which recommendation is the first and most important step in addressing climate change, according to the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc)?

According to the given information, the maximum distance between the satellite and the earth is 510 km.

The function that represents the elliptical route of the satellite is presented as follows;

[tex]\frac{x^2}{47,334,400} + \frac{y^2}{43,956,900}[/tex]

The compass of the Earth, R = ,370 km.

The equation of an cirque is presented as follows;

[tex]\frac{(x-h)^2}{a^2} + \frac{(y-k)^2}{b^2}[/tex]

a = The major axis( the longer axis), which gives the maximum distance

between the satellite and Earth.

b = The minor axis( the shorter axis)

By comparison, we get;

a² = 47,334,400 km²

Therefore;

a = √(47,334,400 km²) = 6,880 km.

The distance between the satellite and the face of the Earth, d, is given as follows;

d = a - R

Which gives;

d = 6,880 km - 6,370 km = 510 km

Distance between the satellite and the face of the Earth, d = 510 km.

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The metamorphosed marble around the solidified granitic magma must be younger than the limestone according to the principle of baked contacts.

In the study of Geology, the principle of baked contacts states that the heat from magma will heat/bake or metamorphose the layer of sedimentary rocks it flows onto, and therefore the magma that comes in contact with the limestone will heat the limestone with an extremely high temperature causing the limestone mineral to grow and fused with one another resulting in a formation of a solidified layer of marble through metamorphism. This extreme heat and pressure is causing recrystalization of within the solidified limestone.

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The granite specimen dates back 2.6 billion years.

Granite is a plutonic rock with a light tint that is mostly present in mountainous areas of the crustal. It consists of coarse quartz grains (10–50%), sodium feldspar, and potassium feldspar. These minerals make up about 80% of the rock's composition.

Briefing :

Given ,As we know that the radioactive decays follow the first order kinetics.

First we have to calculate the rate constant.

Formula used : [tex]t\frac{1}{2}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{0.693}{k}[/tex]

[tex]1.3 billion years[/tex] = [tex]\frac{0.693}{k}[/tex]

[tex]k = 0.533 ( billion years )^{-1}[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the age of the sample of granite.

The expression for rate law for first order kinetics is given by :

[tex]k = \frac{2.303}{t}[/tex] [tex]log \frac{a}{a-x}[/tex]

where,

k = rate constant  = 0.533

t = time taken for decay process  = ?

a = initial amount of the reactant  = 100 g

a - x = amount left after decay process  = 100 - 75 = 25 g

Putting values in above equation, we get the age of the sample of granite.

[tex]0.533 = \frac{2.303}{t} log \frac{100}{25}[/tex]

t = 2.6 billion years

Therefore, the age of the sample of granite is, 2.6 billion years

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Scientists often use climate models, which are programs that combine what is known about atmospheric circulation, ocean circulation, atmosphere-ocean interactions, and feedback cycles to simulate dynamics.

Climate models, also known as general cyclic models or GCMs, use mathematical equations to describe how energy and matter interact in different parts of the oceans, atmosphere, and land. .

Climate models are important tools for improving our understanding and predictability of climate behavior on seasonal, annual, decade, and centenary time scales. Models investigate the extent to which observed change in climate can be attributed to natural variability, human activity, or a combination of both.

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In order to reach the Persian gulf from Iraq, we must have to travel through Kuwait.

Western Asia's Persian Gulf, often known as the Arabian Gulf, is a Mediterranean sea. The waterway, which is situated between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula, is an extension of the Arabian Sea. By way of the Strait of Hormuz, it is joined to the Gulf of Oman in the east.

Persian Gulf is crucial because it accounts for approximately one-third of global oil production, holds more than half of global reserves of crude oil, and contributes significantly to global natural gas reserves.

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The altitude of these satellites above the earth's surface is 3,588 10⁷ m, and the radio signals from these satellites cannot directly reach receivers on earth that are north of 81.3 N latitude because by the curve of the planet; consequently, the signals cannot reach these places

to find the altitude of these satellites above the earth's surface requires the use of the law of universal gravitation and Newton's second law.

as newton laws

F = ma

where,  F is force, M is mass, and a is acceleration

and law of universal gravitation is

G m M / r² = F

where G is gravitation constant, m and M is mass, r is radius

so if we combine it will be

G m M / r² = m a  ...(1)

formula of centripetal acceleration

a = v²/r

where, a is acceleration, v is velocity and r is radius

velocity factor equation is

v = d/t

where d is distance, and t is time

A complete orbit with a time (T) called the period circumnavigates the distance.

