Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that has been associated with a significant number of different genes, therefore showing it to be genetically heterogenic. One recent study in 278 families found evidence of two such possible loci. Evidence for linkage to chromosome 18q11 was presented by Gao et al. in 2009. Which of the following would be considered reputable evidence for this?
analysis of all other possible SNPs with no such association to chromosome 18
finding the locus to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the population
finding the Lod score for association between the chromosomal location and PD to be 4.1
use of persons from multiple ethnic and geographic backgrounds in the study
lack of quantitative difference for the occurrence of both in individuals
The correct answer D) finding the Lod score for association between the chromosomal location and PD to be 4.1.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects the nervous system and nerve-controlled parts of the body. The symptoms emerge in stages. A slight tremor in only one hand could be the first symptom. Tremors are common, but the disorder can also cause stiffness or slow movement.
In the early stages of Parkinson's disease, your face may be expressionless. When you walk, your arms may not swing. Your speech may become slurred or soft. Parkinson's disease symptoms worsen as the disease progresses.
Although Parkinson's disease cannot be cured, medications can help you feel better. Occasionally, your doctor may recommend surgery to control certain areas of your brain and alleviate your symptoms.
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Full question
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that has been associated with a significant number of different genes, therefore showing it to be genetically heterogenic. One recent study in 278 families found evidence of two such possible loci. Evidence for linkage to chromosome 18q11 was presented by Gao et al. in 2009. Which of the following would be considered reputable evidence for this?
A) lack of quantitative difference for the occurrence of both in individuals
B) use of persons from multiple ethnic and geographic backgrounds in the study
C) finding the locus to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the population
D) finding the Lod score for association between the chromosomal location and PD to be 4.1
E) analysis of all other possible SNPs with no such association to chromosome 18
Chemoreceptors located in the aortic and carotid bodies stimulate the respiratory control center in the brain when the blood __________ decreases.
When the blood pH drops, chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid bodies activate the brain's respiratory control center.
What are the measurements made by chemosensors present in the circulatory system and body?Chemoreceptors monitor the amounts of hydrogen ions in the blood to determine the quantities of carbon dioxide there.
What circumstance would the respiratory centers encourage more ventilation in?Peripheral chemoreceptors that detect falling or more acidic pH levels trigger increased ventilation to accelerate the removal of carbon dioxide from the blood. The body's medulla, which houses the body's respiratory center, is typically stimulated by an increase in carbon dioxide concentration and, to a lesser extent, by a decrease in oxygen levels in arterial blood.
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non-homologous chromosomes in an organism with the same length and same centromere position cannot be distinguished by any available techniques.
What do you name chromosomes that are the same length?
Homologous chromosomes are made up of chromosome pairs that have roughly the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern for genes with the same corresponding locus
What are homologous chromosomes defined as?The 23 pairs of the 46 chromosomes that make up a human cell are said to be homologues of one another (with the slight exception of the X and Y chromosomes; see below). When only one homologous chromosome from each pair is present in human sperm and eggs, this is referred to as having haploid X and Y chromosomes, correct?
what is X and Y chromosomes,?Your gender at birth is determined by two chromosomes (the X and the Y chromosome). They are known as sex chromosomes: Females have two X chromosomes. Males have one X and one Y chromosome.
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When two non-homologous chromosomes with the same length and centromere position divide during mitosis, it is known as the metaphase stage.
What does a human's chromosome make up?Genomic information is transported from cell to cell via chromosomes, which are threadlike structures consisting of protein and a single DNA molecule. Chromosomes are found in the cell nucleus of all plants, animals, and humans.
What is the name for the 23 sets of chromosomes?In humans, there are typically 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs, in each cell. There are 22 of these pairs, known as autosomes, and they share a similar appearance in both sexes. Sex chromosomes, the 23rd pair, are different in males and females.
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Cell division is the process of taking a parent cell and splitting it into 2 new genetically identical daughter cells. All organisms go through the process of cell division. What do bacteria use cell division for and how?.
Chromosome replication, segregation of the copied DNA, and cytoplasmic division of the parent cell are all components of this process.
What stage of the cell cycle is a single cell at when it divides into two cells?The cell divides into two new cells during the mitotic (M) phase using its replicated DNA and cytoplasm.Two distinct mechanisms related to cell division that take place during the M phase are mitosis and cytokinesis.
What are the new cells called when a bacterial cell divides into two as it grows?The new cells formed when a bacteria cell divides into two are known as daughter cells. Sterilization is the process that completely annihilates all microbial life, including spores.
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Cholesterol is one of the most important steroids in the body. Which kind of cholesterol is identified as good cholesterol?.
