The correct option among the following is C) Retroviruses use viral RNA dependent ONA polymerase also knows as reverse transcriptase to copy RNA into DNA.
Retroviruses use viral RNA dependent ONA polymerase also knows as reverse transcriptase to copy RNA into DNA. Retroviruses are enveloped viruses that have a dual copy of an RNA genome. After infecting the host, the RNA genome is reverse transcribed into DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme that converts viral RNA into DNA.Retroviruses integrate its DNA into host genome using infograse to form a provirus which becomes a permanent part of the host genome. Reverse transcriptase makes DNA from RNA by copying the viral RNA into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule. During the process of reverse transcription, a DNA copy of the viral genome is generated by reverse transcriptase. In the case of retroviruses, this DNA copy (cDNA) is then integrated into the host's DNA genome.
Retroviruses are a type of RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA. Retroviruses are enveloped viruses that have a dual copy of an RNA genome. After infecting the host, the RNA genome is reverse transcribed into DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme that converts viral RNA into DNA. Reverse transcriptase makes DNA from RNA by copying the viral RNA into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule.Retroviruses integrate its DNA into host genome using infograse to form a provirus which becomes a permanent part of the host genome. During the process of reverse transcription, a DNA copy of the viral genome is generated by reverse transcriptase. In the case of retroviruses, this DNA copy (cDNA) is then integrated into the host's DNA genome. This viral cDNA is used by the host cell to produce viral proteins and viral RNA that can infect other cells. Retroviruses are important for gene therapy because they can be used to deliver therapeutic genes into the cells of patients. Retroviruses are also important for cancer research because some retroviruses can cause cancer by integrating into the host's genome near oncogenes.
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Which of the following is not a type of G protein coupled receptor used in hormone signaling? adenylate cyclase phospholipase C integrin
Integrin is not a type of G protein coupled receptor used in hormone signaling. Integrins are a family of cell surface receptors that are important for cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions.
Integrins are not G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) because they do not contain seven transmembrane helices. Integrins are composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, each of which has a large extracellular domain and a single transmembrane domain. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of proteins that are involved in hormone signaling. They are seven transmembrane domain proteins that are activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and light.
The activation of GPCRs results in the activation of G proteins, which in turn activate intracellular signaling cascades that regulate a variety of cellular functions. There are two main signaling pathways that are activated by GPCRs: the adenylate cyclase pathway and the phospholipase C pathway. In the adenylate cyclase pathway, the activation of GPCRs results in the activation of the G protein Gs, which stimulates the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) by adenylate cyclase. In the phospholipase C pathway, the activation of GPCRs results in the activation of the G protein Gq, which stimulates the production of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) by phospholipase C.
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You notice that in regions of your system that lack microorganisms, there is a high concentration of ferrous iron (Fe2+), but where you observe your organisms, the concentration is much lower, so you conclude that the ferrous iron is most likely being used by the microorganisms. Given this information and what you know about the research site, the organisms are most likely using this compound as ________. (Hint – think about all the uses for iron and whether this is an oxidized/reduced form).
A) An electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration.
B) An electron donor during chemolithotrophy.
C) An electron acceptor during assimilatory iron reduction
D) An electron donor during chemoorganotrophy.
E) An electron acceptor during dissimilatory iron reduction
Based on the information provided, the organisms are most likely using ferrous iron (Fe2+) as an electron acceptor during dissimilatory iron reduction. Option E is correct.
In dissimilatory iron reduction, microorganisms use Fe2+ as an electron acceptor in their metabolism. This process typically occurs in anaerobic environments where other electron acceptors, such as oxygen, are limited or absent. By utilizing ferrous iron, microorganisms can gain energy by transferring electrons from organic compounds to Fe2+, converting it to ferric iron (Fe3+). This electron transfer helps drive their metabolic processes.
Option E) An electron acceptor during dissimilatory iron reduction best fits the described scenario, where the high concentration of ferrous iron in regions lacking microorganisms suggests its utilization by the organisms as an electron acceptor in their metabolic processes.
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39. All of the following are true about leprosy except It is rarely fatal if treated b. Patients with leprosy must be isolated C. It is transmitted by direct contact with exudates d. Lepromatous form results in tissue necrosis 40. Legionella is transmitted by a. Airborne transmission b. Food-borne transmission C. Person-to-person contact d. Vectors a. 41. Which of the following is NOT cause by Staphylococcus aureus? Scalded skin syndrome b. Newborn impetigo C. Scarlet fever d. toxic shock syndrome
39. Patients with leprosy must be isolated. The correct option is B.
40. Legionella is transmitted by airborne transmission. The correct option is A.
41. Scarlet fever is NOT caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The correct option is C.
Explanation:
39.
All of the following are true about leprosy except
Patients with leprosy must be isolated. The correct option is B.
It is rarely fatal if treated, It is transmitted by direct contact with exudates, and the Lepromatous form results in tissue necrosis are true about leprosy.
Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae.
It is a chronic, progressive bacterial infection that affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes. If not treated early, leprosy can lead to severe disfigurement, nerve damage, and blindness.
40.
Legionella is transmitted by airborne transmission. The correct option is A.
Legionella is a gram-negative bacterium that causes Legionnaires' disease, a severe form of pneumonia, and Pontiac fever, a milder illness.
Legionella is most commonly transmitted through airborne transmission, such as inhaling contaminated water droplets, mists, or steam. It can also be transmitted through soil, compost, and potting mixes.
41.
Scarlet fever is NOT caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The correct option is C.
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that can cause various infections, including skin infections, pneumonia, and sepsis. Scalded skin syndrome, Newborn impetigo, and toxic shock syndrome are all caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
It usually affects children and causes a rash, fever, sore throat, and strawberry tongue.
