4. sgRNA binds Cas9
3. Cas9/sgRNA complex binds PAM
5. Cas9 unzips DNA
1. small guide RNA (sgRNA) hybridizes with the target DNA
2. Cas9 cuts DNA
Every live cell has a genome (DNA). DNA is a double helix structure kept together by the complementary base pairing rule, which states that adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine.
Researchers have discovered thousands of genes that might cause sickness in our bodies. Changing these genes in our bodies is difficult, but it is now achievable thanks to the CRISPR method.
CRISPR:
This method is based on natural system used by bacteria against the DNA of bacteriophages by activating CAS9 protein which due to guide RNA recognizes the target DNA and cut it into pieces.
Mechanism of CRISPR:
Initially, tiny guide RNA forms a complex with the CAS9 endonuclease protein.
This results in the formation of a Cas9/sgRNA complex, which subsequently binds the PAM sequence found inside the target DNA.
Cas9 unzips DNA when it binds to the PAM sequence.
The CAS9 complex contains small guide RNA (sgRNA), which hybridizes with the target DNA.
Cas9, which chops the target DNA, detects this hybridization.
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Remnant of low-mass or medium-mass star
PLS HELP do tomorrow
A. White Dwarf
B. Neutron Star
A. White Dwarf is a remnant of low-mass star.
B. Neutron Star is a remnant of a medium-mass star.
What are low-mass and medium-mass stars?Low-mass stars are stars that end up as White dwarfs composed of mainly Carbon and Oxygen. Higher temperatures are detected in the cores of medium-mass stars which allows fusion reactions creating oxygen, neon, sodium and magnesium.
White dwarfs only become medium mass stars when they are composed of higher mass elements. Neuron stars are burned-out cores of collapsed stars with high mass. A neuron star forms when stars of medium size reach the end of its life then explodes as a supernova.
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you find 10 mutants, and want to investigate them further. you wonder if a complementation test will help you determine how many unique genes have been mutated in these 10 mutants. first, you cross mutant one with a wild-type, and you see that the phenotype of the offspring is mutant. from this, you can conclude that complementation tests will definitely not work to help you answer your question.
A single wild type phenotype exhibits numerous mutations. Whether any of mutations affect just one gene, or if each mutation affects one of many genes required for expression of a phenotype.
The complementation test is the simplest way to separate the two possibilities. The test is straightforward to carry out; two mutants are crossed, and the F1 generation is examined. We infer that each mutation is in one of the two potential genes required for the wild type phenotype if the F1 exhibits the wild type phenotype. Alternatively, if the F1 exhibits a mutant phenotype rather than the wild-type phenotype, we infer that the two mutations are present in the same gene.
The mutant allele of gene A and the wild type allele of gene B, each supplied by one of the mutant parents, will both be expressed in the F1 when it is born. The F1 will also express the wild-type allele for gene A and the mutant allele for gene B provided by the other mutant parent. The wild type phenotype is shown because the F1 is expressing both of the required wild type alleles. A mutant form of the gene will be expressed by each homolog in the F1 if the mutations are in the same gene, on the other hand. A mutant phenotype develops in the absence of a normally functioning gene product in the individual.
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will give you brainliest
Examine the pedigree showing the inheritance of the sickle cell trait in a family.
Which option correctly describes the mode of inheritance for sickle cell anemia?
Responses
recessive
X-linked recessive
dominant
X-linked dominant
Answer:
The mode of inheritance for sickle cell anemia is A. recessive.
Explanation:
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder that affects the structure of red blood cells. It is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for the protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen in the red blood cells.
In the pedigree showing the inheritance of the sickle cell trait, we can see that affected individuals have the disorder only when both parents are carriers. This means that the trait is not expressed if only one parent is a carrier.
Recessive inheritance means that an individual needs to inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the disorder. In the case of sickle cell anemia, an individual who inherits one copy of the mutated gene from one parent and a normal gene from the other parent will be a carrier of the sickle cell trait, but will not have the disorder. However, if an individual inherits two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, they will have sickle cell anemia.
