The ionic compounds that would be expected to have the highest lattice energy is KF>KCl>KBr>KI.
Lattice energy can be defined as the energy required to convert one mole of an ionic solid into gaseous ionic constituents. Alternatively, it can be defined as the energy that must be supplied to one mole of an ionic crystal in order to separate it into gaseous ions in a vacuum via an endothermic process.
As we increase the ion charge variable, lattice energy generally increases. This means that ions with larger charge values will produce ionic compounds with greater lattice energies. In turn, the ions that are possessing weaker charges decrease the lattice energies of their compounds.
Lattice energy is directly proportional to the charge of the ions and inversely proportional to the size of the ions. Thus lattice energy increases as the size of anion decreases.
Therefore the order here would be KF>KCl>KBr>KI.
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Neutral atoms of neon with atomic number 10 have the same number of electrons as.
The number of electrons and protons in neon neutral atoms with atomic number 10 is equal. The number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom.
Consequently, there are 10 electrons in the neutral neon atom. The positive nuclear charge and the other (Z - 1) negative electrons in the atom create electric fields that have an impact on each electron. The charge number of an atomic nucleus is the atomic number or nuclear charge number (sign Z) of a chemical element. This is equivalent for conventional nuclei to the proton number (np), or the number of protons present in the nucleus of each atom of that element. The particles with positive charges are called protons.
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determine the errors (if any) with each galvanic cell set-up when the anode is on the left. (select all that apply.)
The electrodes and solutions are in the wrong compartment is the error in the galvanic cell set-up when the anode is on the left.
An electrochemical cell in which an electric current is generated by spontaneous Oxidation-Reduction reactions is called a galvanic cell or voltaic cell, after the scientists Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta, respectively. Galvanic cells are two types of electrochemical devices that use chemical energy from spontaneous redox reactions to produce electricity. Convectional cell An electrochemical device known as a voltaic cell uses chemical reactions to produce electricity.
When making contact with a nonmetallic component of a circuit, an electrode is used as an electrical conductor. Depending on the type of battery, electrodes, which are crucial components, can be made of a number of materials. To make contact with a nonmetallic component of a circuit, a conductor called an electrode is used.
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what is the concentration of h2so4 if 12.3 ml of 0.200 m naoh solution is needed to neutralize 10.0 ml of h2so4 solution, ?
Concentration of h2so4 if 12.3 ml of 0.200 m naoh solution is needed to neutralize 10.0 ml of h2so4 solution is 0.123 M
What is neutralization reaction?
The term "neutralization" in the context of a chemical reaction refers to a reaction between an acid and a base or alkali. In the past, this reaction was denoted by the following equation: acid + base (alkali) salt + water.
For instance:
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
As long as it is acknowledged that the compounds involved are susceptible to dissociation in an aqueous solution, which alters the ionization state of the substances, the statement is still true. Because neutralization is a quantitative reaction and the reaction is complete, the arrow symbol,, is utilized. Brnsted-Lowry acid-base theory serves as the foundation for a more comprehensive definition.
A + BH = AH + B
Hence, concentration of h2so4 if 12.3 ml of 0.200 m naoh solution is needed to neutralize 10.0 ml of h2so4 solution is 0.123 M
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I need help making a closing for my Gobi Desert.
Answer:
in conclusion the gobi dessert is one of the hottest desserts
how much heat is produced by combustion of 125 g of methanol under standard state conditions? ch3oh 3/2 o2 → co2 2h2o ∆hc
The heat produced by a combustion of 125g of methanol under standard state of the condition is 2836.29 kJ. The combustion reaction of methanol is 2CH₃OH+3O₂→2CO₂+4H₂O
The value for standard enthalpy of the combustion of a methanol is ΔH°=-726.1kJ/mol. It means that 1 mole of methanol on combustion releases 726.1 kJ of energy. First, we need to find molar mass of CH₃OH.
The molar mass of CH₃OH is
Molar mass=12+(4×1)+16
=12+4+16
=32g/mol
And the number of moles for CH₃OH is
moles=125g×(1 mol/32g)
moles=3.9062 mol
For one mole, we have 726.1 kJ of energy. Hence, energy for 3.9062 mol is
(726.1 kJ/mol)×3.9062 mol
=2836.29 kJ
Therefore, the heat produced by 125g of methanol is 2836.29 kJ.