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14. Describe the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), and state the clinical applications of each.
15. Describe the three general steps for producing a recombinant DNA (rDNA) vector, state how rDNA can be introduced into cells, and discuss the clinical applications of rDNA.
Please answer both questions
14. PCR (Polymerase chain reaction): Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a common molecular biology technique that enables the amplification of a small DNA segment for subsequent evaluation or sequencing.
15. Steps for producing a recombinant DNA (rDNA) vector:
Gene cloning,Fragment isolation and ligation,Selection of transformed cells.
14. PCR (Polymerase chain reaction): Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a common molecular biology technique that enables the amplification of a small DNA segment for subsequent evaluation or sequencing. It's a valuable tool for diagnosing human genetic disorders, forensic research, and analyzing ancient DNA samples.
Real-time PCR:
Real-time PCR allows researchers to monitor the amplification of DNA as it happens, in real-time. This PCR is used in diagnostic microbiology, gene expression, and detection of infectious diseases.
Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR):
This PCR is used to transform RNA molecules into complementary DNA strands (cDNA), which may then be amplified by regular PCR.
RT-PCR is often used to evaluate gene expression profiles in cancer research and development of new drug therapies.
15. Steps for producing a recombinant DNA (rDNA) vector:
There are three general steps involved in the production of a recombinant DNA (rDNA) vector:
Gene cloning,Fragment isolation and ligation,Selection of transformed cells.
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) can be introduced into cells through the following ways:
Transfection - The introduction of foreign DNA into cells by non-viral means.
Biolistics - DNA is coated onto microscopic metal pellets, which are then fired at high speed into the target cell using a gene gun.
Injection - DNA is directly introduced into the nucleus of a target cell.
Clinical applications of rDNA:
Recombinant DNA has a wide range of applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. The clinical applications of rDNA include the creation of recombinant vaccines, such as hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines. It's also used to produce therapeutic proteins, like insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factors.
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Chlorophyll is located: in the cristae O inside the mitochondria O in the stroma O in the grana The Internal membrane system of a chloroplast is made up of: O grana O stroma Olamella O mitochondria Plant cells are capable of: photosynthesis ATP production Aerobic Respiration All of the above are correct Animals obtain their energy and carbon from: the sun and atmosphere directly chemical compounds formed by autotrophs O inorganic substances both b and c above are correct
Chlorophyll is located in the grana of chloroplasts; the internal membrane system of a chloroplast is made up of grana. Plant cells are capable of photosynthesis, ATP production, and aerobic respiration. Animals obtain their energy and carbon from chemical compounds formed by autotrophs.
Chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis, is located in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in plant cells and some algae. Within the chloroplasts, the thylakoid membranes are organized into structures called grana, which are stacks of flattened, disc-shaped sacs known as thylakoids. The grana are interconnected by regions of the thylakoid membrane called lamellae.
The thylakoid membranes house various components involved in the photosynthetic process, including chlorophyll molecules and other pigments, as well as the protein complexes responsible for capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).
The stroma, on the other hand, refers to the semi-fluid matrix that surrounds the grana within the chloroplast. It contains enzymes and other molecules necessary for the synthesis of carbohydrates, such as glucose, during the Calvin cycle, which is the second stage of photosynthesis.
In addition to photosynthesis, plant cells are capable of ATP production and aerobic respiration. ATP is the primary energy currency in cells, and plants generate ATP through various metabolic processes, including both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis produces ATP during the light-dependent reactions in the thylakoid membranes, while cellular respiration generates ATP through the oxidation of organic molecules, such as glucose, in the mitochondria.
Animals, in contrast to plants, are unable to perform photosynthesis and obtain their energy and carbon from chemical compounds formed by autotrophs. Autotrophs, such as plants and certain bacteria, are capable of synthesizing organic molecules from inorganic substances using energy from the sun. Animals, including humans, rely on consuming organic matter, such as plant material or other animals, to obtain the necessary energy and carbon-containing compounds for their metabolic processes.
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3 Advantages and 3 disadvantages of using colisure as a
detection method.
Colisure is a rapid detection method of testing for bacterial contamination in drinking water. The colisure test utilizes a combination of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG) to detect the presence of Escherichia coli and β-galactosidase detection to determine the presence of total coliforms.
Some advantages and disadvantages of using colisure as a detection method are mentioned below:Advantages of using colisure as a detection methodThe advantages of using colisure as a detection method are:Highly accurate: Colisure test is highly accurate, and it can quickly detect bacterial contamination in water. Its accuracy level is higher than other available detection methods.Rapid detection: The Colisure test is one of the most rapid detection methods, which can give results within 18-24 hours.Flexibility: It is easy to use, and it does not require complex lab equipment or trained personnel to perform the test.
Disadvantages of using colisure as a detection methodThe disadvantages of using colisure as a detection method are:Less specific: The colisure test is less specific and cannot differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. It does not indicate the presence of other harmful bacteria or viruses in water. Limited to E.coli and coliforms: The colisure test is limited to detecting the presence of only Escherichia coli and coliforms and cannot detect other waterborne pathogens.Time limitation: The test has a time limitation of 18-24 hours. The results become inaccurate if the test is not conducted within the specific time frame.Hence, colisure has both advantages and disadvantages as a detection method for bacterial contamination in drinking water.
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List the three types of the muscles and describe the
characteristics of each.
Please avoid plagiarism
Here are the three types of muscles found in the human body along with their characteristics:
1. Skeletal Muscle:
- Also known as striated or voluntary muscle.
- Attaches to the skeleton via tendons and allows for movement and locomotion.