Therefore, the correct option describing the mode of inheritance for sickle cell anemia is recessive.
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What is one way radon destroys genetic information in lung tissue cells?
A. Radon breaks up genetic information in DNA with high energy waves.
B. Radon destroys RNA in the cells nucleus.
C. Radon causes oxygen to to heat up and expand in the lungs which destroys the lung tissue.
D. Nitrogen in the air is absorbed in the lungs leading to respiration problems.
Radon destroys genetic information in lung tissue cells because:
Radon breaks up genetic information in DNA with high-energy waves; option A is correct.What is a mutation?A mutation is a change that occurs in the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.
Mutations occur naturally during the process of DNA replication.
However, mutations can also occur as a result of environmental factors such as diet, chemicals, ionizing radiation as well as several other yet-to-be-understood mechanisms.
The production of ionizing radiation disrupts the sequence in a DNA molecule. An example of a molecule that causes a mutation in Radon.
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on october a company committed to a plan to sell a division that qualified as a component of the entity according to gaap regarding discontinued operations and was properly classified as held for sale on december. the division's loss from operations
The -tax amount(s) should Mercedes report as loss on discontinued operations in its 2016 income statement is that no loss was found.
Here we will show the amount of loss :
The amount is $2,000,000 loss, $2,500,000 loss.No loss would be reported.$500,000 impairment loss included in continuing operations and a $2,000,000 loss from discontinued operations.$2,500,000 loss.$2,000,000 loss from operations and $500,000 impairment loss= $2,500,000The amount or income of loss that is described here is impaired lis and is called as impairment loss that is of $2,500,000.
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The complete question is this :
On October 28, 2016, Mercedes Company committed to a plan to sell a division that qualified as a component of the entity according to GAAP regarding discontinued operations and was properly classified as held for sale on December 31, 2016, the end of the company's fiscal year. The division's loss from operations for 2016 was $2,000,000.
The division's book value and fair value less cost to sell on December 31 were $3,000,000 and $2,500,000, respectively. What before-tax amount(s) should Mercedes report as loss on discontinued operations in its 2016 income statement?
The nematode c. Elegans has approximately 19,000 genes, while humans have 25,000. Although the number of genes is similar, humans can make more than 4x as many proteins as c. Elegans. What is the most plausible explanation for this phenomenon?.
Telomerase malfunction, poor telomere maintenance, and shorter telomeres are all caused by TERC gene mutations. The effects of shorter telomeres are especially harmful to cells that divide quickly.
How does positive control affect the expression of the genes in the lac operon?Two distinct proteins govern the activity of the promoter, which manages the lac operon's expression. One of the proteins stops RNA polymerase from trancribing (negative control), while the other improves RNA polymerase's ability to attach to the promoter (positive control).
Which kind of mutation affects the order of amino acids in a protein the most?A missense mutation is a DNA change that leads to a different amino acid encoding at a particular location in the protein.
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Breast milk:Group of answer choicesa. is deficient in iron and vitamin C.b. is more likely than formula to poduce alleries.c. provides more iron and vitaminC and A than cow's milk.d. upsets the baby's digestive system more often than formulas.
Breast milk C. provides more iron and vitamin C and A than cow's milk.
The mammary glands produce breast milk, also known as milk. This can be found in a female's breast. One of the most important sources of nutrition for newborns is breast milk. This is made up of fat, protein, and vitamins. Compared to cow's milk, breast milk contains more iron, vitamin C, and vitamin A. iron is absorbed in breast milk in comparison to other sources. Iron absorption is aided by the presence of vitamin C and lactose in breast milk.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
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Which proteins lends structural support to the chromosome and helps activate or silence gene expression?.
Histones serve as structural proteins. Histones are encircled by DNA, which gives chromosomes their structure. Histones can be changed by adding or removing chemical groups like methyl or acetyl groups.
What protein helps a chromosome maintain its structural integrity?A chromosome's structural support is provided by a protein called a histone. Each chromosome has a long DNA molecule that must fit into the cell nucleus. By wrapping around histone protein complexes, the DNA achieves this and gives the chromosome a more compact shape.
