why do alcohols undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with hydrogen halides but not with halide salts?

The volume when the pressure is increased to 90.0 mm hg is 9.33 L.

An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly transferring factor particles that aren't difficult to interparticle interactions. the best gasoline idea is beneficial because it obeys the precise gas law, a simplified equation of country, and is amenable to evaluation under statistical mechanics.

An ideal gas is described as one for which both the extent of molecules and forces between the molecules are so small that they have got no effect at the behavior of the gas. The real gas that acts almost like a really perfect gasoline is helium. that is due to the fact helium, in contrast to maximum gases, exists as an unmarried atom, which makes the van der Waals dispersion forces as low as viable

Using the ideal gas equation:-

Given;

P₁ =  80.0 mm hg

V₁ =  10.5 liters

P₂ = 90.0 mm hg

V₂ =

P₁V₁ =P₂V₂

V₂ = P₁V₁/P₂

    = 9.33 L

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The accumulation of acetaldehyde throught the consumption of alchol or by the use of the drug antabuse produces a feeling of hangover.

This is because acetaldehyde is toxic and can cause a variety of symptoms, such as headache, nausea, dizziness, fatigue and dehydration. It is also believed to be partly responsible for the alcoholic flushing reaction seen in some people. Acetaldehyde is also known to increase the risk of certain types of cancer, especially in heavy drinkers.

Is a colorless, flammable, and pungent-smelling chemical compound. It is a reactive intermediate in a wide range of metabolic processes, and it is also an important industrial chemical used in the production of pharmaceuticals, plastics, and other chemicals.

Acetaldehyde is also a toxic air contaminant and is classified as a probable human carcinogen.

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1.25atm is the pressure required to compress 250l of helium gas.

The chemical element helium has the atomic number 2 and the symbol He. It is the first member of the noble gas group in the periodic table and is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas. Of all the elements, it has the lowest melting and boiling points.

The force delivered perpendicularly to an object's surface per unit area across which that force is dispersed is known as pressure.

Calculations:

Here the temperature is constant.

Given

P1 = 1atm

V1 = 250L

P2 = ?

V2 = 2 L

Hence,

P1V1 = P2V2

P2 = P1V1/V2

P2 = 250L × 1atm/200L = 1.25atm.

Hence, 1.25atm is the pressure required to compress 250l of helium gas.

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For the following radical, all the resonant structures listed in the options are correct.

The process of finding resonant structures for a given radical begins with drawing the Lewis structure of the radical. This includes connecting the atoms in the radical with single bonds and placing the lone electron pair on the atom with the highest electronegativity.

Once the Lewis structure is drawn, the radical can be examined to determine possible resonance structures. Resonance involves the movement of electrons to create different structures with the same overall charge and atom connectivity. In some cases, the lone electron pair may move to form a double bond or vice versa.

It is important to remember that resonance is a dynamic process, meaning that the electrons are constantly moving between the different structures. This means that all of the resonance structures should be drawn and considered when evaluating the resonance of a radical.

Once all of the resonance structures are drawn, the relative stability of each structure can be assessed. This is done by evaluating the formal charges of the atoms in each structure and determining which structure has the most stable charge distribution. The most stable resonance structure will usually be the one with the lowest overall formal charges.

Once the most stable resonance structure is determined, the other resonance structures can be assessed to determine the degree of resonance. The resonance energy of a radical is typically assessed by determining the difference in energy between the most stable resonance structure and the other structures.

Overall, finding resonant structures for a given radical involves drawing the Lewis structure of the radical, determining possible resonance structures, and evaluating the relative stability of each structure. By doing this, it is possible to identify the most stable resonance structure and determine the degree of resonance of the radical.

By doing so, we get all the given structures are resonant structures as they show homolytic cleavage of π bonds to the given radical. The image attached below gives a clear understanding of the resonance.

Hence, all the structres are correct.