- Striated appearance due to the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments.
- Under voluntary control, meaning it can be consciously controlled.
- Provides strength, endurance, and fine motor control.
2. Cardiac Muscle:
- Found exclusively in the heart.
- Striated appearance like skeletal muscle but with unique branching and intercalated disc structures.
- Involuntary muscle, as it contracts and relaxes without conscious control.
- Responsible for the coordinated contraction of the heart, pumping blood throughout the body.
- Exhibits rhythmic contractions and possesses specialized electrical conduction properties.
3. Smooth Muscle:
- Present in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and other structures.
- Non-striated in appearance, lacking the distinct banding pattern seen in skeletal and cardiac muscles.
- Involuntary muscle, controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
- Functions in controlling the movement of substances within organs, such as peristalsis in the digestive system.
- Exhibits slow, sustained contractions and can stretch and maintain tension over extended periods.
It's important to note that the characteristics provided here are general descriptions, and each muscle type can have specific adaptations and properties depending on its location and function in the body.
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Use the following table with simulated data for days to pollen shed for 3 inbred lines of maize in order to estimate the genetic variance (Vg) v=1/n €(x₁-x)² Inbred lines A B C Mean Environment 1 42 44 46 44
Environment 2 44 46 48 46 Environment 3 46 48 50 48 Mean 44 46 48 46 Select the right answer and show your work on your scratch paper for full credit. a. 5.33 b. 14.67 c. 2.67 d. 12 44
The correct option is (A).The genetic variance can be calculated using the formula Vg=1/n €(x₁-x)².Using the given table with simulated data for days to pollen shed for 3 inbred lines of maize, the Vg is calculated as 5.33.
To calculate the genetic variance, we use the formula:
Vg=1/n €(x₁-x)²where, n = number of observations
x₁ = mean of all the observationx = individual observation
Now,Let's calculate the variance for inbred line A:
For environment 1,Variance = (42 - 44)² = 4For environment 2,
Variance = (44 - 44)² = 0For environment 3,
Variance = (46 - 44)² = 4
Now, we calculate the mean of the variance for inbred line A:
Mean = (4 + 0 + 4)/3 = 2.67Using the same method, we calculate the variance for inbred line B and inbred line C as follows:
For inbred line B, Vg = 5.33For inbred line C, Vg = 5.33Hence, the option (a) 5.33 is the right answer.
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What does DNA stand for? ___________________Why did scientists bombard plants with radiation in the 1960s? ________________What are 4 reasons why scientists inserted DNA sequences into bacteria, plants, and animals to study and modify them in the 1970s)? a)______________ b)______________ c)___________________ d)_______________________
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the hereditary material present in the cells of most living organisms. It is responsible for the genetic characteristics of the living beings and the development of traits that can be passed down to their offspring.
The structure of DNA was discovered in1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick.In the 1960s, scientists bombarded plants with radiation to increase the chances of mutations in their genetic makeup.
These mutations could lead to desirable traits, such as larger or more nutritious fruits, which could then be selectively bred to create new varieties of plants with improved characteristics.
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What are the differences between innate and adaptive immunity?
Describe with examples
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity are two types of immunity. They are both critical for the proper functioning of the immune system. Here are the differences between innate and adaptive immunity:Innate Immunity:Innate immunity is a type of immunity that is non-specific, meaning it responds to a broad range of pathogens. Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. It involves various physical, chemical, and cellular defenses that provide a general response to a pathogen.The following are some examples of innate immunity:Inflammation: Tissue damage triggers the inflammatory response, which helps to protect the body by eliminating damaged tissue and invading microorganisms.Phagocytosis: White blood cells called phagocytes ingest and destroy invading microorganisms that enter the body.Natural killer cells: These are cells that are responsible for detecting and destroying abnormal cells, such as cancer cells.Adaptive Immunity:Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that is specific, meaning it targets a particular pathogen. Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that is only activated when the body is exposed to a particular pathogen.
The following are some examples of adaptive immunity:Humoral immunity: Antibodies are produced by B cells in response to a specific antigen. These antibodies circulate in the bloodstream and bind to the pathogen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells.Cell-mediated immunity: Certain types of T cells respond to specific antigens. These cells either destroy infected cells directly or help other immune cells attack the infected cells.
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Which of the following has a bactericidal (kills bacteria) effect and prevents invasion or colonization of the skin?
Select one:
a.
Langerhan's cells
b.
sebum
c.
melanin
d.
merocrine secretions
e.
karatin
Merocrine secretions are a category of exocrine gland secretions that have a bactericidal effect and prevent the invasion or colonization of the skin. This is due to the fact that these secretions contain natural antibiotics that help to protect the skin from harmful bacteria.
Some of these natural antibiotics include lysozymes, which break down bacterial cell walls, and dermcidin, which is a peptide that has been shown to be effective against a wide range of bacteria. Additionally, these secretions also help to regulate the skin's pH levels, which further inhibits bacterial growth.Sebum is another substance that is produced by the skin that has some antimicrobial properties.
Langerhan's cells are specialized immune cells that are found in the skin and play a role in protecting the skin from pathogens and foreign substances, but they do not have a direct bactericidal effect.Melanin is a pigment that gives skin its color and helps to protect against UV radiation from the sun, but it does not have any bactericidal properties.Keratin is a fibrous protein that makes up the outer layer of skin and provides a barrier against environmental factors, but it also does not have any bactericidal properties.In conclusion, merocrine secretions are the correct answer to the question because they have a bactericidal effect and prevent invasion or colonization of the skin.