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how many liters of a 0.209m ki solution is needed to completly react with 2.43 g of cu(no3)2 according to the balanced chemical reaction
In accordance with the balanced chemical reaction, volume in L = 0.25 L of a 0.209m ki solution is required to upon and with 2.43 g of cu(no3)2.
Reaction: What does that mean?Chemical processes occur when atoms form or break chemical bonds. The molecules that start a chemical reaction are known as reactants, and the substances that are produced of the reaction are known as products.
What employs a response?Chemical changes create the preponderance of our power generation. Chemical reactions are used to test, identify, and evaluate a wide variety of materials. Examples include pool lab tests and forensic testing from series like "CSI."
Briefing:Mass of Cu(NO₃)₂ = 2.43 g
Volume of KI = ?
Balanced chemical equation:
4KI + 2Cu(NO3)2 = 2CuI + I2 + 4KNO3
Moles of Cu(NO₃)₂:
Mass x molar mass Equals number of moles
2.43 g/187.56 g/mol is the number of moles.
Number of moles = 0.013 mol
Cu(NO₃)₂ : KI
2 : 4
0.013 : 4 × 0.013=0.052 mol
Volume of KI:
amount in L = solute moles/molarity
volume in mol/mol/L = 0.052 mol/mol/L
volume in L = 0.25 L
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draw the lewis structure for so3 and answer the following questions. how many valence electrons are present in this compound? how many bonding electrons are present in this compound? how many lone pair (non-bonding) electrons are present in this compound?
The Lewis structure of SO₃ is can be seen in the attached image.
The valence electrons present in this compound are: 6 VE for each atom (24 electrons).The total bonding electrons present are: 3 pairs of double bonding (12 electrons).The total lone pair electrons present are: 4 for each O atom (12 electrons/8 pair of electrons).What is the difference between valence, bonding, and lone pair electrons?The difference between those three are:
Valence electrons are the electrons located at the outer shell of an atom. These electrons are the furthest from the nucleus, so they tend to bond with electrons from the other atoms. Bonding electrons are the electrons involve in chemical bonding with the other atom that joins as the bond pairs. There are three types of bonding: single bonding, double bonding, and triple bonding.Lone pair electrons are the valence electrons pair that have not formed a bond with the other atoms.Learn more about bond order here https://brainly.com/question/9713842
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A rock sample originally contains 3.13 mg of U-238. How much Pb-206 will be in the rock sample when it is 4.6 × 10^8 years old? The half-life of uranium−238 is 4.51 × 10^9 years.
i know it its 14.8
g g gg g g g g g g
when the following events at the neuromuscular junction are put in proper sequence, the third event is
when the following events at the neuromuscular junction are put in proper sequence, the third event is neurotransmitter is released.
Across a synapse, a neuron releases a signalling chemical called a neurotransmitter to influence the other cell. Any major body component or target cell that receives the signal could be another neuron, a gland, or a muscle cell, among other possibilities. Your body cannot function without neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers. From one neuron to the following target cell, they must transfer chemical messages.
A motor nerve's terminal end and a muscle form the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), which is a synaptic connection. From the nerve to the muscle, action potentials are transmitted there. The synapse between a neuron and a muscle is called a neuromuscular junction.
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If the half-life of a radioactive element is 8 years, what percentage of the original sample would be left after 32 years?.
The half-life of a radioactive element is 8 years, the percentage of the original sample would be left after 32 years is 6.25%
What is half life ?
The amount of time it takes for a radioactive element to decay to half its original value is known as its half life. The time it takes for a source's activity to decrease to half its initial value is implied by this to be the definition of a half life.
Let us consider half life as t1/2=8years t=32 years
∴ n=t/t1/2 =4 years
Amount of remaining radioactive element, R=Ro/2n
Therefore R/Ro=1/ 2^4 = 0.0625
Percentage of original sample remained, RoR×100=6.25%
Therefore half-life of a radioactive element is 8 years, the percentage of the original sample would be left after 32 years is 6.25%
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Balance the chemical equation
C2H6+O2=CO2+H2O
Answer:
The balanced equation is following:
2C^2H^6 + 7O^2 ⇒ 4CO^2 + 6H^2O
Hope that helps :)
Radiation is a method of thermal energy transfer. it refers to the transfer of heat energy that moves –
Radiation refers to the transfer of heat energy that moves through empty space.