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When a material is cooled from a temperature of 225 ° c temperature to 25 oC, 160 j worth heat energy are released. H=0.17 J/g*C is the metal's specific heat capacity if its mass is 5.0 g.

Heat is the interchange of "thermal" energy caused by a temperature difference. Consider a system that is isolated and has two components that are initially running at different temperatures. Energy is transmitted from the large heat subsystem 2 to the cooler temperature subsystem 2.

Atoms and molecules move more quickly and clash when the temperature rises, producing excess heat (also known as heat energy). The energy that comes from a heated substance's temperature is known as thermal energy.

=160 J released

=5.0 g metal

=A temperature change of (225-35) or 190C.

=160J/(5.0g*190C) = 0.1684 J/g*C

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The formula mass of rubidium carbonate is rb2co3. Then  formula mass is  230.95a mu.

[tex]$\text { Wt } \text { of } R b & =85.4678$[/tex]

[tex]$\text { Wt } \text { of } c & =12.0107$[/tex]

[tex]$\text { Wt } \text { of } 0 & =16 $[/tex]

[tex]$\text { Wt } \text { of } R b_2 \omega_3 & =85.4678 \times 2+12.0107+16 \times 3$[/tex]

=230.946

so formula mass =230.95a mu.

The mass of a substance is given in atomic mass units and is calculated by adding the average atomic masses of all the atoms in the substance's chemical formula. The molecular mass is another name for a covalent compound's formula mass.

The total atomic masses of the component atoms of an ionic compound are used to define a substance's formula mass. This is typically used for ionic compounds, which are made up entirely of ions rather than distinct molecules. By summing the masses of each individual atom in the compound's formula, the formula mass is determined.

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The concentration is 1.66x10-24 M if there is exactly one molecule of the solute in one litre of solution.

In this situation, 1 mole is defined as 6.02x10²³ particles, or molecules. As a conversion factor, consider the following:

1 mole = 6.02 x 10²³ molecules.

When only 1 molecule of the solute is present, use this conversion factor to determine moles of the solute:

1.66x10-24 moles are equal to (1 molecule)/((1 mole)/(6.02x1023 molecules)).

Only moles remain after the molecules cancel.

By definition, concentration is the number of moles of a solute per litre. Divide the volume, in this case 1.0L, by the 1.66x10-24 moles to get:

1.66x10-24 molar, or

1.66x10-24 M, = (1.66x10-24 moles solute)/(1.0 litre).

What is a molecule's chemical formula?

Subtract the compound's molar mass from the empirical formula mass. A whole number or a number very close to a whole number must be the result. Divide each subscript in the empirical formula by the full number from step 2 to get the result. The end outcome is the molecular equation.

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HBr + KOH = KBr + H2O is the net ionic equation for the reaction between potassium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid.

In a chemical equation called an ionic equation, the electrolytes in aqueous solution are expressed as dissociated ions.

As a result of the reaction between hydrobromic acid and potassium hydroxide, potassium bromide and water are produced.

HBr ⇒ H⁺ + Br⁻

KOH ⇒ K⁺ + OH⁻

Then equation becomes,

HBr + KOH ⇒   H⁺ + Br⁻ + K⁺ + OH⁻

In this case, the water molecule is created via the reaction of the H+ ion and OH. While the KBr molecule is created when the K+ ion and Br ion react.

Hence, the net balanced ionic equation when hydrobromic acid reacts with potassium hydroxide becomes-

HBr + KOH = KBr + H₂O.

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The structure of the acetyl-CoA is -[SEE aatachemt]

The structure of the malonyl-CoA is -[SEE aatachemt]

The structure of the palmitic acid is -[SEE aatachemt]

So from comparing all the three structures, it is evident that the terminal carbon with attached O= will be the suitable carbon to radiolabel the malonyl-CoA as this carbon will remain in the resultant palmitate molecule to trace down.

A crucial intermediary metabolite in the synthesis of fatty acids is malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) is the substrate that serves as the main carbon source for the synthesis of palmitate (C16), which is catalyzed by fatty acid synthase, in de novo fatty acid synthesis.