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4. (06.05 MC) Which of the following is a means of controlling eukaryotic gene expression? (3 points) a. Methylation of DNA b. DNA packing c. Transcriptional regulation a, b, c a only b only O a and c All changes saved 6. (06.05MC) What would happen if the repressor of an Inducible operon were mutated so it could not bind the operator? (3 points) O Continuous transcription of the operon's genes O Irreversible binding of the repressor to the promoter O Buildup of a substrate for the pathway controlled by the operan O Reduced transcription of the operon's genes 7. (06.05 MC) How are genes coordinately controlled in eukaryotic cells? (3 points) a. Coordinately controlled genes in eukaryotic cells are activated by the same chemical signals. b. Coordinately controlled genes in eukaryotic cells share a set of control elements. c. Coordinately controlled genes in eukaryotic cells are located together on the same chromosome. O ab O a only O conly Obc
The means of controlling eukaryotic gene expression are Methylation of DNA, DNA packing, and Transcriptional regulation. All of these are means of controlling eukaryotic gene expression.
In Methylation of DNA, the process of adding a methyl group to a DNA molecule occurs which regulates gene expression in eukaryotic cells. In DNA packing, the chromatin structure is altered in such a way that genes are either turned on or turned off, depending on the requirement. In transcriptional regulation, the expression of genes is regulated in such a way that the RNA molecules are synthesized from DNA molecules. Different transcription factors and regulatory proteins work in coordination to regulate the expression of genes.
If the repressor of an Inducible operon were mutated so it could not bind the operator, the continuous transcription of the operon's genes would occur. The inducible operon is a gene that is regulated by the presence of a substrate that binds to the repressor protein and changes its shape. As a result, the repressor protein detaches from the operator region of the operon and allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter region of the operon to begin transcription. Therefore, if the repressor protein is mutated and cannot bind to the operator, RNA polymerase will always be able to bind to the promoter and transcribe the operon's genes constantly.
Coordinately controlled genes in eukaryotic cells share a set of control elements. Coordinately controlled genes are controlled by the same regulatory elements and transcription factors, allowing them to be turned on or off together. The regulatory elements can be found in the DNA sequence and include promoters, enhancers, silencers, and response elements. These elements control gene expression by interacting with transcription factors that bind to the DNA molecule. When the transcription factors bind to these elements, they activate the transcription of genes, leading to the production of mRNA molecules that get translated into proteins. Therefore, coordinately controlled genes are controlled by the same regulatory elements and are expressed together
In this assignment, we have learned that there are several means of controlling gene expression in eukaryotic cells, including Methylation of DNA, DNA packing, and Transcriptional regulation. We have also learned that if the repressor protein of an Inducible operon is mutated and cannot bind to the operator, the continuous transcription of the operon's genes occurs. Lastly, we have learned that coordinately controlled genes in eukaryotic cells share a set of control elements such as promoters, enhancers, and response elements.
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The good and the bad sides of smallpox eradication.
Some directions:
a. Why was the eradication of smallpox so successful?
b. Since smallpox was eradicated by 1980, why would we still
need to worry about the virus?.
a. The eradication of smallpox was a remarkable achievement due to several key factors. One of the primary reasons for its success was the effectiveness of the smallpox vaccine. b. Although smallpox has been eradicated, there are still reasons to be concerned about the virus.
1. The development and widespread administration of the vaccine played a crucial role in preventing new infections and reducing the transmission of the virus. Additionally, global cooperation and coordinated efforts by international organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), helped to implement targeted vaccination campaigns and surveillance strategies. The commitment and dedication of healthcare workers, scientists, and volunteers worldwide also contributed to the success of the eradication program. Moreover, the stability of the virus itself, which had a low mutation rate and lacked animal reservoirs, made it feasible to interrupt its transmission through vaccination and surveillance efforts.
2. Firstly, stored laboratory samples of the smallpox virus pose a potential risk if they were to accidentally escape or fall into the wrong hands. These samples are mainly kept for research purposes but raise concerns about accidental release or deliberate misuse. Secondly, the potential for bioterrorism exists, as smallpox is a highly contagious and deadly disease. There is a fear that the virus could be weaponized and intentionally used as a biological weapon. Therefore, stringent biosafety and biosecurity measures must be maintained to prevent any accidental or intentional release of the virus. Lastly, ongoing research is important to study the long-term immunity against smallpox, potential side effects of the vaccine, and the development of antiviral drugs in case the virus were to re-emerge naturally or deliberately. Vigilance and preparedness are necessary to ensure that smallpox remains eradicated and that any potential threats are effectively managed.
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Which of the following is not part of the Phylum Cnidaria? Cestoda Hydrozoa Cubzoa Scyphozoa Question 17 sponges are small, tube-shaped, and the simplest of the three types. Question 18 are known as "True " jellyfish.
Cestoda is not a part of the Phylum Cnidaria. Cnidaria is a phylum of aquatic organisms that consists of jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydroids. They are named for their specialized cells, called cnidocytes, which are utilized in predation and defense.
The animals in the phylum Cnidaria are radially symmetric, meaning that their bodies can be divided into equivalent halves by more than one plane through the central axis.There are four classes in this phylum: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa. Among these classes, Cestoda is not a part of the Phylum Cnidaria. Cestoda is a class of flatworms that includes tapeworms, which are parasitic creatures that reside in the intestines of vertebrates. They have an extremely specialized morphology, which is characterized by a lengthy, flattened shape with a scolex for attachment to the host and a string of proglottids behind it.
Sponges are aquatic animals that belong to the phylum Porifera. They are sessile animals, which means they are permanently fixed in one location. They are the simplest of the three kinds of animals, which also include cnidarians and ctenophores. They have no organs and no true tissues, but they do have specialized cells that work together in order to perform various bodily processes.