Who or what is responsible for suppressing gene expression?Posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) both work to degrade already-existing RNA. Although the outcomes are comparable, TGS's processes are species-specific, as are PTGS. De novo DNA methylation is connected to gene silencing in the majority of eukaryotes.
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mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. which answer best describes the main immunological function of mucus?
The primary immunological role of mucus in both the respiratory and digestive systems is to enhance oxygen absorption, sweep away waste, and, because it is acidic, destroy bacteria.
A watery fluid that is slick and covers mucous membranes is called mucus. It normally comes from mucous gland cells, though it can also come from mixed glands, which have both serous and mucus cells. It is a thick colloid made up of inorganic salts. an oxygen absorption. The contents of a beef packet's oxygen absorber In enclosed packaging, oxygen is removed or reduced through the addition of oxygen scavengers or oxygen absorbers. They serve as a means of preserving product safety and extending shelf life.
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Biologists divide the biosphere into ______, which are the major types of ecosystems on earth.
A geographically large form of ecology is called a biome. Numerous approaches have been developed by ecologists to categorize the biosphere into major biomes.
What criteria are used to categorize biomes?Based on the species that live there, a place is classified as a biome. Scientists can describe a biome by describing the temperature range, soil type, amount of light, and water that are particular to a location and provide niches for specific species.
What biome has warm summers and freezing winters? trees that progressively lose their leaves?The prominent trees in this biome are called after them because they lose their leaves in the winter. These forests may have a 20 to 30 m tall overstory and a 5 to 10 m tall understory.
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axons leaving each olfactory bulb travel along the olfactory tract to reach the olfactory cerebral cortex, portions of the limbic system.
Axons leaving each olfactory bulb travel along the olfactory tract to reach the olfactory cerebral cortex, portions of the limbic system, trace the olfactory pathway from the time an odor reaches the olfactory epithelium until nerve impulses reach their final destination in the brain.
The cranial nerve 1 (CNI), which is part of the olfactory nerve, and the olfactory pathway carry the odor information from the epithelium of the nasal cavity to the brain.
Supporting cells, basal (stem) cells, ciliated olfactory receptor cells, and other cells (replacing old and damaged olfactory receptor cells). Olfactory receptor cell axons that cross the cribriform plate and enter the nasal cavity's roof make up the olfactory nerve CN I. and enter the nasal cavity's roof make up the olfactory nerve CN I.
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what is the mechanism of action of vasopressin? what is the mechanism of action of vasopressin? decreasing the resistance in the afferent arteriole closure of v2 receptor channels, preventing sodium movement and osmosis of water from the tubule to the interstitial pace opening of aqp2 channels in the basolateral surface of proximal tubule cells insertion of aqp2 into the apical membrane of collecting duct cells
Vasopressin is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis because it controls water resorption through the kidney, smooth muscle tone in the vasculature, and brainstem autonomic function as a key neurotransmitter.
What is Vasopressin?
Vasopressin is a naturally occurring hormone that helps to control a number of bodily functions.
Vasopressin maintains the proper level of water around cells in the body, allowing for optimal cellular activity.
Vasopressin controls the circadian rhythm, or the intervals between sleepiness and wakefulness within a 24-hour cycle.
The body's blood volume, internal temperature, and proper kidney urine production are all maintained by vasopressin.
Both men and women naturally produce the hormone vasopressin, but due to the way it interacts with the hormone responsible for male sex, testosterone, men are more susceptible to its effects.
The pituitary gland secretes vasopressin into the bloodstream after it is produced by nerve cells in the hypothalamus at the base of the brain.
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why does population growth in the united states have a larger effect on the global environment than population growth in india?
Answer:
It has a larger effect because there is lots of carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the air because of the vehicles and the amount of energy used. Thanks:) From a Science Teacher
The genetic material of an offspring of sexually reproducing organisms is best described as.
The offspring of sexually reproducing organisms has genes from both parents, in unique combinations.
What is genetic material?
The hereditary substance in the cell is the genetic material. Genetic material carries all information that is specific to an organism.
Genetic material is also known as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid).