Depending on the energy of the radiated particles, radiation is frequently divided into ionizing and non-ionizing categories. More than 10 eV is carried by ionizing radiation, which is sufficient to ionize atoms and molecules and rupture chemical bonds.
Due to the significant differences in how toxic these substances are to living things, this distinction is crucial. Radioactive substances that generate radiation in the form of helium nuclei, electrons or positrons, or photons are frequently sources of ionizing radiation.
Other sources include X-rays from radiography tests used in medicine as well as muons, mesons, positrons, neutrons, and other particles that are created when primary cosmic rays contact with the atmosphere of Earth.
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in some reactions forming a chalcone, it is possible to isolate the beta-hydroxyketone intermediate prior to dehydration. does this possibility suggest which step is the rate-determining step? yes or no. b. if so, which is the rate-determining step?
Yes because It is possible to isolate the beta-hydroxyketone intermediate in several chalcone-forming processes before dehydration.
Is the rate determining step the first step?The rate-determining step is a common feature of many response mechanisms. This step is significantly slower than the others. The rate law for the whole reaction may be determined directly from the molar ratio of the step's balancing equation if the rate-determining stage is really the first phase in a mechanism.
Why does the step that determines rate have to be the slowest?This is because a phase that moves slowly needs more time to complete since it may entail numerous other processes. As an illustration, a reactant would need to disseminate or migrating to a certain reaction site before the other reaction can occur, which then immediately creates a product.
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what is the limiting reactant and the moles of nh3 that can be formed when 27.4g of n2 is reacted with 15.8g of h2 in the following reaction; n2 3 h2
The limiting reactant and the maximum possible moles of nh3 restricting reactant 25.0 g of N2, and 30.4 g of NH3 were produced.
What shape does the malignant mole have?Border that is erroneous Frequently, the margins are jagged, serrated, or blurry in outline. unbalanced color: There might be various tones of tan, brown, and black. There may also be white, gray, red, pink, or blue patches.
When should a mole cause concern?If a mole changes shape or seems uneven, whether it is new or old, it is crucial to get it examined. changes hue, becomes darker, or possesses more than two colors. starts to scratch, crust over, flake, or bleed.
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calculate the quantity of 0.001 m aq naoh needed to neutralize the hcl produced by complete solvolysis
The quantity of 0.001 m aq naoh needed to neutralize the hcl produced by complete solvolysis is 200 ml.
Solvolysis is a type of nucleophilic substitution or elimination wherein the nucleophile is a solvent molecule. function of SN1 reactions, solvolysis of a chiral reactant provides the racemate.
Calculation :-
using the titration equation,
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
substituting values
V₁ = M₂ V₂/M₁
= 0.2 × 10 ml /0.01
= 2/0.01 ml
= 200 ml.
A reaction in which the solvent is a reactant, and turns into part of the response product. Hydrolysis of tert-butyl chloride; solvent = water. Fischer esterification reaction; solvent = methanol. related phrases: Alcoholysis, aminolysis.
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Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for the complete question.
Calculate the quantity of 0.01M aq NaOH needed to neutralize the HCl produced by complete solvolysis of the t-BuCl in 10ml of 0.2M t-BuCl in acetone.
What key features should be present in the ir spectrum of your product if you successfully made the desired bromohydrin? what key features should be absent from the ir spectrum if the starting material was completely reacted?.
Stretching frequency will be increased for bonds with higher bond strengths. Higher atomic mass atoms in the bond will result in lower stretching frequency values in the IR spectrum.
The IR spectrum is what?A popular absorption technique in both qualitative and quantitative assessments is infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Electromagnetic radiation that can change the vibrational and rotational states of covalent bonds in organic molecules is found in the infrared portion of the spectrum.