They can be found in both freshwater and saltwater habitats, and they vary significantly in size and shape. Many have been utilized for medicinal reasons in traditional medicine.The name "true jellyfish" is used to distinguish the class Scyphozoa from the Hydrozoa, which are commonly referred to as "hydromedusae." Scyphozoans have a gelatinous, umbrella-shaped bell with long tentacles that hang down from it. The bell contracts, propelling the jellyfish through the water, and the tentacles, which are used for feeding and defense, trail behind. True jellyfish feed mainly on plankton, small fish, and sometimes other jellyfish. They are most prevalent in warm waters, but they can be found in a variety of marine environments.
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Visit the links found in Module 7 in Micro II, associated with the television show Monsters Inside Me, and then complete the homework assignment below. If you need additional information, you can look in the PowerPoints in Module 7 or you can look them up in your book or online.
Meet the Elephantiasis Parasite - Video Clip "The 40 Year Parasite"
What is the name of this infection, which can lead to elephantiasis?
How do humans contract this disease (i.e. how is it transmitted)?
Signs and symptoms of the disease:
Describe the course of the disease:
Type of parasite (bacteria, protozoan, fungus, helminth, insect, virus):
Scientific name of parasite (properly formatted):
How can this disease be prevented?
Meet the Common Botfly - Video Clip "Maggots in My Head"
Signs and symptoms of infection:
Type of parasite (bacteria, protozoan, helminth, fungus, insect, virus):
Scientific name of parasite (properly formatted):
How is this parasite transmitted?
How can this infection be prevented?
Elephantiasis, signs and symptoms, and prevention Elephantiasis is caused by a parasitic worm that is carried by mosquitoes. Elephantiasis is also known as lymphatic filariasis. The worms live in the lymphatic system and cause the swelling of the limbs that is characteristic of elephantiasis.
The scientific name of the parasite is Wuchereria bancrofti. Some of the signs and symptoms of elephantiasis include swelling of the limbs (legs, arms, genitals), thickening of the skin, and fluid buildup in the affected areas. Elephantiasis is a chronic disease and, if left untreated, can cause permanent disability. The most effective way to prevent elephantiasis is to control the mosquito population that carries the parasite.Botfly, signs and symptoms, and preventionThe botfly is a type of insect that lays its eggs on the skin of mammals.
When the eggs hatch, the larvae burrow into the skin and cause an infection. The scientific name of the botfly is Dermatobia hominis. Some of the signs and symptoms of botfly infection include a raised bump on the skin, itching, and pain. The bump may contain a small hole through which the larvae can breathe. Botfly infection can be prevented by wearing protective clothing and using insect repellent when in areas where botflies are common. If you do get a botfly infection, it can be treated by removing the larvae from the skin.
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What would increase the probability of a gene tree matching the corresponding species tree?
a. Increasing the number of alleles samples
b. Excluding polymorphic loci
c. Increasing the number of independent loci sampled
d. Using mitochondrial sequence only
e. None of the above
The correct option is (c) Increasing the number of independent loci sampled. Let's learn more about the probability of a gene tree matching the corresponding species tree below.
Probability:Probability refers to the measurement of the possibility of an event to happen. It is defined as the ratio of the number of desirable events to the number of all possible events.
Matching:Matching refers to the process of aligning sequences and/or building trees to test the hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.
Gene tree:Gene tree is a graphical representation of the evolutionary history of a gene or a set of genes. It can be defined as a tree of life based on the gene data.
Species tree:A species tree is a graphical representation of the evolutionary history of a group of species or populations.
It is a bifurcating tree, representing the historical relationships among the species.
Increasing the probability of a gene tree matching the corresponding species tree:
Gene tree and species tree may differ from each other due to various reasons like incomplete lineage sorting, gene duplication, gene loss, or horizontal gene transfer. Some of the factors that can increase the probability of a gene tree matching the corresponding species tree are:Increasing the number of independent loci sampled: More independent loci are required to match the gene tree to the species tree.
By analyzing more independent loci, we can increase the accuracy of the gene tree.
Excluding polymorphic loci: Polymorphic loci refers to the location where multiple alleles exist within a population. The presence of polymorphic loci can result in the discordance between the gene tree and species tree. Therefore, excluding such loci can improve the matching process.
Using mitochondrial sequence only: Although mitochondrial sequences are single-locus data, they can be useful in matching the gene tree to the species tree.
Mitochondrial sequences have a higher mutation rate than nuclear sequences, so they can be helpful in distinguishing recently diverged species.
However, increasing the number of alleles sampled cannot ensure the matching between the gene tree and species tree, and neither can using mitochondrial sequence only.
Therefore, the correct option is (c) Increasing the number of independent loci sampled.
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Amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the release of smaller sugar
molecules from starch. α-glucosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes
the release of glucose monomers from carbohydrates. Inhibitors of
the
Amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the release of smaller sugar molecules from starch. α-glucosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the release of glucose monomers from carbohydrates. Inhibitors of the carbohydrate digestive enzymes α-glucosidase and amylase have the ability to impede digestion and may be used as a strategy for managing diabetes.
Amylase inhibitors can be obtained from several plant species, such as Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), and others. Phaseolamin and kempferol 3-O-rutinoside are examples of α-amylase inhibitors found in P. vulgaris extract. These inhibitors reduce the absorption of carbohydrates and have been suggested to aid in the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperglycemia. The effectiveness of the inhibitors is influenced by the quantity and type of carbohydrates consumed, the type of inhibitor used, and the dose used.