while distance of satellite is

d = 2πr

we can combile with velocity formula so,

v = d/t

v = 2πr/T

while,

a = v²/r  ---->centripetal acceleration

so,

a = ( 2πr/T)²/r

a = (4π²r²/T²)/r ....(2)

insert equation 2 in expression 1

GM/r² = 4π²r/T²

GM/r³ = 4π²/T²

r = ∛ GM T² / 4π²

Re is the distance from the center of the earth which is the distance from the surface of the earth

formula of  r is the distance from that object’s  is

r = Re + h

Re + h = ∛ GM T²/4π²

h = ∛(G M T²/4π²) - Re

where, r is distance from that object’s , Re is radius of the Earth, h is altitude

Convert to SI units. time in second

T = 1 day (24 hours / 1 day) (3600 seconds / 1 hour)

T = 86400 seconds

let's do the math

h = ∛(G M T²/4π²) - Re

h = ∛ (6.67 10⁻¹¹ 5.98 10²⁴ (8.6400 10⁴)² / 4π²) - 6.37 10⁶

h = ∛ (75.42 10²¹) - 6.37 10⁶

h = 4.225 x 10⁷ - 0.637 x 10⁷

h = 3.588 10⁷m

b) In the appendix we find that for very large latitudes the straight path from the satellite to the earth is interrupted by the curvature of the planet. As a result, the signal cannot reach these locations

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The term used by geologists to discuss sea-land interactions is an estuary, swampy delta, coastal plains, Uplifted terrace, and sand dunes.

Discuss the terms in detail;

1. Estuary: A place where a freshwater river or stream meets the ocean is called an estuary. In estuaries, brackish water is created when a freshwater river and a salty ocean mingle. Although not as salty as the ocean, brackish water has some saltiness. Other names for an estuary include a bay, lagoon, sound, or slough.

2. Swampy Delta: A delta forms when a river empties into an ocean, sea, desert, lake, or simply into a bog. The main channel of this phenomenon splits into numerous streams, or distributaries Deltaic wetlands have a unique water balance that sets them apart from typical river basins, reservoirs, and lakes.

3. Uplifted Terrace: Any relatively flat area of marine origin that is bordered by a steeper ascending slope on one side and a steeper descending slope on the other is referred to as a marine terrace.

4. Sand dune: A dune is a sand mound that the wind creates, typically along a beach or in a desert. Sand accumulates in dunes when the wind drives it into a protected region behind a barrier.

5. Coastal plains: A flat, low-lying area of land near the water is known as a coastal plain. Coastal plains and the rest of the interior are divided by neighbouring landforms like mountains.

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Answer:

Architecture

Explanation:

One thing that makes synagogues unique from many other religious buildings is the lack of standardized architecture. Catholic churches are shaped like crosses, Buddhist stupas mimic mountains, but synagogues can take any shape or form. Part of this may relate to Jewish history: After being expelled from Jerusalem, Jews were often marginalized and segregated from mainstream society. Utilizing local architecture may have been a survival strategy that helped them blend in.

Although soil is susceptible to erosion, like all core samples, under natural circumstances on moderate slopes, the rate of land production either balances or outpaces the rate of soil erosion.

When water or wind impact separates and dissolves soil particles, the soil deteriorates gradually as a result of soil erosion. Poor water quality, soil erosion, and surface runoff have grown to be important problems all over the world.

The process of eroding away the topsoil or surface layer through the mechanical movement of surface particles caused by forces like wind, rivers, or even glaciers.

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Answer:

The driest month of the year is August with an average daily maximum of 44 C and an average low of 30 C.

Amount and type of vegetation, How dry the soil is, Type of soil on the surface, Steepness of the slope are factors that influence the amount of rainfall that becomes runoff versus groundwater

The characteristics, formation, or phase of the rainfall that is falling to the earth are frequently mentioned while discussing the many forms of precipitation in meteorology.

Precipitation can happen in one of three ways that are clearly distinct. Stratiform precipitation typically lasts longer and is less intense than convective precipitation. When moist air is forced upward over rising terrain and condenses on the slope, such as a mountain, orographic precipitation occurs.

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The western nations were reluctant to support the rebel militias since they didn't intend to be associated with each of the numerous opposition groups. Moreover, although the majority of Western nations were sympathetic to the rebels, they were reticent to provide substantial military support out of concern that it could strengthen Sunni extremist organizations in the rebellion.