How is an infrared spectrum created?By exposing a sample to infrared radiation at a variety of frequencies and detecting the absorptions caused by each type of bond in the complex, an infrared spectrometer analyzes a substance. This generates a spectrum, which is typically a "plot" of transmittance percentage versus wavenumber.
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Due to periodicity, which of the following elements has chemical behavior similar to that of fluorine? Potassium Chlorine Magnesium Iron
The next element, chlorine, behaves chemically similarly to fluorine.
By "chemical," what do we mean?Any material with a known composition is considered to be a chemical. So a chemical always has the same "stuff," to put it another way. Natural substances like water include certain compounds. Chlorine and other chemicals are produced (used for bleaching fabrics or in swimming pools).
What is an example of a chemical?An element, or any of these elements together, makes up a chemical. For instance, oxygen in the air is a molecule that is always made up of two different oxygen components. The simplest form of a chemical is an element since they serve as the building blocks for other chemicals.
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at 1 atm pressure, the heat of sublimation of gallium is 277 kj/mol and the heat of vaporization is 271 kj/mol. to the correct number of significant figures, how much heat is required to melt 5.50 mol of gallium at 1 atm pressure?
The amount of heat that is required to melt 5.50 mol of gallium at 1 atm pressure is 33 kJ/mol.
Given that,
Gallium sublimation heat = 277 kj/mol
Gallium vaporization heat = 271 kj/mol
Sublimation, as we know, transforms a sold substance into a gas. Changing from a liquid to a gas is called vaporization.
Hence, using the provided Data, we can derive two equations;
Ga (s) --> Ga (g) delta, Heat = 277 kJ/mol
Ga (l) --> Ga (g) delta Heat = 271 kJ/mol
Ga (s) --> Ga (l) delta H = 6 kJ/mol is the result of differentiating these two equations to determine the amount of heat needed to melt one mol.
Therefore, it takes 6 kJ/mol of heat to melt one mol of gallium.
Therefore, 5.5 x 6 = 33 kJ/mol of heat is needed to melt 5.5 mol of gallium.
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Consider the incomplete structure. Add formal charges as necessary to the structure. All unshared valence electrons are shown.
Do not alter the structure-just add charges. If you need to revert the drawing palette to the original state, select the More menu,
then select Reset Drawin
The structure has a net charge of zero as shown by the question.
What is a charged species?
If there is an excess of positive or negative charge in a specie, we say the specie is charged. While an excess of the negative charge simply denotes that the thing is negatively charged, an excess of the positive charge indicates that the material is positively charged.
As we can see, the molecule's centre atom carries a -1 charge, which is the charge that the entire structure is carrying.
The graphic that is attached to the question makes it abundantly clear that there is a charge of a negative one attached to the chlorine atom if we look at the structure as it is.
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Researchers investigated the influence of environmental pH on the activity of peroxidase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas. In an experiment, the researchers added a hydrogen peroxide solution containing guaiacol to several identical test tubes and adjusted the solution in each test tube to a different pH. The researchers included the guaiacol because it caused the solutions to change color as the reactions proceeded, which the researchers relied on for measuring reaction rates. Finally, the researchers added the same amount of peroxidase to each test tube and measured the rate of each reaction at 23°C. The results of the experiment are represented in Figure 1.
Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best predicts the effect that a change from a moderately acidic environment (pH near 6) to a basic environment will have on peroxidase activity?
Peroxidase activity will decrease.
all the substances listed are solids at room temperature. which substance has a simple molecular structure?
Sodium has a simple molecular structure.
What is a molecular structure?
An essential quality of a molecule is its three-dimensional form or configuration. According to the preferred spatial orientation of covalent bonds to atoms with two or more bonding partners, this form is determined. Models are the most effective way to view three dimensional arrangements. We frequently utilize perspective drawings, in which the orientation of a bond is given by the line joining the connected atoms, to show such setups on a two-dimensional surface (paper, blackboard, or screen).
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a student places a strip of solid magnesium metal into a beaker full of 100. ml 100. ml of 3.0 m 3.0 m hydrochloric acid solution. the student observes bubbling and the disappearance of the magnesium metal. which species is being oxidized, and which species is being reduced in this reaction?
a beaker filled with 100 ml 100 ml of a 3.0 m 3.0 m chloride solution and some magnesium metal. The pupil witnesses bubbles and the metal magnesium dissipating. 0.734 L / 734 mL.