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Sodium thiosulfate, also known as Na2S2O3, is a reducing agent that interacts with any remaining oxidizing agent to quench it. (Thus, the name thiosulfate, which is similar to sodium sulfate with one O changed to a S.)

The inorganic chemical sodium thiosulfate has the formula Na2S2O3xH2O. Usually, it can be found as the pentahydrate Na2S2O35H2O, which is white or colorless. The solid is a well-dissolving efflorescent crystalline material.

Some of the negative effects of cisplatin may be mitigated with sodium thiosulfate. When treating cyanide poisoning in an emergency, it is additionally combined with another medication.

Hypo is an acronym for one of sodium thiosulfate's historically more popular names, hyposulfite of soda. A significant inorganic salt with numerous medical applications is sodium thiosulfate. It is also referred to as "hypo" sodium hyposulfite.

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Pb²⁺ (aq) + 2Br(aq) → PbBr₂ (s) is the correct net ionic equation for the given reaction.

When equal volumes of 0.2M solutions of lead(II) nitrate and potassium bromide are combined, it forms a yellow precipitate of lead (II) bromide . This reaction is an example of a double displacement reaction.

A double replacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which mutual exchange of cations and anions of the reactants take place to form two different products. Usually, precipitates are formed in this reaction.

The reaction between  lead(II) nitrate and potassium bromide takes place as follows:

Pb(NO₃)₂ (aq) + 2KBr (aq) → PbBr₂ (s) + 2KNO₃ (aq)

By splitting the electrolytes into ions we get the complete ionic equation which is written as:

Pb²⁺ (aq)+ 2NO₃⁻(aq) + 2K⁺(aq) + 2Br⁻(aq) → PbBr₂(s) + 2K⁺(aq) +2NO₃⁻(aq)

By cross eliminating the ions on both sides of the reaction , we get the net ionic equation which is given as:

Pb²⁺ (aq) + 2Br⁻(aq) → PbBr₂(s )

Hence option (A) is the correct net ionic equation for the given reaction.

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The 5 electrons are present in the valence shell so group number 15 or VA or 5A electronic configuration ns^2 np^3, 4 electrons are present in the valence shell so the group number 14 or 1VA or 4 A electronic configuration ns^2 np^2.

What is an electron ?

The negatively charged components of an atom are known as electrons. All of an atom's electrons combine to form a negative charge that counteracts the positive charge of the protons in the atomic nucleus. In comparison to all the other components of the atom, electrons are quite tiny.

What is an  electron configuration?

The placement of electrons in orbitals around a nuclear nucleus is known as electronic configuration, also known as electronic structure or electron configuration.

A, 5 electrons are present in the valence shell so group number 15 or VA or 5A electronic configuration ns^2 np^3.

B, 4 electrons are present in the valence shell so the group number 14 or 1VA or 4 A electronic configuration ns^2 np^2

Therefore,  5 electrons are present in the valence shell so group number 15 or VA or 5A electronic configuration ns^2 np^3, 4 electrons are present in the valence shell so the group number 14 or 1VA or 4 A electronic configuration ns^2 np^2.

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The percent yield of the reaction is 77.1% while forming lead oxide.

The atomic mass of a chemical element, expressed in atomic mass units. This roughly corresponds to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom (mass number), or the average number taking into account the relative abundance of different isotopes.

To calculate the percent yield, we need to determine the theoretical yield of the reaction. The theoretical yield is the amount of product that would be produced if all of the reactants were consumed in the reaction. We can do this by using the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants and products. In this case, 2 moles of lead react with 1 mole of oxygen to produce 2 moles of lead(II) oxide.

Since we have 451.4 g of lead, that's equivalent to 0.799 moles of lead. From the stoichiometric equation,

We can determine that this would produce 0.799 moles of lead(II) oxide, which is equal to 349.3 g.