A rebel can be defined as someone who stands in opposition or armed rebellion against an established government or authority. In Syria, a rebel militia is a group of citizens who have been trained to fight in times of emergency against the established government.

The group, which is mostly made up of Kurdish People's Protection Units, was founded in December 2015. Its size is estimated to be between 55,000 and 80,000 combatants. Although they oppose the Syrian government under President Bashar al-Assad, they have focused most of their efforts on the Al-Nusra Front and ISIL. 

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Air/wind can move in any direction but if I had to guess it would be southwest

The content and shape of the coastline are significantly influenced by longshore drift barrier islands.

It alters the beach slopes and produces spits, which are long, narrow shoals of land that project out from the shore. Along a shoreline, longshore drift can potentially completely alter or eliminate "barrier islands." Groins effectively restrict longshore transport, trapping longshore drift sediments on the updrift side (a process known as updrift accretion), but they also frequently lead to down drift erosion (a process known as down drift erosion), which is the erosion of sand. A spit is a sand ridge that juts out from the shore. The spit's tip might turn around and head for the calmer waters near the shore. Waves could also deposit sediment to create barrier islands and sandbars. This sheet of water can "capture" and carry beach sediment back out to sea as it moves on and off the beach. Longshore drift is a process that can significantly erode a beach barrier islands.

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Water resources are heavily polluted, salinity of water is high due to the process of oil extraction and refining.

The economies of many Middle Eastern nations, including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Yemen, and Persia, rely heavily on the oil sector. Environments for oil production might vary from one nation to another.

Maximum environmental harm is caused during the extraction phase, when oil is first extracted from the ground, as land is cleared to make room for machinery. Drilling sites' oil leaks damage the local wildlife and vegetation gasoline is produced during the refinement of oil. Oil refineries emit hazardous pollutants into the air and may harm the water nearby.

The stage of transportation could result in oil spills. Spills devastate the coral reef and pollute the water and land along the coast. These results may persist for a very long time.

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A concept map or a conceptual diagram, shows potential connections between concepts.

Technical writers, engineers, instructional designers and others can utilize concept maps to structure and organize knowledge. A concept map often depicts concepts and information as boxes or circles that are connected by labeled arrows, frequently in the form of a hierarchical structure with downward branches, although it can also take the shape of free-form maps.

Concept mapping is a method for displaying these connections between various concepts. Concept maps have been used, for instance with the object-role modeling or Unified Modeling Language formalism, to define the ontology of computer systems.

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Answer: False

Explanation:  I learned this in College Class! The reason it is False is that the Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the planet Earth.

A rain shadow is not brought on by frigid polar air, claims the statement.

The amount or air containing water vapor is known as humidity. The dampness will be high when there is bunch enough water vapor present in the air. As the humidity increases, it feels more humid outside. In meteorologists, dampness is generally portrayed using the word "relative humidity."

Therefore, the sweat evaporation of water slows down so when the air's relative humidity is high, indicating that now the air seems to have a high amount of moisture. The outcome? You feel that it is hotter. If indeed the air is really dry, the opposite happens.

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The slopes that face the northwest are steep and at 10am, they would have received . The temperature difference is approximately on these two different sides of this canyon, just estimating temperatures from the key.

The Northwest Ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established land policy and territory government. Eventually, the area and a tiny portion of the land between the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi rivers were divided into five states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. There are 44,000 people living in the Northwest Territories. Yellowknife, the capital of the NWT, is said to have more sunshine than any other Canadian city. There are 11 official languages in the Northwest Territories. The Northwest Territories once encompassed the entirety of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Yukon, as well as the majority of Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. The original, tiny province of Manitoba was separated from the region in 1870. From the Territories, Alberta and Saskatchewan were established in 1905.

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True, Economically significant trees like spruce will not fare as well in a moderately warming climate as less significant species.

The climate in savannas is pleasant all year round. In a savanna, there are actually two distinct seasons: a very lengthy dry season (winter) and a very wet season (summer). Only an average of 4 inches of rain fall during the dry season. There will be absolutely no rain between December and February. Surprisingly, the temperature is a little lower during this dry season. It is still just about 70 degrees F, so don't expect sweater weather.

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In terms of location, there is a trend in how the sawmills and pulp and paper mills as well as Canada's population is distributed, and this trend is:

The north of Canada is quite close to the North pole and as a result, not many people stay there as the conditions are difficult for human survival. This is why the majority of Canada's population are located to the south.

Canada has a very large Saw mill industry and they are located mostly in the South as well. Based on the map on Canada's forest regions, these saw mills prefer Cordilleran forests as they have their highest density there.