What benefits does magnesium have?Magnesium supports muscle and neuron function as well as energy synthesis in the body, among many other vital functions. Typically, low magnesium levels don't result in any symptoms. However, persistently low levels can raise the risk of hypertension, heart disease.
Briefing
We'll start by figuring out how many moles of hydrochloric acid, or HCl, are present in 20.0 mL of the a 3.00 M solution.
This is illustrated below:
Molarity of hcl = 3 M
Volume = 20 mL = 20/1000 = 0.02 L
Mole of HCl =..?
Molarity = mole /Volume
3 = mole /0.02
Cross multiply
Mole of HCl = 3 x 0.02
Mole of HCl = 0.06 mole.
Next, we shall determine the number of mole of Hydrogen gas, H2 produced from the reaction of 0.06 mole of HCl. This can obtain as follow:
Mg + 2HCl —> MgCl2 + H2
From the balanced equation above,
2 moles of HCl reacted to produce 1 mole H2.
Therefore, 0.06 mole of HCl will react to produce = (0.06 x 1)/2 = 0.03 mole
Therefore, 0.03 mole of H2 was produced.
Finally, we shall determine the volume of the balloon by calculating the volume of Hydrogen gas, H2 in the balloon.
The volume of H2 can be obtained by using the ideal gas equation as follow:
Pressure (P) = 1 atm
Temperature (T) = 25°C = 25°C + 273 = 298K
Number of mole (n) of H2 = 0.03 mole
Gas constant (R) = 0.0821 atm.L/Kmol
Volume (V) of H2 =?
PV = nRT
1 x V = 0.03 x 0.0821 x 298
V = 0.734 L = 734 mL.
Therefore, the volume of the balloon is 0.734 L or 734 mL
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what would be the mass of the cationic fragment of neopentane formed in a mass spectrum experiment? group of answer choices 15 29 43 71 57
Mass spectrometry experiment (MS) is a high-throughput experimental method that characterizes molecules by their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio. The Fragment ions that is the cationic fragment are produced by decomposition of a molecular ion. Here we have to find mass of the cationic fragment of a neopentane.
How to find mass of the cationic fragment of a particular molecular ion?
In a mass spectrometry experiment,
CH3-CH3-C-CH3-CH3 (Neo pentane) will become CH3-CH3-C-CH3^+7 + CH3 (most stable cation radical is formed)
So, mass to charge ratio: m/z = (4×12 g/mol) + C(g×1.0g/mol)
=57
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. calculate the moles of water produced by the reaction of 1.70 mol of oxygen a major componet of gasoline is octane. when liquid octane is burned in air it reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide gas and water vapor
The number of moles of carbon dioxide CO₂ produced by the reaction. 14.1937 g of water.
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound made of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. its miles are determined within the gas nation at room temperature. inside the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible mild however absorbs infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas.
Exposure to CO2 can produce a ramification of fitness effects. those may encompass headaches, dizziness, restlessness, a tingling or pins or needles feeling, problem respiration, sweating, tiredness, extended coronary heart charge, extended blood pressure, coma, asphyxia, and convulsions.
CO2 is considered to be minimally poisonous with the aid of inhalation. The primary fitness outcomes due to CO2 are the result of its conduct as an easy asphyxiant. An easy asphyxiant is a gas that reduces or displaces ordinary oxygen in respiration air. signs of mild CO2 exposure may additionally encompass headache and drowsiness.
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2. you have 0.05 ml of an undiluted culture at a concentration of 3.6 x 106 cfu/ml. you then add 4.95 ml of sterile water. what is the dilution, and what is the final concentration of cells?
