As soon as replication errors become mutations. Incorrectly matched nucleotides that are still present after mismatch repair experience irreversible mutation following the subsequent cell division.
This is due to the fact that once such faults are established, the cell no longer recognizes them as errors.
Mutations may happen if errors in DNA replication are produced and not immediately corrected. Mutations may also be brought on by environmental factors like smoking, sunlight, and radiation.
DNA replication is semi-conservative. This suggests that each new DNA molecule has both a strand that was created recently and a strand that was inherited from the parent molecule (daughter strand).
As DNA polymerase requires an RNA primer, DNA replication will start right after the RNA.
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question mode fill in the blank question fill in the blank question. according to the rules of complementary base pairing, rna polymerase will bring a to base pair with adenine of the dna molecule, and to base pair with thymine of the dna molecule.
According to the rules of complementary base pairing, RNA polymerase will bring a uracil to base pair with adenine of the DNA molecule, and thymine to base pair with thymine of the DNA molecule.
During trаnscription, DNА is converted to messenger RNА (mRNА) by аn enzyme cаlled RNА polymerаse. RNА is а molecule thаt is chemicаlly similаr to DNА, аnd аlso contаins repeаting nucleotide subunits.
However, the “bаses” of RNА differ from those of DNА in thаt thymine (T) is replаced by urаcil (U) in RNА. DNА аnd RNА bаses аre аlso held together by chemicаl bonds аnd hаve specific bаse pаiring rules. In DNА/RNА bаse pаiring, аdenine (А) pаirs with urаcil (U), аnd cytosine (C) pаirs with guаnine (G). The conversion of DNА to mRNА occurs when аn RNА polymerаse mаkes а complementаry mRNА copy of а DNА “templаte” sequence. Once the mRNА molecule hаs been synthesized, specific chemicаl modificаtions must be mаde thаt enаble the mRNА to be trаnslаted into protein.
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classify each of the following groups of organisms as prokaryotes or eukaryotes by dragging the items into the correct category.
Prokaryotic cells: need layer-bound organelles, moderately little - ordinarily under 10 μm in size.
Both cell types: use ribosomes to orchestrate proteins containing DNA.
Eukaryotic cells: a total duplicate of DNA put away in different chromosomes.
Specifically, prokaryotic cells have no core and no layer-bound organelles, along these lines, their ribosomes float uninhibitedly intracellularly. Then again, eukaryotic cells have core and layer-bound organelles. Additionally, their DNA is bound to proteins and put away as chromosomes in the core.
An organic entity misses the mark on an unmistakable core and different organelles because of the absence of an interior layer. Microscopic organisms are quite possibly the most popular prokaryote.
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Prokaryotes (Archaea, Bacteria) Eukaryotes (Plants, Animals, Protists, Algae, Fungi) are the groups of organisms as prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes can be either bacteria or archaea and are always unicellular creatures. Eukaryotes are made up of eukaryotic cells, which can be unicellular or multicellular and include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Other membrane-bound organelles like the mitochondria and Golgi apparatus are frequently seen in eukaryotic cells. Both plants and algae include chloroplasts. Primitive organelles may be present in prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotes contain numerous cell types that create various types of tissue and can be either unicellular or multicellular. Prokaryotes, in contrast, are typically unicellular. The most well-known eukaryotes are animals, plants, and fungus. Protists are the name for different eukaryotes.
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Emergent properties are found in some biological systems. Which of the following properties is necessary for emergent
properties to occur?
A. The system Is evolving
B. The system is complex
C. Cells or tissues are differentiated
D. Cells or tissues interact to function as a unit
The property is necessary for emergent properties to occur if the system is complex.
Thus, the correct option is B.
Emergent properties arise when the interaction of individual component produce new functions. An example of emergent properties is multicellular organisms. Multicellullаr orgаnisms аre cаpаble of completing functions thаt unicellulаr orgаnisms could not undertаke – this is due to the collective аctions of individuаl cells combining to creаte new synergistic effects.