The percent yield is calculated by dividing the actual yield (349.3 g) by the theoretical yield (349.3 g) and multiplying by 100.

Step 1: Generate moles from 12g of phosphorus

30.97 grams of P divided by 12 grams of P gives you 0.39 moles of P.

Step 2: Using the formula: 0.39 moles of P * (3 moles of Cl2/2 moles of P) *(70.90 grams of Cl2/1 mol of Cl2) = 41.48 grams of Cl2

Since chlorine gas' supply depletes more quickly, it can be assumed that chlorine gas is the limiting reactant in this situation. Therefore, the theoretical yield of PCl3 produced should be calculated using chlorine gas.

Step 3: Calculate the moles of 35.5 grams of Cl2

0.501 moles of Cl2 are equal to 35.5 grams of Cl2*(1 mol of Cl2/70.90 grams of Cl2).

Step 4: Predict the amount of PCl3 created using mole ratios.

Therefore, the percent yield of the reaction is 77.1%.

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The formula for the reaction between NaOH and HCl is NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O. So, the molar ratio of NaOH and NCl must be  neutralize the solution. So, we require 150 milliliters, or 0.3*50/0.1.

What is the value of a molar?

A chemical's molar mass is its mass in grams per mole. The quantity of atoms, molecules, and ions contained in a substance is measured in terms of moles. A mole of any substance contains 6.022 x 1023 molecules.

What precisely is a molar?

The molars, also called molar teeth, are large, flat teeth located near the back of the mouth. Animals that are mammals have advanced more. Usually used to pulverize food while it is being eaten. The word "molar" is Latin in origin.

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Catalytic hydrogenation is classified as a 1,2-addition reaction. in this experiment, hydrogen was added to the alkene of 1-decene in a syn (cis) fashion.

a) Syn: A process by which all new bonds are formed on one face of the reactant molecule during an addition reaction.

b) the role of platinum metal (pt) in this syn addition reaction is to be a catalyst and be a hydrogen quencher.

An addition reaction in organic chemistry is an organic process whereby two or more molecules come together to form a larger one (the adduct). Because they also have double-bond nature, molecules containing carbon—hetero double bonds, such as carbonyl (C=O) or imine (C=N) groups, can be added.

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an uniform combination known as a solution because seawater has the same properties across the entire mixture.

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the molecular geometry of the chf3 molecule is tetrahedral , and the molecule is polar.

Trifluoromethane, also known as fluoroform, is a compound with the molecular formula CHF₃.

This is because three fluorine atoms and one hydrogen atom are bonded to the central carbon atom, and the carbon atom has zero lone pairs. Therefore, the molecular structure and shape of CHF₃is tetrahedral.

A net dipole moment exists because the CHF₃molecule has three polar carbon-fluorine bonds. Therefore, CHF₃ is a polar molecule.

therefore,the molecular geometry of the CHF₃ molecule is tetrahedral , and the molecule is polar.

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If both electron affinity and heat of sublimation are smaller, then MX would be less stable.

M²⁺ + X⁻(g) → MX(s), + Lattice energy

Therefore, from the given thermodynamic cycle,

Lattice enthalpy = -100-800 = -900kJ/mol

Lattice enthalpy MX = -900kJ/mol

Enthalpy of the formation of MX is given as follows:

M(s) + 1/2X₂(g) --------->M(g) + 1/2 X₂(g)

Enthalpy of formation = +250 kJ

M(g) + 1/2X₂(g)  → M(g) +X(g)

Enthalpy of formation = +350 kJ

M (g) + X(g) ------> M²⁺(g), + X(g)

Enthalpy of formation = +400 kJ

M²⁺ (g) + X(g) 24→ M²⁺(g), + X(g)

Enthalpy of formation = +200kJ

M²⁺(g), + X⁻(g)→ MX(s)

Enthalpy of formation= +900kJ.

