certain snake species, and many tiny mammals.
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A relatively small area with numerous endemic species and a large number of endangered or threatened species is called a _________.
A biodiversity hot spot is a relatively small region with a significant number of indigenous species and endangered or vulnerable species.
Ecologically distinct areas with extraordinarily high species densities are known as biodiversity hotspots, and they are thus top priorities for nature conservation. The term "biodiversity" has several meanings. A species area must satisfy two severe requirements in order to be considered a biodiversity hotspot: It must have a significant proportion of plant life that is endemic, or found nowhere else on the earth, and at least 1,500 vascular plants. In other terms, a hotspot is unique.
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Mara lives in st. Louis, which is close to sea level. She decides to spend a month of her summer vacation working in the mountains outside of denver. After a week in the mountains, what kinds of changes would you expect to see as mara adapts to the higher altitude?.
As mara adapts to the higher altitude, decreased Po2 in the alveoli can be seen.
The oxygen partial pressure drops in three stages before reaching arterial blood from 21 kPa (21%) in the atmosphere. First, the upper respiratory tract humidifies the inspired air, lowering the Po2 to approximately 19.7 kPa (148 mmHg) thanks to the saturated vapor pressure of water (6.2 kPa, or 47 mmHg)Po2 in the alveoli decreases.
other factors like:
Hematocrit increasesIn an effort to provide more oxygen to the blood, pressure in the pulmonary arteries rises. As a result, elevation-related increases in blood pressure are common.The rate of alveolar ventilation also goes up.Know more about partial pressure here: https://brainly.com/question/2828367
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you learn that remains from the same species as fossil b have been found at a site 300 miles away embedded be- tween two layers of volcanic rock. how can this help you?
Fossil B is older than 45 million years or the uppermost layer at the other side (whichever is older) and younger than the lowermost layer of ash at the other site, this may help in this way..
The preserved remains, or traces of remains, of extinct animals are called fossils. The remains of the organism itself are not fossils! They're stones. An full organism or only a portion of one can be preserved as a fossil.
Leaves, feathers, shells, bones, and shells can all turn into fossils. Fossils come in a wide range of sizes. Only a microscope can see microfossils. Microfossils include pollen and bacteria.
Formation of fossils The Latin word fossus, which means "having been dug up," is where the word fossil derives from. Deep underground rock formations are a common place to find fossils. The transformation of remains into fossils is called fossilisation and Fossilization is uncommon.
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To which other animal is the Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) most closely related? (The Clouded Leopard is in the class Mammalia, order Carnivora, & family Felidae.) Group of answer choices House Mouse (Mus musculus) - class Mammalia, order Rodentia, family Muridae Ocean Sunfish (Mola mola) - class Osteichthyes, order Tetraodontiformes, family Molidae Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina) - class Mammalia, order Carnivora, family Phocidae Kodkod (Leopardus guigna) - class Mammalia, order Carnivora, family Felidae Hooded Polecat (Mephitis macroura) - class Mammalia, order Carnivora, family Mustelidae
Contrary to what its name suggests, the clouded leopard is not closely related to the leopard. Neofelis diardi, a different species that can be found on Borneo, is a clouded leopard.
Why do the snow leopard and the clouded leopard belong to separate genera?All other leopard species fall within the genus Panthera, while clouded leopards belong to Neofelis. Because of this, clouded leopards (Panthera uncia) are somewhat more distantly related to leopards (Panthera pardus) than snow leopards (Panthera uncia) (Neofelis nebulosa).
Which of the two varieties of clouded leopard are they?Classification and Evolution of the Clouded Leopard
Recently, the Clouded Leopard was separated into two distinct species: the mainland-found Clouded Leopard and the Sunda Clouded Leopard (Borneo and Sumatra).
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in 3 to 5 sentences describe the relationship between glucose molecules adn the product it makes
During cellular respiration, glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced in the reactions directly that transform glucose.
What is relationship between glucose molecules and the product it makes?Carbon dioxide and water the products of cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is transported from mitochondria to out of the cell, to the red blood cells and then back to the lungs to be exhaled.
Glucose dissolves in water as polar water molecules attach to the glucose molecules. The hydroxyl groups in glucose are attracted to the water molecules by dipole-dipole forces. The strength of these forces is greater than the glucose -glucose interactions.
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if the albino phenotype occurs in 1/10,000 individuals in a population at equilibrium and albinism is caused by an autosomal recessive allele a, calculate the frequency of (a) the recessive mutant allele;
The frequency of the recessive mutants allele is
2pq=2x0.01x0.99=0.0198 of the albinism in population.