DNA is found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes like bacteria. DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell and sometimes in extranuclear sites like mitochondria (containing mtDNA) and chloroplast (containing cpDNA) in eukaryotes such as plants and animals.
Genetic material is responsible for controlling the organism’s composition. In the somatic cells of a multicellular organism, it is also identical.
The genetic information is passed from parent to offspring during reproduction. In sexual reproduction, the offspring gets the genetic material from both its parents.
Therefore, the offspring of sexually reproducing organisms has genes from both parents, in unique combinations.
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you have added an irreversible inhibitor to a sample of enzyme and substrate. at this point, the reaction has stopped completely. what is the best way to get the activity of the enzyme back up? view available hint(s)for part b you have added an irreversible inhibitor to a sample of enzyme and substrate. at this point, the reaction has stopped completely. what is the best way to get the activity of the enzyme back up? removing the irreversible inhibitor should get the reaction working again. the enzyme is inactive at this point. nothing can be done except add new enzyme. adding more substrate will increase the rate of reaction. adding more inhibitor should get the reaction up to speed again.
you have added an irreversible inhibitor to a sample of enzyme and substrate. At this point, the reaction has stopped completely.
The enzyme is inactive at this point. Nothing can be done except add new enzyme. - is the best way to get the activity of the enzyme back up.
What is enzyme inhibitor?
A molecule that binds to an enzyme and inhibits its activity is known as an enzyme inhibitor. Enzymes are proteins that quicken chemical reactions in which substrate molecules are changed into products, which are necessary for life.
An enzyme inhibitor, which prevents the enzyme from catalyzing the reaction by either adhering to the enzyme's active site or to another location on the enzyme, stops (or "inhibits") this process. Enzyme inhibitors can bind reversibly or irreversibly. The enzyme and irreversible inhibitors work together to create a chemical bond that stops the enzyme from functioning until the bond is broken.
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the ventromedial tracts are important for ; and the dorsolateral tracts are important for .
The ventromedial tracts are important for controlling the movement of the body's trunk ;and the dorsolateral tracts are important for carrying out important cognitive processes as memory, attention.
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a piece of the prefrontal cortex in the mammalian mind. The ventral average prefrontal is situated in the cerebrum at the lower part of the cerebral halves of the globe and is ensnared in the handling of hazard and dread, as it is basic in the guideline of amygdala movement in people. It likewise assumes a part in the hindrance of close to home reactions, and during the time spent direction and poise.
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC or DL-PFC) is a region in the prefrontal cortex of the primate mind. It is one of the most as of late inferred pieces of the human cerebrum. It goes through a delayed time of development which goes on until adulthood. The DLPFC is certainly not a physical design, but instead a useful one.
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The _________ lobe contains the primary motor cortex and mirror neurons. a. parietal b. frontal c. occipital d. temporal
The primary motor cortex, which is in charge of regulating muscle motion, is located in the frontal lobe.
The primary motor cortex and mirror neurons are located in which lobe?The back of the frontal lobe houses the primary motor cortex. The body is somatotopically shown and inverted, with the face taking up more space than the lower leg.
The parietal lobe contains the motor cortex, right?The central sulcus, a sizable sulcus located close to the motor cortex in the frontal lobe of the brain, is where the motor cortex is located. The central sulcus is a groove that runs between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.
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in a pond, there is an algae bloom that doubles in size every day. if it takes 56 days for the algae to cover the entire pond, how many days would it take for the algae to cover half of the pond?
In a pond, there is algae bloom that doubles in size every day. if it takes 56 days for the algae to cover the entire pond, It will take 55 days to cover the half of pond with algae.
Algae are occasionally categorized as "plants" and occasionally as "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
We know that the lake is entirely covered on day 56.
If the lily pad patch doubles every day, the day before day 56, it was covering half the lake.
If we double half a pie we have a whole pie.
It will take 55 days for the lily pad patch to cover half of the pond.
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A segment of dna is represented in the illustration. How is information for a specific protein carried on the dna molecule?.
Answer:
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Explanation:
Hope it helps
Genetic analysis of the dna isolated from an unknown organisms indicates that it contains the gene that codes for telomerase. Based on this information alone, you can conclude that this organism.