Phaseolamin is less effective when ingested with high carbohydrate-containing foods such as bread or rice due to its poor solubility and resistance to hydrolysis at the neutral pH of the small intestine. To boost the efficiency of the amylase inhibitors, it is necessary to identify and refine them to fit the requirements of each disease and individual. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors work by inhibiting enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates into glucose in the small intestine. Miglitol and acarbose are the two most commonly used drugs to inhibit α-glucosidase.
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Describe the development of iron deficiency, including measurements used to assess iron status, and the development of iron-deficiency anemia. (Ch. 13)
Iron deficiency is a common nutritional deficiency that occurs when the body's iron stores are depleted, leading to insufficient iron for normal physiological functions. It typically develops gradually and progresses through several stages.
The first stage is iron depletion, where iron stores in the body, particularly in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen, become depleted. However, hemoglobin levels and red blood cell production remain within the normal range during this stage. Iron depletion can be assessed by measuring serum ferritin levels, which reflect the body's iron stores. Low serum ferritin levels indicate reduced iron stores.
If iron deficiency continues, it progresses to the next stage called iron-deficient erythropoiesis. In this stage, the production of red blood cells becomes compromised due to insufficient iron availability. Serum iron levels decrease, while total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin levels increase. Transferrin saturation, which measures the proportion of transferrin that is saturated with iron, decreases.
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You have discovered a new species of parrotfish, and are
studying it to write up a scientific paper about it. Which of the
following observations that you have made are part of the animal’s
niche?
Observations that are part of the animal's niche are its feeding behavior, the coral reef environment where it lives, and its interactions with other species. Parrotfish has been found in various reef environments, from patch reefs to outer barrier reefs, in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Some of them graze on coral, whereas others feed on different substrates. Many parrotfish species are crucial to the structure of the reef ecosystem because they keep the reef clean by ingesting and grinding algae on the reef. They also help to change coral reef geomorphology by feeding on dead corals, breaking them up, and excreting them as fine white sand. They play a vital role in the reef ecosystem because of these activities. the observations about the species' feeding behavior, the coral reef environment in which it lives, and its interactions with other species are part of the animal's niche. It's important to note that a niche is a term used in ecology to describe the role or function that a species plays in a particular ecosystem. It includes the type of food the animal eats, its habitat, and its interactions with other species. Therefore, these are essential observations to include in a scientific paper on the new species of parrotfish.
as a researcher, you would need to document all of the animal's observed characteristics and behaviors, as well as any other factors that could influence its survival and well-being. A scientific paper should answer more than 100 words and provide a detailed explanation of the species.
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if a 30 kilobase RNA is turned into a DNA molecule how many base
pairs are there
The base pairs present in the DNA molecule if a 30 kilobase RNA is turned into a DNA molecule are 30,000 base pairs. RNA (ribonucleic acid) differs from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in that it is single-stranded and uses the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose and the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine.
The presence of uracil instead of thymine is the most significant difference between RNA and DNA. Uracil is a nitrogen-containing base that is similar to thymine. Uracil is less stable than thymine because it lacks the methyl group that thymine has. As a result, RNA is more easily cleaved by nucleases than DNA since the absence of a methyl group on the uracil base makes it more reactive than thymine. Because RNA is less stable than DNA, it has a shorter lifespan and is typically broken down more quickly.
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Arthropods have tagma and jointed appendages. Sketch and explain how a typical Hexapod differs from a Crustacean. List at least 5 differences and 2 shared traits along with the overall comparison to body plan organization and unique features.
These differences, both hexapods and crustaceans share the common traits of jointed appendages and an exoskeleton made of chitin. These features are fundamental to the arthropod body plan and play essential roles in their survival and adaptation to diverse environments.
A hexapod refers to an arthropod that belongs to the class Insect, which includes insects such as beetles, butterflies, ants, and flies. On the other
hand, crustaceans belong to the subphylum Crustacea and include animals like crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and barnacles.
While both hexapods and crustaceans are arthropods and share some similarities, they also have several distinct differences in their body plans and characteristics.
Here are five differences and two shared traits between hexapods and crustaceans, along with an overall comparison of their body plan organization and unique features.
Differences:
Number of Legs: Hexapods have six legs, which is evident from their name ("hex" means six).
In contrast, crustaceans typically have more than six legs, with some having eight or even ten legs.
For example, crabs have ten legs, while shrimp and lobsters have eight legs.
Antennae Structure: Hexapods have segmented antennae, usually with many small segments.
In insects, the antennae play a vital role in sensory perception and detecting environmental cues.
Crustaceans, on the other hand, have branched or feathery antennae called antennules and antennae.
These structures are typically longer and more complex compared to hexapods.
Body Segmentation: Hexapods have three main body segments known as tagma: the head, thorax, and abdomen.
The head houses sensory organs and mouthparts, the thorax contains the legs and wings (if present), and the abdomen is responsible for digestion and reproduction.
In crustaceans, the body is divided into two or more tagma. They generally have a cephalothorax, which is a fused head and thorax region, and an abdomen.
Wings: Most hexapods possess wings or wing-like structures that enable them to fly.
Insects are the only arthropods that have evolved the ability to fly actively.
Crustaceans, however, do not possess true wings and are not capable of sustained flight.
Some crustaceans, like fairy shrimps, have small appendages called phyllopod that function as swimming paddles.
Terrestrial vs. Aquatic: Hexapods are primarily terrestrial, meaning they live and thrive on land.
They have adapted to various terrestrial habitats, including forests, deserts, and grasslands.
Crustaceans, on the other hand, are predominantly aquatic, inhabiting marine and freshwater environments.
While some crustaceans can tolerate brief periods out of water, they are generally reliant on an aquatic environment for survival.
Shared Traits:
Jointed Appendages: Both hexapods and crustaceans have jointed appendages, which is a defining characteristic of arthropods.