Enthalpy of formation of MX = 250 +350 +406-200-900 = -100 kJ

Therefore, Enthalpy of formation of MX = -100 kJ

Since electron affinities are the heat released while the heat of sublimation is the heat absorbed then if electron affinity decreases while the heat of sublimation, increases then the overall enthalpy of formation of MX will be less negative. Hence in that case MX would be less stable.

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The molar concentration of [tex] {SO_{4}}^{2 - } [/tex] is 2.4

Firstly understanding the concentration [tex] {SO_{4}}^{2 - } [/tex], which will be 3. Hence, each molecule will release three sulphate ions.

Molar concentration = number of moles ÷ volume of solution in litres

Molar mass of aluminium sulphate = 342 g/mol

Number of moles = 55/342

Performing division

Number of moles = 0.16

Molar concentration = 0.16/2

Performing division

Molar concentration = 0.8

Molar concentration of sulphate ions = 0.8 × 3

Molar concentration of sulphate ions = 2.4

Thus, the molar concentration is 2.4.

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Answer:

- Pb(NO3)2+2NaI→PbI2+2NaNO3.

- AgNO3+HCl=AgCl+HNO3.

- 2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2.

- KNO3+NaCl=KCl+NaNO3.

Intermolecular forces can be used to estimate relative boiling points (IMFs).The relationship between the substance's vapor pressure and boiling point depends on the strength of the IMFs.

The point at which a liquid's vapor pressure equals the gas pressure above it is known as the boiled point of the liquid. The temperature that a liquid's vapor pressure equals one atmosphere is considered the liquid's typical boiling point (760 torr). The view from a distance. view from a distance of a bubble in hot water.

Boiling point and saturation temperature are synonyms. Sometimes the measurement's pressure serves as a definition for the boiling point. The standard boiling point was established by the International Alliance of Basic and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1982 as the temperature at which water boils at one bar of pressure.

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1.67 atm pressure would be exerted by the helium if the container were heated to 220 °c

P1V1T2=P2V2T1

P2=P1V1T2/V2T1

**   1 atm. 10.0cm3.(220+273k)/ 10.00cm3.(22+273k)

P2= 1.67 atm

Per unit area, pressure is a force that is delivered perpendicularly to an object's surface. P = F/A in mathematics, where P represents pressure, F is force, and A is area. Having simply magnitude and no directed vector properties, pressure is a scalar quantity. The most well-known application of helium is as a secure, inflammable gas used to inflate balloons for celebrations and parades. Helium is a crucial element in a variety of industries, including national security, high-tech manufacturing, medical technology, and scientific research.

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LEAST TO MOST POLAR- hexane,diethyl ether,acetone,n-propanol,water ,methanol

Considering the problem  we can say that the kids are compared to be more polar or smaller molecular weight compounds. The more polar compounds interact with silica more just as the kids bus stopped at every point and reached the destination late. Whereas, the adult bus is compared to be less polar compounds or high molecular weight which interacts less and reaches the destination faster.

Thus more polar compounds reaches the destination late whereas less polar compound reaches first.

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A 3-carbon dicarboxylic acid called malonate is linked to Coenzyme A in malonyl CoA. Using the biotin cofactor of the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase, malonate is created from acetyl-CoA by adding CO₂ .

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acc1p) produces malonyl-CoA, which is produced as the first and only step in the production of fatty acids. The activity of Acc1p is closely controlled both transcriptionally and post-translationally, and Snf1p protein kinase phosphorylation of Acc1p inhibits its activity.

All forms of PKSs use malonyl-CoA as an extender unit. Malonyl-CoA is always incorporated into the developing polyketide through a decarboxylative Claisen condensation between the carboxyl group of a thioester and the enolate ion produced by malonyl-decarboxylation. CoA's .

Although CO2 or HCO3 are not absorbed into the fatty acids, the need for carbon dioxide as a bicarbonate ion is a crucial component in the production of fatty acids. This indicates a method where CO2 is initially given to a precursor, serving its role, and then eventually withdrawn.