Doctors classify cholesterol into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Doctors commonly call HDL cholesterol the “good” kind of cholesterol, because it circulates in the blood and removes excess, unwanted cholesterol. LDL cholesterol is the type that can lead to buildup in the body’s arteries.
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Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?.
Answer:
The cells of all prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess two basic features: a plasma membrane, also called a cell membrane, and cytoplasm.
Explanation:
Uing the information and the Punnett quare that you created in Que-tion 8, determine whether brown-eyed parent can have a green-eyed child? If o, what are the genotype for green eye? I it more likely that thee parent would have a blue-eyed child or a green-eyed child?
25% Probability if blue is dominant to green.
Describe Children’s Eye Color,
The most common eye color is brown. We will therefore suppose that one parent possesses both an allele (gene) for brown eyes, Br, and a dominant trait for green eyes, G.
Since I'm unsure which of the two is dominant, we'll treat them both equally as co-dominant alleles (or green is recessive; it matters not). With blue manifesting itself, the other parent possesses the alleles Bl for blue eyes and G for green eyes.
Your possibilities are BrBl (25%), BrG (25%), BlG (25%) and GG (25%), according to a Punnet square.
Meaning that there is a 50% probability of having brown eyes and a 25–50% chance of having green eyes (50% if blue and green have equal dominance; 25% if blue is dominant to green).
But don't be fooled by numbers; anything is possible when the likelihood of it occurring exceeds 0%. That is, a mother like that may give birth to six kids, all of whom would have green eyes. These percentages are merely probabilities, not assurances, of events occurring.
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when the two receptors bind to the dna half-sites of the hormone response element, they form a heterodimer.when the two receptors bind to the dna half-sites of the hormone response element, they form a heterodimer.
A heterodimer is created when two receptors attach to the hormone response element's DNA half-sites.This is a combination of two separate kinds of molecules that control the expression of genes.
Haemoglobin (shown), the NMDA receptor, some aquaporins, some AMPA receptors, and some enzymes are examples of heterotetramers.
Depending on the type of receptors and the precise sequence of the hormone response element, the binding of the heterodimer to the hormone response element can either activate or inhibit the production of particular genes.
Numerous physiological processes, such as growth and development, metabolism, and the body's reaction to external stimuli, are controlled by this mechanism.
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Which substance is the chemical food source for the soybean plants? O glucose O sunlight O water O carbon dioxide
Answer:
glucose
Explanation:
all plants need to create glucose through photosynthesis in order to make atp
some biologists prefer to focus efforts on preserving endangered species while others prefer to focus on preserving ecosystems. what is your advice to biologists that are choosing which way to follow?
There are strong justifications for both strategies; no one method is the best. It is impossible to conserve orangutans without also conserving their ecology in a situation like the Borneo orangutans. On the other hand, saving a piece of forest is considerably harder to accomplish than saving a charismatic creature like an orangutan. The relative relevance of each sort of effort will vary depending on the situation.
What is Ecosystem?
An ecosystem is made up of all the living things—plants, animals, and other organisms—that may be found in a specific location and how they interact with one another and their non-living surroundings. Each organism in an ecosystem has a certain niche or function to perform.
The health of the entire Earth system is determined by ecosystems, which are the basis of the biosphere.
English botanist Sir Arthur George Tansley is credited with introducing the idea of the ecosystem to biology.
Phylum, phylogeny, and ecology are just a few of the terms that Ernst Heinrich Philipp August (1834–1919), a German biologist, naturalist philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist, invented. He also discovered, described, and named thousands of new species and mapped a genealogical tree connecting all life forms.
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how are leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) signaled where to leave the circulation and enter the infection site? g
They do this by diapedesis, a process in which the leukocyte travels ameboid-like via closely apposed endothelial boundaries (paracellular transmigration) and, in some circumstances, through the endothelial cell itself (transcellular migration).
Neutrophils are generally present in the bloodstream, but they move quickly to infection sites in tissue. The trans-endothelial migration (TEM) of neutrophils can proceed either directly via individual endothelial cells (the transcellular pathway) or between them (the paracellular route)
Leukocytes move via gaps between blood vessel cells, and the process of attachment to transit through the blood vessel wall is referred to as diapedesis. Diapedesis is followed by a migration of leukocytes toward infection sites defined by a high concentration of inflammatory proteins.
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This energy is then used to move hydrogen ions from the matrix through the protein complexes into the intermembrane space. Draw blue arrows to show the movement of hydrogen ions across the membrane. Cross off the hydrogen ions in the matrix and draw them in the intermembrane space.