Genetic analysis of the DNA isolated from an unknown organisms indicates that it contains the gene that codes for telomerase, the organism is Eukaryotes.
The ribonucleoprotein telomerase, also known as terminal transferase, extends the 3' end of telomeres by introducing a species-dependent telomere repeat sequence. Most eukaryotes have telomeres, which are regions of repetitive sequences, at each end of their chromosomes. Telomeres shield the chromosomal end from DNA deterioration or fusion with nearby chromosomes. Because it lacks telomerase, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster depends on retrotransposons to preserve its telomeres. When lengthening telomeres, a reverse transcriptase enzyme known as telomerase uses its own RNA molecule as a template (for example, in Trypanosoma brucei, utilizing the sequence 3′-CCCAAUCCC-5′). Even while telomerase is active in gametes and the majority of cancer cells, the majority of somatic cells frequently lack it or only very faintly express it. With the cloning of the RNA and catalytic components of human telomerase and the creation of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay for telomerase activity known as the TRAP assay, which examines telomerase activity in a variety of cancers, researchers at the biotechnology company Geron established the role of telomeres and telomerase in cell aging and cancer.
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Type 1 diabetes patients are advised by the doctors to intake prescribed doses of the insulin hormone at regular intervals .what could be considered as a milestone for the treatment of type 1 diabetes
What can be considered as a milestone for the treatment of type 1 diabetes is the use of insulin hormone therapy.
What is type 1 diabetes?Type 1 diabetes is defined as the type of metabolic disorder that occurs when the pancreatic islet cells fails to produce the hormone insulin or produces an insignificant amount of insulin.
The clinical manifestations seen in patients with type 1 diabetes include the following:
Feeling more thirsty than usual.Urinating a lot.Bed-wetting in children who have never wet the bed during the night.Feeling very hungry.Losing weight without trying.The best treatment milestone that can be used for individual with type 1 diabetes is the use of insulin hormone therapy.
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A piece of dna on a chromosome that once coded for a gene but now does not and begins to accumulate mutations would be.
A piece of dna on a chromosome that once coded for a gene but now does not and begins to accumulate mutations would be altering the normal cell functions.
DNA is a flexible and dynamic molecule. As a result, due to a process known as mutation, the nucleotide sequences found therein are liable to alter. A mutation is a change to a gene's DNA sequence. While certain mutations can be dangerous, most do not. A mutation might alter a property in a way that's even advantageous, such making it possible for an organism to more effectively adapt to its surroundings.
Normal cell replication and apoptosis rates can both be impacted by DNA damage, also known as "cellular senescence" or "programmed cell death." Alternately, harm to genetic material can cause cellular dysfunction, cell death, or the development of cancerous cells from normally healthy cells.
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suppose a mismatch is introduced during dna replication. is this considered a mutation? why or why not?
Yes this is considered as mutation.
What is mutation?
A mutation in biology is an adjustment to the sequence of nucleic acids of an organism's, virus's, or extrachromosomal DNA. DNA or RNA can be found in the viral genome. Errors in DNA replication, viral replication, mitosis, meiosis, or other types of DNA damage (such as pyrimidine dimers from exposure to ultraviolet radiation) can result in mutations, which can then result in error-prone fix (especially microhomology-mediated finished joining), error-causing repair in other forms, or error-causing replication (translesion synthesis). Due to mobile genetic elements, mutations can also result from the insertion or deletion of DNA segment.
Mismatch occurred during DNA replication completely changes the information and same changed information is then pass to other generation and so on.
Hence, this mismatching is considered as.
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During interphase, a cell duplicates its __________ and prepares for cell division.
A. mtochondria
B. chromosomes
C. vacuoles
D. chloroplasts
Answer:
B
Explanation:
they need to get copies of the chromosomes for the new resulting cell
what are the general functions of digestive system? what are the processes that digestive system carries out?
Food is broken down into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins by the digestive system.