These appendages, such as legs and mouthparts, provide flexibility and versatility in movement, feeding, and other functions.
Exoskeleton: Hexapods and crustaceans possess an exoskeleton made of chitin, a tough and rigid material.
The exoskeleton provides support, protection, and serves as a site for muscle attachment. However, the exoskeleton in crustaceans tends to be thicker and more heavily calcified compared to that of hexapods.
Overall Comparison:
Hexapods and crustaceans differ in their number of legs, antennae structure, body segmentation, presence of wings, and habitat preferences. Hexapods have six legs, segmented antennae, a three-segmented body, and many insects possess wings.
They are predominantly terrestrial. In contrast, crustaceans have more than six legs, branched or feathery antennae, a cephalothorax and abdomen body plan, and lack true wings. They are primarily aquatic but can tolerate brief periods out of water.
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1. Which of the following is trait linked to indirect male-male competition?
Large size
horns or antlers
spurs
all the above
none of the above
2. In general, which sex has the greater investment in each gamete?
Males
Females
Both equally
There is no pattern
3. Sexual size dimorphism can be explained by which of the following?
different foraging habits of males and females
sexual selection
both of the above are possible
Neither of the above
4. Female lions kill each other's cubs in competition to mate with more males. True False
5. Sexually-selected characters are concerned with........
different adaptive phenotypes for foraging differences
different adaptive phenotypes for predator-escape differences
increasing mating success
all the above
none of the above
1. Spurs are trait linked to indirect male-male competition.
Indirect male-male competition is a type of competition between males for reproductive access to females that involves a variety of traits that provide advantages to males and influences female mate choice. Spurs are used in indirect competition.
2. Females have the greater investment in each gamete. In sexual reproduction, females have a higher investment in each gamete since it needs to be fertilized, developed into an embryo, and brought to term.
3. Sexual selection can explain sexual size dimorphism. Sexual size dimorphism is the difference in size between males and females of the same species. The size difference is caused by sexual selection, which is the process in which some individuals have a greater chance of being selected as mates based on certain features.
4. False. Female lions do not kill each other's cubs in competition to mate with more males. The infanticide strategy is found among other mammals. However, it is not common among lions.
5. Sexually-selected characters are concerned with increasing mating success. The term sexually selected characters refer to those traits that evolved as a result of sexual selection and are generally more pronounced in one sex than the other. They help in increasing the mating success of individuals.
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A sequence of DNA has the following nitrogen bases:
Leading
strand TACCGATGACCGGGCTTAATC
13. How many anticodons would this strand of mRNA need to form the protein? Type answer as the number only.
The given DNA sequence will require six anticodons in the mRNA strand to form the protein.
In mRNA strand, each codon (a sequence of three nitrogen bases) corresponds to a specific amino acid. The DNA sequence provided represents the template (antisense) strand, and to determine the number of anticodons required in the mRNA, we need to consider the complementary codons.
To form the mRNA, the nitrogen bases in the DNA sequence are replaced as follows:
DNA: TACCGATGACCGGGCTTAATC
mRNA: AUGGCUACUGGCCCGAAUUCG
In the mRNA strand, there are six codons (AUG, GCU, ACU, GGC, CCG, AAU) that correspond to specific amino acids. Each codon also requires an anticodon during the translation process.
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Which of the following statements accurately characterize Volkmann's ischemic contracture? (Choose all that apply) In cases of supracondylar fracture of the humerus, Volkmann's ischemic contracture re
Volkmann's ischemic contracture is a condition that can occur as a result of prolonged or severe ischemia (lack of blood supply) to the muscles and tissues of the forearm. It is typically associated with a supracondylar fracture of the humerus, which is a fracture that occurs just above the elbow joint.
The following statements accurately characterize Volkmann's ischemic contracture:
It is characterized by muscle necrosis: Prolonged ischemia can lead to tissue damage and muscle necrosis, which is the death of muscle cells.
It can result in permanent muscle contracture: The muscle damage and scarring caused by Volkmann's ischemic contracture can lead to a permanent shortening and tightening of the affected muscles, resulting in a contracture.
Itis associated with compartment syndrome: Volkmann's ischemic contracture is often preceded by compartment syndrome, which is a condition where increased pressure within a muscle compartment impairs blood flow to the muscles and tissues.
It can cause functional impairment: The contracture and scarring of the muscles can result in limited range of motion and functional impairment of the affected limb.
Early recognition and treatment are important: Prompt medical intervention, including relieving pressure, restoring blood flow, and surgical intervention if necessary, is crucial to prevent or minimize the development of Volkmann's ischemic contracture.
It's important to note that while the above statements accurately characterize Volkmann's ischemic contracture, a comprehensive understanding of the condition would require further study and consultation with medical professionals.
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1. what is the significance of transpiration in preserving rare and endemic plants?
2. what do you think is the importance of leaves in indigeneous communities wherein leaves are used as food and herbal medicine? explain.
Transpiration is the process by which water vapor escapes from the stomata in leaves and other parts of the plant, which has numerous benefits for plants. The importance of transpiration in preserving rare and endemic plants is significant because it helps plants maintain their health, as well as regulate their temperature and water balance.
Transpiration has a significant impact on rare and endemic plants. Transpiration helps the plant to cool itself and maintain a proper temperature for photosynthesis, which is crucial for the survival of the plant. Transpiration also plays a crucial role in regulating the plant's water balance, allowing it to maintain proper hydration levels throughout the day. This is especially important for rare and endemic plants because they may have adapted to living in specific environments where water is scarce or where temperatures are extreme.