The energy is called as electron transport chain then used to move hydrogen ions from the matrix through the protein complexes into the intermembrane space.
The electron delivery chain is a chain of 4 protein complexes that couple redox reactions, growing an electrochemical gradient that results in the advent of ATP in a whole machine named oxidative phosphorylation. It takes place in mitochondria in each mobile breathing and photosynthesis. The procedure of forming ATP from the electron delivery chain is called oxidative phosphorylation.
Electrons carried through NADH + H+ and FADH2 are transferred to oxygen thru a chain of electron carriers, and ATPs are fashioned. Three ATPs are fashioned from every NADH + H+, and ATPs are fashioned for every FADH2 in eukaryotes Electron transport. During electron delivery, electricity is used to pump hydrogen ions throughout the mitochondrial internal membrane, from the matrix into the intermembrane space.
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Primordial germ cells in zebrafish follow a migratory path that is directed by which of the following? Pick the best answer.
a. Estrogen and fibronectin
b. Steel factor and estrogen receptor
c. SDF-1 and CXCR4
d. Testosterone and androgen receptor
Primordial germ cells in zebrafish follow a migratory path that is directed by SDF-1 and CXCR4.
In zebrafish, primordial germ cells migrate along a path directed by SDF-1.
SDF-1 is another name for stromal cell-derived factor-1. It also promotes the mobilization and migration of hematopoietic cells in many mammals. However, in the zebrafish, SDF-1 guides primordial germ cell migration, which results in the formation of bleb-like protrusions via cytoplasmic flow.
The axis is linked to MSC migration and homing in vivo. MSCs transplanted into the body migrate to wounded tissues and focus on promoting tissue regeneration. SDF-1 regulates repair activity as well as the migration and homing of CXCR4-positive MSCs to damaged tissues.
Primordial germ cells are particularly specialized cells that serve as the progenitor cells for gametes, which progress after meiosis as haploid sperm and eggs that fertilize to produce new organisms.
They pass on genetic and epigenetic data from generation to generation, ensuring species survival.
In mammals, it is induced by BMP signals from the surrounding tissue in a subset of cells in the peri-implant epiblast.
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Explain the role of photosynthesis in the pond ecosystem. In your explanation, discuss whether or not the organisms that daniel studied depend on photosynthesis, either directly or indirectly.
We can infer from the proposed food chain of algae-snail-sunfish-heron that photosynthesis plays a significant role in this food chain.
While snails, sunfish, and herons are indirectly dependent on photosynthesis, algae are the only organisms that rely on it directly for survival. Since we're talking about a food chain, it basically means that all living things are interconnected. The snail uses the algae as food, the sunfish eats the snail later, and the heron consumes the sunfish. As a result, the algae produce photosynthesis for their own life.If the algae, for some reason, are unable to carry out photosynthesis, then they will eventually die off. If the algae die off, then the snail will also perish for lack of food, and if the sunfish also perishes for lack of food, then the heron also perishes.Therefore, we can draw the conclusion that photosynthesis, whether directly or indirectly, essential for the existence of all four species.
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consider a negatively charged protein adsorbed on anion-exchange gel at ph 8. (a) how will a gradient from ph 8 to some lower ph be use- ful for eluting the protein?
The protein becomes protonated as the pH is dropped, which results in a reduction in the negative charge's intensity. Protein retention weakens over time.
Ionizable compounds are separated using ion exchange chromatography according to their overall charge. Because the charge carried by the target molecule can be easily controlled by altering buffer pH, this technique makes it possible to separate comparable sorts of molecules that would be challenging to separate by other techniques.
To separate charged biological components like proteins, peptides, amino acids, or nucleotides, ion exchange chromatography is frequently utilized. Protein is made up of amino acids, which are zwitterionic substances that have both positively and negatively charged chemical groups. Proteins can have a net positive charge, a net negative charge, or no charge depending on the pH of their surroundings. The isoelectric point, or pI, of a molecule, is the pH at which there is no net charge.
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what is the name of the triangularly shaped structures in the medulla of a kidney that contain the nephrons?
Answer: renal pyramids
Explanation:
Please help! a horticulturalist wants to produce geraniums with specific characteristics. she knows that the trait of red flowers is governed by the allele r(rr and rr) and the trait of white flowers is governed by the allele r(rr).
the horticulturalist plans to cross a geranium that is heterozygous for red flowers with a geranium that is true-breeding for white flowers. which punnett square best describes this cross?