The gastrointestinal tract, as well as the digestive organs, comprise the human digestive system. Digestion is the process of breaking down food into smaller and smaller components so that it can be absorbed and assimilated by the body.
Peristalsis is the movement of food through your GI tract. Your GI tract's huge, hollow organs include a layer of muscle that allows their walls to move. The movement forces food and liquid through your GI tract, mixing the contents of each organ.
The digestive system ingests and digests food, absorbs released nutrients, and excretes indigestible food components. Ingestion, motility, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation are the six activities involved in this process.
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zinc in its 2 oxidation state is an essential metal ion for life. zn2 is found bound to many proteins that are involved in biological processes, but unfortunately zn2 is hard to detect by common chemical methods. therefore, scientists who are interested in studying zn2 -containing proteins frequently substitute cd2 for zn2 , since cd2 is easier to detect. (a) on the basis of the properties of the elements and ions discussed in this chapter and their positions in the periodic table, describe the pros and cons of using cd2 as a zn2 substitute. (b) proteins that speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions are called enzymes. many enzymes are required for proper metabolic reactions in the body. one problem with using cd2 to replace zn2 in enzymes is that cd2 substitution can decrease or even eliminate enzymatic activity. can you suggest a different metal ion that might replace zn2 in enzymes instead of cd2 ? justify your answer.
a)The pros of replacing zn2+ by cd2+ is that Zn metallothionein was able to efficiently compete with Cd2+, Zn2+ was restored to these proteins for the first time. When Zn2+ is exclusively coupled to Cys-thiolate in mammalian metallothionein, clusters are formed that are both kinetically labile and thermodynamically stable for the metal.
The cons of replacing zn2+ by cd2+ is Cd2+ damages kidney proximal tubule cells
b) Co and Zn can completely replace one another, with the possible exception of minor individual needs that can be satisfied
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rank the following line-angle structures based on the number of carbon atoms present in the longest continuous carbon chain. rank from highest to lowest. to rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
The rank of the line-angle structures is based on the number of carbon atoms present in the longest continuous carbon chain attached in the image.
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound in organic chemistry that is only hydrogen and carbon. The majority of hydrocarbons lack color and are hydrophobic. Typically, their mild odors are compared to gasoline or lighter fluid.
In line-angle structures, carbon atoms are seen at the ends and corners of lines. It is assumed that each carbon atom has four bonds because it is attached to enough hydrogen atoms.
By counting the number of carbon atoms in each compound's branched chain, we can arrange the structures in the image attached.
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What does it mean when says a lake has high turbidity
Answer:The higher the intensity of scattered light, the higher the turbidity
Explanation:
Turbidity is the measure of relative clarity of a liquid. It is an optical characteristic of water and is a measurement of the amount of light that is scattered by material in the water when a light is shined through the water sample. The higher the intensity of scattered light, the higher the turbidity
Question 3 of 10
A mother has two alleles for normal vision. How many of her gametes will
carry the allele for color blindness?
OA. 50%
OB. 25%
O C. 75%
OD. 0%
Answer:
D. 0%
Explanation:
There should be no way for them to get color blindness since she has both alleles for normal vision. Now lets say she had one for normal and one for color blindness then there would be a 50% chance of her gametes to carry color blindness.
I hope this helps!!! :)
n humans, assume straight hairline is recessive to widow's peak. a woman with a straight hairline is married to a man with a widow's peak whose mother had a straight hairline. what are the chances of the couple having a child with a straight hairline?
There is 50% chances of the couple having a child with a straight hairline. If A woman with a straight hairline is married to a man with a widow's peak whose mother had a straight hairline.
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two homozygous individuals, which produces the opposite phenotype for a particular genetic characteristic. A monohybrid cross is made up of two monohybrid characteristics ( straight hairline and widow's peak). The monohybrid cross is in charge of passing one gene on. Geneticists utilise monohybrid crosses to study the expression of heterozygous genes passed down from parents to homozygous offspring.
= Ww ( straight line) x ww (widow's peak)
= Ww ( straight line) : Ww ( straight line) : ww (widow's peak) : ww (widow's peak)
Hence, equal chances exist for straight line and widow's peak.
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