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This sample of chromium-51 will degrade from 35 grams to 10 grams over the course of 84 days.

This energy found in an atom's nucleus, or core, is referred to as nuclear energy. All everything in the cosmos is made up of microscopic building blocks called atoms, and the nucleus is held together by energy. A compact nucleus of an atom has a tremendous amount of energy.

The United States, which will produce 771,638 GWh in nuclear energy in 2021, will be by far the greatest nuclear electricity generator, followed by China, which will produce 383,205 GWh. 56 reactors with a total power of 57,848 MWe and 438 reactors with such a net power of 393,333 MWe were operating as of August 2022.

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An acid is more acidic than its conjugate base if its pKa value is less than or equal to seven.

A weak acid and its conjugate base are present in high amounts in buffer solutions (or a weak base and its conjugate acid). Buffers are extremely resistant to fluctuations in pH because these ingredients may neutralize extra H+ or OH.

In buffers, basic species are present to neutralize H + ions and acidic species to do the opposite. These two species must, nevertheless, be able to coexist in a solution without fully negating one another.

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Fluorine contains one total bond, three lone electron pairs, and is sp3, hybridized, thus our approximate bond angles will be 90 degrees. Sulfur is sp3 de hybridized.

One s orbital and three p orbitals combine to generate four sp3 orbitals, each of which has a 25% s character and a 75% p character. This process is known as sp3 hybridization. Anytime an atom is surrounded by four groups of electrons, this kind of hybridization is important.

The process of merging two atomic orbitals to produce a new variety of hybridized orbitals is known as hybridization. Typically, this mixing creates hybrid orbitals with entirely distinct energies, forms, and sizes.

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Temperature will this same xenon gas sample have a volume of 3.33 l is 241.94k.

Charles' law states that the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant pressure is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature. This means that as the temperature increases, the volume also increases, and vice-versa. The equation used to solve gas problems involving Charles' law is:

[tex]\frac{V_1}{T_1}=\frac{V_2}{T_2}[/tex]

Rearrange the equation given above to isolate T2 . Insert your data into the new equation and solve.

[tex]T_2=\frac{V_2 T_1}{V_1}[/tex]

[tex]T_2=\frac{3.33 L\times 473\mathrm{~K}}{6.51 \mathrm{~L}}[/tex]= 241.94k

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If we start with 5.5 grammes of sodium fluoride, 4.1 grammes of magnesium fluoride will be created. Mg + NaF give rise to MgF2 + Na in a chemical process. This reaction uses sodium, or Na.

With the chemical formula MgF2, magnesium fluoride is an inorganic substance. The substance, which occurs as the rare mineral sellaite, is a white crystalline salt that is transparent over a broad range of wavelengths and is utilised commercially in the optics for space observatories. One set of chemical substances can change into another through a process known as a chemical reaction. Traditionally, chemical processes only affect the locations of electrons when establishing and rupturing chemical bonds between atoms.

5.5 g NaF  (1 mol NaF/42.0 g NaF) (1 mol MgF2/2 mol NaF) (62.3 g MgF2/1 mol MgF2) = 4.1 g MgF2

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The Driving force for the given reaction is the formation of H2S (g)

What is a double displacement reactions?

Double replacement reactions—also known as double displacement, exchange, or metathesis reactions—take place when pieces of two ionic compounds are swapped, creating two new compounds.

What is a spectator ions?

Spectator ions are ions that are present on both sides of chemical reactions but do not actively participate in the reaction. The spectator ions on both sides of the equation cancel in the net chemical reaction.

1) Driving forces in double Displacement reactions

Type of reaction -         Driving forces

Acid Base -                    Formation of water

Precipitation -               Formation of a solid

Multiple -                       Formation of gas

2) Spectator ions: K+(aq), Cl-(aq)

3) Driving force for the given reaction is the formation of H2S (g)

Therefore,  Driving force for the given reaction is the formation of H2S (g)

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