Then there is Canada's pulp and paper mills industry which is also located south. They prefer to stay in the Boreal forest area and this is likely because the trees there favor their industry.

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Answer:

The inner core is not liquid or even molten

Explanation:

So, false.

Transportation, irrigated, productive land, and access to clean water are benefits. Unpredictable flooding and loss of homes, lives, and crops are drawbacks of habitation near river valley.

The term "river valley" refers to the natural channel(s) that a river and its tributaries have developed. This includes the river and any islands that may be there, as well as the river terraces—flat a l l u v i a l plains that the river has deposited—river banks, and flood plain lands. These geological structures are the result of moving glaciers and flowing rivers. The combined effects of gravity, water, and ice result in valleys, which are low-lying sections of land that have been eroded and washed out.

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Answer: These products are very difficult to produce. No other countries in the world trade these products.

The youngest rock is the one with the largest ratio of daughter nuclei to parent nuclei, indicating that decay took place over the longest period of time. Oldest is Rock B.

According to geology, a rock is just a naturally occurring material made up of crystalline crystals of ore deposits that have fused to together form a solid mass. The minerals might not even have formed simultaneously.

They are a part of daily life and aid in the development of new technology. We use mineral deposits for things like construction, cosmetics, transportation, infrastructure, and appliances.

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The interior of the Earth can be inferred from volcanoes, geysers, and hot springs. They also demonstrate one way in which the layers of the Earth communicate with one another.

On Earth, volcanoes are most frequently found where tectonic plates are separating or joining together, and the majority are underwater. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, for instance, has volcanoes brought on by divergent tectonic plates, whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes brought on by convergent tectonic plates. As in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, and the Rio Grande rift in North America, volcanoes can also form where the plates of the crust are being stretched and thinned. A diapir upwelling from the core-mantle boundary, located 3,000 kilometers (1,900 miles) beneath the Earth's surface, is thought to be the cause of volcanism that occurs away from plate boundaries. The Hawaiian hotspot is one example of the hotspot volcanism that results from this. Where two tectonic plates slide past one another, volcanoes typically do not form.

Large eruptions can change the atmosphere's temperature because the Sun is obscured by ash and sulfuric acid droplets, which cool the Earth's troposphere. In the past, major volcanic eruptions have been followed by volcanic winters that have resulted in devastating famines.

In addition to Earth, other planets have volcanoes. As an illustration, Mercury has pyroclastic deposits that were created by violent volcanic activity.

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The statement about the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, option c, the eruption was dominated by basaltic lava flows is false.

Mount St. Helens is an active volcano in Skamania County in Washington. It is a stratovolcano or a composite volcano built by layers of lava. It is also a part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in Western North America which is an extended segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980 which remains one of the worst natural disasters destroying human life and the economy. It killed as many as fifty-seven people were killed and two hundred homes were destroyed in the eruption. It destroyed 24km of railways, forty-seven bridges, and 298km of highway. It was a lateral eruption caused by an earthquake of 5.1 magnitudes.

Mount St. Helena erupted dacite lava with 64% silica and 4% water in it. Therefore, option c is false.

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Regarding the relative location of transport of sediment by a glacier is:  Englacially is Option C; Supraglacially sediment is Option A; Subglacially sediment is Option B.

Glaciers transport large amounts of sediments which may be carried at its base, on its surface, or internally. Englacially transported sediments are carried from within the ice of a glacier. Englacial processes are the body of the glacier or region between the bed and surface. Supraglacially transported sediments are carried from the top of the glacier.  Supraglacial processes refer to the melting of debris-covered ice and re-sedimentation of the sediment cover. Subglacially transported sediments are carried from the base of a glacier. Subglacial processes refer to processes that occur at the ice sheet bed that cause the Earth’s surface to be worn down, broken up, and transported by ice.

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The Atlantic Ocean's hurricane season runs from June to November. An Atlantic storm is less likely to occur in March due to the cool ocean water. When a hurricane crosses land, its wind speed decreases since it formed over sea.

When the ocean water is the hottest, hurricanes form. Hurricane season in the Atlantic runs from June 1 to November 30 every year, throughout the summer months. The ocean surface is warming due to our changing climate, which might extend the hurricane season.

Although the Atlantic basin's official hurricane season runs from June 1 to November 30, tropical cyclone activity can occasionally occur before and beyond these dates. The peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is September 10, with mid-August through mid-October seeing the highest activity.

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