A.R | r |
R |RR|Rr
r |Rr|re
B. r|r
R|Rr|Rr
r|rr| rr
C. R|r
R|RR|Rr
R| RR|Rr
The horticulturalist plans to cross a geranium that is heterozygous for red flowers with a geranium that is true-breeding for white flowers. Option B Punnett square best describes this cross.
What is Punnett square?Punnett square is defined as an illustration in the shape of a square that is used to forecast the genotypes of a certain cross or breeding experiment. A square that has been divided into four quadrants is the Punnett square.
Knowing that the red flower must possess at least one dominant allele in order to be red, we may infer that it could either be Rr or RR. All progeny with the genotype Rr would be red if the white geranium (rr) and RR were crossed. On the other hand, if the flower is Rr and it is crossed with rr, the resultant plants will have a split floral coloration, with half having red blooms and the other half having white flowers.
Thus, the horticulturalist plans to cross a geranium that is heterozygous for red flowers with a geranium that is true-breeding for white flowers. Option B Punnett square best describes this cross.
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the hydrophobic effect: a. does not occur in biological membranes. b. only occurs with amphipathic molecules. c. results from attractive forces between hydrophobic molecules. d. is driven by an increase in entropy of water molecules.
Answer: d. is driven by an increase in entropy of water molecules.
When these hydrophobic surfaces coalesce and exclude water (as the protein folds), the ordered water molecules become disordered and return to the bulk solvent. The resulting increase in the water molecules' entropy is the thermodynamic driving force behind the hydrophobic effect.
f the 8 wolves could not successfully interbreed with the island population, which species concept would classify the two populations as separate species?
The biological species idea states that a species is a collection of populations with the ability to interbreed.
A species is an organism in biology that has the ability to interbreed and produce fertile progeny. In the taxonomic classification system,'species' is a classification category that comer the taxonomy of 'genus. According to the biological species idea, a population is any group of species that are cohabiting in a certain location at a specific time. An ecosystem's biotic and abiotic elements interact with a population of species. According to the biological theory, a species' chances of survival increase with how well it is suited to an ecosystem.
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foods that are moderate-to-high on the glycemic index increase muscle glycogen more quickly than foods low on the glycemic index. true false
Some glucose produced by gluconeogenesis is stored in the body as glycogen. Order the steps of glycogen synthesis. Not all description accurately describe glycogen synthesis; therefore, not all the descriptions will be used. Pyrophosphates converts PPi and water into Pi. Glycogen synthase adds a glucose unit from UDP-glucose to glycogen, producing a a larger glycogen molecule and UDP. Glycogen synthase removes a glucose unit from a glycogen molecule producing a smaller glycogen molecule and UDP. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase catalyzes the reaction of glucose-1-phoshate and ATP to ADP-glucose and PPi. UDP-glucose-1-phosphate and and UTP to UDP-glucose and PPi.
The steps of glycogen synthesis are mention below :
UDP-glucose pyro phosphorylase catalyzes the reaction of glucose-1-phosphate and UTP to UDP-glucose and PP,Pyrophosphatase converts PP,i and water into two PiGlycogen synthase adds a glucose unit from UDP-glucose to glycogen, producing a larger glycogen molecule and UDPglucose enters the liver after a meal, and blood glucose levels rise. This excess glucose is handled by glycogenesis, which occurs when the liver converts glucose into glycogen for storage. The glucose that is not stored is used to generate energy through a process known as glycolysis. This happens in every cell of the body.
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the results of the kirby-bauer method of assessing antibiotic sensitivity can indicate whether or not the antibiotic has a bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect.
True, the results of the Kirby Bauer method of assessing antibiotic sensitivity can indicate whether or not the antibiotic has a bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect.
It is an antibiotic susceptibility test that employs bacterial cultures and agar medium for species inoculation - The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion susceptibility test determines pathogenic bacteria's sensitivity or resistance to various antimicrobial compounds, assisting physicians in selecting treatment options for their patients. A Zone of Inhibition Test, also known as a Kirby-Bauer Test, is a qualitative method for measuring antibiotic resistance and testing the ability of solids and textiles to inhibit microbial growth.
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which of the following is true of the genetic code? select all that apply. each amino acid is specified by only one codon. it is virtually universal. codons specify amino acids. it is redundant.
The following that is true about the genetic code is that each amino acid is determined by only one codon.
What are codons?The genetic code (codon) is a series of nucleotide coding sequences in DNA or RNA to determine the sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.
The codons are located on the mRNA molecule. The translation of mRNA into protein is carried out at the coding segment that is flanked by a start codon (AUG) and an end codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA), these segments are called genes. The codons on the mRNA molecule can code for amino acids with the help of the interpretation of the codons by the tRNA.