Hardy-Weinberg equation is a mathematical version that calculates the frequency of an allele in a population.
p represents the frequency of dominant allele q represents the frequency of recessive allele 2pq represents the frequency of heterozygotes
p^2 2 +2pq+q^2 2 =1
Albino phenotype is recessive and takes place in 1 out of ten thousand individuals. q^2 2 =0.0001 q=0.01
Normal phenotype takes place in dominant homozygous and heterozygous individuals. p^2 2 +2pq=0.9999 p=1-q=1-0.01=0.99
2pq=2x0.01x0.99=0.0198
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you wish to study the protein product of a human gene, and decide to produce large amounts of this protein by expressing the gene in e. coli. as a source of donor dna for this project, the best choice would be:
As a source of donor DNA for this project, the best choice would be a cDNA clone of your human gene.
In the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms, Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia.
E. coli infections are most frequently acquired by the consumption of contaminated food, such as ground beef. E. coli bacteria from the cattle's intestines can contaminate the meat during the slaughter and processing process. Because ground beef combines meat from numerous different animals, the risk of contamination is higher.
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In this activity, we will explore the effect of _______.
a) dehydration on glomerular filtration rate
b) breathing on glomerular filtration rate
c) excessive waste products in the blood on glomerular filtration rate
d) blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate
In this activity, we will explore the effect of ption d-blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate
Glomerular filtration takes place as a result of a pressure difference in the glomerulus. GFR generally increases with increasing volume of blood pressure and heart rate. GFR is lowered when the nociceptors arterioles entering the glomerulus constrict as well as the efferent arterioles leaving the glomerulus dilate. Hypertension has been shown to increase urinary protein excretion, the thickness of the glomerular basement membrane, and the glomerular filtration rate in both glomerulonephritis and normal kidneys.
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which of the following techniques would not be suitable for determining the presence of a specific mrna in a tissue sample? a) rt-pcr b) rna interference c) rna-seq d) microarrays
Techniques that would not be suitable for determining the presence of a specific mRNA in a tissue sample are : RNA interference, RNA-seq, or microarray.
What techniques are suitable for determining the presence of a specific mRNA in a tissue sample?The most sensitive technique for detecting and quantifying mRNA is RT- PCR. Using RT-PCR, even small sample sizes can be used in the quantification of mRNA and the technique can do this using just a single cell.
A number of widely used procedures exist for detecting and determining the abundance of a particular mRNA in RNA sample. But four popular methods are: Northern blot analysis, nuclease protection assays (NPA), in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
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the initial effective exposure to an antigen or an allergen that stimulates an immune response but generally elicits no symptoms is called a(n) .
It is known as a sensitizing dosage when an antigen or allergen is effectively exposed for the first time and causes an immune response but typically no symptoms.
A molecule, chemical structure, foreign particle, pollen grain, or any other substance that can bind to a particular antibody or T-cell receptor is referred to as an antigen (Ag) in the field of immunology. An immunological response may be triggered by antigens present in the antigen. Antibody-like substances were initially referred to as antigens by the word. Addiction to drugs causes drug sensitization, which is characterized by an intensified drug impact after repeated doses (the opposite of drug tolerance ). A sensitizing dosage is a protein called delta found inside mesolimbic neurons and modifications in brain mesolimbic dopamine transmission are both involved in this sensitizing dosage.
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1. What type of cellular transport must occur in order to move water and
balance the salinity levels inside and outside the fish cells - simple
diffusion, active transport or osmosis
2. If there is a higher amount of salt in the aquarium water, what type of
solution is this in relation to the fish cells - hypotonic, hypertonic, or
isotonic?
3. With the higher amount of salt in the aquarium water as compared to
the fish cells, in what direction the water will travel across the cell
membranes of the fish - into the fish cells, out of the fish cells, into
and out of the fish cells equally
loss of pituitary function can result in deficiencies (or loss) of secretions of which hormones? select all that apply.
Loss of pituitary function can result in deficiencies (or loss) of secretions of hormones are Growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and Prolactin hormone.
At the base of the brain, below the hypothalamus, is the pituitary gland, also referred to as the hypophysis. It is a tiny, pea-sized gland. It is located in the sella turcica, a confined area beneath the skull. It is a component of your endocrine system and is responsible for producing a number of critical hormones. Your pituitary gland also regulates the timing and amount of hormone release from other endocrine system glands. An organ that secretes hormones, digestive fluids, perspiration, or tears is called a gland. Hormones are promptly released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands. In order to coordinate numerous biological functions, hormones are substances that communicate with a range of organs, skin, muscles, and other tissues through the blood. These signals give your body instructions on what to do and when. Your pituitary gland is divided into two main sections: the anterior pituitary (front lobe) and the posterior pituitary (back lobe). Your pituitary and hypothalamus are linked by the pituitary stalk, a collection of blood vessels and neurons also known as infundibulum.
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