The importance of leaves in indigenous communities is multifaceted, and they are used as food and herbal medicine. Leaves are a staple food in many indigenous communities worldwide, providing vital nutrients that are necessary for survival. Additionally, leaves have medicinal properties and have been used for centuries by indigenous communities to treat various illnesses and ailments. They are also an essential source of food for many animals that are part of the ecosystem, contributing to the survival of many species, including humans. In conclusion, leaves play a crucial role in many aspects of indigenous communities, from food to medicine to preserving the ecosystem.
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Your assignment is to find microbes from soil that are
resistant
to the antibiotic kanamycin. Briefly describe a primary screen
strategy for
this purpose. BE SPECIFIC.
Kanamycin is an antibiotic widely used in biotechnology for the selection of recombinant plasmids carrying a kanamycin resistance gene.
However, overuse and misuse of this antibiotic in human and animal medicine has led to the emergence of kanamycin-resistant bacteria. Therefore, finding soil microbes resistant to kanamycin is essential for developing new antibiotics. A primary screen strategy for finding microbes resistant to kanamycin from soil can be conducted in the following steps:
Step 1: Soil sampling - Collect soil samples from different regions that have different climate and vegetation.
Step 2: Soil pretreatment - Heat-treat the soil samples at 80 °C for 30 minutes to kill any non-spore forming bacteria.
Step 3: Enrichment culture - Incubate the soil samples in an enriched medium containing kanamycin as the sole carbon source for a week. This step is to allow only bacteria that have the kanamycin resistance gene to grow and proliferate.
Step 4: Dilution plating - After a week, dilute the soil samples and plate them on agar media containing kanamycin. This step is to identify the presence of bacteria that can grow on the kanamycin-containing media, indicating that they are kanamycin-resistant.
Step 5: Isolation of the microbes - Pick individual kanamycin-resistant colonies, streak them on fresh kanamycin-containing plates to obtain pure cultures, and identify them by using molecular biology techniques such as PCR or DNA sequencing. The primary screen strategy can be used to identify soil microbes resistant to kanamycin.
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What does bovine trypsin inhibitor reveal about trypsin's
catalytic mechanism?
Bovine trypsin inhibitor, or BTI, is a naturally occurring protein molecule that binds specifically to trypsin enzymes. It is used in research to investigate the catalytic mechanism of trypsin.
It reveals that trypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds more than 100,000 times faster than the uncatalyzed reaction. The binding of BTI to trypsin is due to a specific interaction between a small loop on the surface of trypsin and a complementary surface on BTI.
This interaction results in the formation of a stable complex between the two proteins that prevents trypsin from functioning normally.Trypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds through a nucleophilic attack by the hydroxyl group of a serine residue on the carbonyl group of the peptide bond.
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Question 12: In this study, researchers
measured photosynthetic rates with a device that determined the
amount of CO2 absorbed by leaves within a certain amount
of time. In addition to CO2 absorption
The answer to the given question is, "In this study, researchers measured photosynthetic rates with a device that determined the amount of CO2 absorbed by leaves within a certain amount of time. In addition to CO2 absorption, they also measured the amount of water that was lost from the leaves through transpiration".
Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis is necessary for the survival of plants because it provides them with energy that they need to grow and carry out other essential functions.
Photosynthetic rates can be measured by determining the amount of CO2 that is absorbed by leaves within a certain amount of time. This can be done using a device called a CO2 gas analyzer, which measures the concentration of CO2 in the air surrounding the leaves.
Researchers can also measure the amount of water that is lost from leaves through a process called transpiration. Transpiration is the process by which water is absorbed by the roots of the plant and then transported to the leaves where it is released into the atmosphere. By measuring the rate of transpiration, researchers can gain a better understanding of how plants use water and how this affects photosynthetic rates.
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Are
graded potential local to the dendrites anf soma of a neuron? Yes
or no? No explanation needed
Yes, graded potentials are local to the dendrites and soma of a neuron.
Graded potentials are changes in the membrane potential of a neuron that occur in response to incoming signals. They can be either depolarizing (making the cell more positive) or hyperpolarizing (making the cell more negative). Graded potentials are called "graded" because their magnitude can vary, depending on the strength of the stimulus.
These potentials are typically generated in the dendrites and soma (cell body) of a neuron, where they serve as local signals. Graded potentials can result from the opening or closing of ion channels in response to neurotransmitters, sensory stimuli, or other electrical signals.
Unlike action potentials, which are all-or-nothing events that propagate along the axon, graded potentials do not propagate as far and decay over short distances. However, if a graded potential is strong enough, it can trigger the initiation of an action potential at the axon hillock, leading to the transmission of the signal down the neuron.
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In eukaryotic flagella, the arrangement of microtubles is O9+3 O9+0 O9+4 9+2
Flagella and cilia are structures present in eukaryotic cells that enable the cells to move. Flagella are long, hair-like structures that are usually present singly, whereas cilia are shorter, hair-like structures that are usually present in large numbers in the cell.
The eukaryotic flagellum has a characteristic "9 + 2" arrangement of microtubules that are responsible for its structure and movement. The arrangement of micro tubules in eukaryotic flagella is thus 9+2. It consists of a central pair of microtubules surrounded by nine doublet micro tubules arranged in a ring around the central pair.
The movement generated by the central pair of microtubules is powered by ATP hydrolysis and dynein motor proteins. The dynein motor proteins move along the microtubules and generate movement by sliding the microtubules past one another, which results in the bending of the flagellum.In conclusion, the arrangement of microtubules in eukaryotic flagella is 9+2. It consists of a central pair of microtubules surrounded by nine doublet microtubules arranged in a ring around the central pair. This arrangement is responsible for the structure and movement of the flagellum.
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