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Which of the following is not a principle of natural selection? Evolution will occur as an organism gets older. and learns more Most species produce more offspring than will actually survive Organisms compete for limited resources adaptations allow some organisms to survive and rcproduce bctter than In every population; others
Thus, according to Charles Darwin's many conceptions of natural when each species tries to generate a greater number of offspring in order to ensure the reproductive survival of the species.
Charles Darwin wrote Original Species, the first scientific work to discuss natural selection. Therefore, if they have as many offspring as possible, at least some of them will live. And when the reproductive population is large and there are few natural resources available, competition for those few resources begins. Nature forbids offspring growth that exceeds carrying capacity. As a result, reproductive fitness improves.
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the direct antiglobulin test (dat) is most unreliable when diagnosing hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to which blood group system?
The direct antiglobulin test (dat) is most unreliable when diagnosing hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to ABO system.
Define hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.
When maternal red blood cell (RBC) or blood group antibodies penetrate the placenta during pregnancy and induce fetal red cell death, it is known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), which is an uncommon disorder. In addition to edema, ascites, hydrops, heart failure, and mortality, the fetal physiological effects of severe anemia in the fetus can also cause these conditions.
DAT is mainly used to detect Rh D hemolytic disease of the newborn .
When a newborn is born to a mother who is at risk or shows symptoms of hemolytic disease, a DAT test may be requested, provided there are no other obvious causes of the symptoms. A positive DAT indicates that the RBCs have antibodies attached. However, this does not always correspond to the severity of symptoms, especially if the RBCs have already been destroyed. In general, the stronger the DAT reaction (the more positive the test), the greater the amount of antibody bound to the RBCs.
A negative DAT indicates that your RBCs are most likely not coated with antibodies, and further research is necessary to determine the cause of the symptoms and signs.
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which of the following scenarios would lead to a negative membrane potential? assume for each case that the appropriate leaky channel is present in the cell's membrane (select all that apply). group of answer choices k concentration outside cell > inside k concentration inside cell > outside cl- concentration outside cell > inside cl- concentration inside cell > outside
K+ concentration inside cell > outside
Cl= concentration outside cell > inside
The membrane's uneven distribution of positive ions causes the resting potential to be negative; 3 Na+ are pumped out of the cell for every 2 K+ that enter, making the inside of the cell less positive than the exterior.
K+ channels shut down. Na+ channels go from being inactive to being closed. K + concentration inside cell > outside In both the central and peripheral nervous systems, the leak K+ channels generate background K+ currents that control cell excitability.
Ion channels that are non-gated are constantly open. These channels are also known as "leak" channels because they do not impose any resistance on the ions as they pass through them.
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true or false: the use of technology to modify organisms, cells, and their molecules to achieve practical benefits, primarily in agriculture, human health, and forensic science is referred to as biotechnology.
The correct option is true. Biotechnology is a branch where various cells and organisms are modified using the technology.
In its most basic form, biotechnology is simply technology based on biology; it uses cellular and biomolecular processes to create products and technologies that enhance both our quality of life and the health of the world. Moreover, early uses of biotechnology resulted in the creation of goods like bread and vaccinations. Nevertheless, the field has developed greatly over the past century in ways that allow for manipulation of the genetic makeup and biomolecular functions of living things.The most common method used by modern biotech applications is genetic engineering, sometimes referred to as recombinant DNA technology. The genetic cell structures are altered or interacted with in genetic engineering. Any animal or plant has genes that make proteins in every cell. The traits of the organism are determined by those proteins.
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Help I don’t know thissss
the answer is silk
Explanation:
The role of ceruminous glands is to __________.
a. produce sweat
b. produce earwax
c. produce mucus
d. produce sebum
e. produce melanin
Answer:
b
Explanation:
The ceruminous glands in the skin of the human external auditory canal are modified apocrine glands, which, together with sebaceous glands, produce the cerumen, the ear wax.
What characteristic of short tandem repeat dna makes it useful for dna fingerprinting?.
From one person or organism to another, the number of repetitions varies greatly. Between individuals, there are large differences in the repeating DNA sequence.
What qualities do brief tandem repeats have?Short tandem repeats (STRs), sometimes referred to as microsatellites or simple sequence repeats, are short tandemly repeated DNA sequences that have a repetitive unit of 1-6 bp and can be arranged in series of up to 100 nucleotides in length. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including humans, frequently include STRs.
What benefits do quick tandem repeats offer?The ability to identify the male component even in extreme mixtures of male and female DNA is the main benefit of the Y-STR approach.
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