The final concentration of cells in the diluted culture is 3.6 x 108 cfu/ml
ProcessTo calculate the final concentration, the formula was used
V1 . C1 = V2. C2
Where
V1 = initial volume
C1 = initial concentration
V2 = final volume
C2 = final concentration
Calculation of the final concentrationV1 . C1 = V2. C2
Clearing C2 we get
C2 = V1 . C1/V2
Data
V1 = 0.05ml
C1 = 3.6 x 10∧6 cfu/ml
V2 = 0.05ml + 4.95ml = 5ml
Subsequently, the data is replaced in the formula
C2 = V1 . C1/V2
C2 = 0.05 . 3.6 x 10∧6 / 5ml
C2 = 3.6 x 10∧8 cfu/ml
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MATCH each definition to the term it describes. Place the letter corresponding to the term in the blank to the left of the definition. a. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules b. Markovnikov's Rule
The explanation is as follows:
The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog sequence rules are a standard procedure in organic chemistry for naming a molecule's stereoisomer completely and unequivocally. The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules, also known as the CIP system or CIP conventions, are a set of rules used in organic chemistry to identify a molecule's stereoisomers. A molecule can have any number of stereocenters and double bonds, and each one can have two different configurations.
According to Markovnikov's rule, when an asymmetrical reagent is added to an asymmetrical alkene, the negative half of the reagent will attach to the carbon atom with the fewest hydrogen atoms. According to the Markovnikov rule, the hydrogen atom with the most hydrogen substituents is attached to the carbon atom. The hydrogen atom is attached to the carbon atom with the fewest hydrogen substituents, according to the Anti Markovnikov rule.
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if effusion is described as the process where gas molecules exit a container through a small hole, which would you expect to have a greater chance of leaving first: a lighter atom or a heavier atom?
If effusion is described as the process where gas molecules exit a container through a small hole then lighter atom exist first.
Diffusion is the term used to describe the mixing of various gas molecules caused by random molecular motion and frequent collisions. The perfume odor that spreads when the stopper is removed can serve as an illustration of this. Similar processes include effusion, in which gas molecules pass through a small hole into a vacuum without colliding with one another. The rate of diffusion and effusion varies with the gas, primarily the size of the gas particle. As would be expected, particles effuse and defuse more quickly the smaller they are. Thomas Graham, a Scottish chemist, investigated and developed this theory and discovered that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass:
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does xef4 have polar bonds
Dear sir,
Your answer is as follows:
XeF4 does indeed have polar bonds.
I would very much appreciate it if you bestowed my answer the title of "Brainliest".
Best regards,
GrandDuke
Head of Department of Absurdly Pompous Answerers
a. For the reduction reaction with NaBH4, calculate the theoretical yield and percent yield of the crude product after liquid-liquid extraction. Assume the ketone is the limiting reactant, and your alcohol product has a molar mass that is 2 amu larger than the ketone starting material. Show all calculations. Mass of empty 50 mL round-bottomed flask: 39.8791 g Mass of 50 mL round-bottomed flask with crude reduction product (Step 16): 39.9585 g Appearance of crude reaction product: colorless oil
Though NaBH4 and LiAlH4 are similar, NaBH4 is less reactive. Esters, amides, acids, and nitriles are largely unaffected; its power is limited to reducing aldehydes, ketones, and acid chlorides to alcohols.
Because the hydride ion can attack the planar carbonyl group on either face, the reduction of unsymmetrical ketones with LiAlH4 or NaBH4 results in the production of two stereoisomers: A racemic mixture of enantiomers results from the absence of any additional chiral centers. The intermediates produced by the reaction of sodium borohydride with water are also mild reducing agents known as hydroxyborohydride. The most popular reaction solvents for reduction or organic substrates are ethanol and propane-2-ol, though methanol is also employed. Because a similar reaction with alcohol is relatively slow, it is also known as an alcohol reduction reaction.
Theoretical yield = (Actual yield/percentage yield) x 100
Percent Yield = Mass of Actual Yield / Mass of Theoretical Yield x 100 percent
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What happens to the temperature of a mixture of ice and liquid water as heat is applied at a constant rate?.
The mixture's temperature does not vary until all of the ice has melted; at that point, the uniform temperature of the liquid water will start to rise.
Remember that the temperature doesn't change during a phase shift until all the material has changed phases. The system uses the energy to undergo the phase shift, following which the liquid's temperature will start to rise.
At 0°C (assuming standard pressure), the temperature at which liquid water and ice coexist, we get a mixture of the two substances. The ice will melt until it is eaten at constant T = 0°C, at which point it will stop melting and start to uniformly raise the temperature of the liquid water.
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