In multicellular organisms, the complex system is:
Cells may be grouped together to form tissue.Organs are then formed from the functional grouping of multiple tissues.Organs that interact may form organ systems capable of carrying out specific body functions.Organ systems collectively carry out the life functions of the complete organism.For more information about emergent properties refers to the link:
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9. what could be changed to strengthen the design of the experiment? select nothing could be changed to strengthen the design experiment. select take out the step looking at protein interaction and focus just on the effects of calcium on the f4597 and bc392 gene activity select having a control plate select use another substance instead of calcium as the independent variable select looking at just one protein-gene interaction
Having a control plate could be changed to strengthen the design of the experiment. A control plate is a plate that is treated in the same way as the experimental plates, but without the independent variable (in this case, calcium).
This allows the researcher to compare the results of the experimental plates to a "normal" or "expected" result, and to determine if any observed changes are due to the independent variable or if they are occurring naturally.Another option is to use another substance instead of calcium as the independent variable. This would allow researchers to compare the effects of different substances on the F4597 and BC392 gene activity and determine if the observed effects are specific to calcium or if they are a general response to different types of signaling molecules.It could also be beneficial to take out the step looking at protein interactions and focus just on the Calcium's effects on gene activity in F4597 and BC392. This would allow researchers to better understand the specific mechanisms by which calcium is influencing gene activity, and to determine if other protein interactions are playing a role in the observed effects.
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Data were collected from longitudinal study designed investigate the relationship between blood and brain shrinkuge. The results of an analysis of the data for 22 observations are shown- sugar levels tne table below Termn Coef SE Coef Constant -15.668 154 Blood sugar 0.161 0.073 Which of the following represents 98 percent confidence interval for the , slope of the least-squares regression line for brain shrinkage on blood sugar levels? Assume the conditions for inference are mel: (A) -15.668 $ 2.52806.154) (B) -15.668 + 2,51866.154) (C) 0.161 + 2.528(0.073) (D) 0.161 + 2.518(0.073) (E) 0.161 + 2.197(0.073)
(D) 0.161 + 2.518(0.073) represents the 98 percent confidence interval for the slope of the least-squares regression line for brain shrinkage on blood sugar levels.
the structure inside the skull that regulates every bodily process in a person. The brain, which contains billions of nerve cells, is shielded by the skull (the bones that form the head). The brain stem, the cerebellum, and the cerebrum are its three main structural components. Grey matter and white matter are the two different tissue types that make up the brain. The majority of the brain's grey matter is made up of several cell types. Axons, which link the various grey matter regions of the brain together, make up the majority of white matter.
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Carrying the action potentials, the ____ ____ network spreads throughout the ventricular myocardium to excite the ventricles.
Carrying the action potentials, the Purkinje fibers network spreads throughout the ventricular myocardium to excite the ventricles.
The complex network of conducting fibers thаt extends from either the right or left bundle brаnches is composed of the rаpid conduction cells known аs Purkinje fibers. Purkinje fibers in both the right аnd left ventricles аct аs preferentiаl conduction pаthwаys to provide rаpid аctivаtion, so as to coordinаte the excitаtion pаttern within the vаrious regions of the ventriculаr myocаrdium. Most of these fibers trаvel within the trаbeculаtions of the right аnd left ventricles, аs well аs within the myocаrdium itself.
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which of the following functions is not associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells? view available hint(s)for part a which of the following functions is not associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells? the beating of cilia or flagella movement of rna molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm maintaining the position of the nucleus in the cell determining the shape of animal cells the contraction of muscle cells in animals
B) movement of rna molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is the option that is not associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells.
What is the responsible for RNA's exit from the nucleus?The nuclear pore complexes use a wide range of mobile export receptors to export RNA molecules out from nucleus into the cytoplasm.
What three major functions does the cytoskeleton perform?The cytoskeleton's core duties include regulating how cells are shaped, supplying mechanical support and integrity, enabling for cell movement, and facilitating the intracellular movement of supramolecular structures, vesicles, and even organelles.
Where is the cytoskeleton located in an animal cell?All cells, such as those of bacteria and archaea, have a complex, dynamic network of interlinked protein filaments called the cytoskeleton. It extends out from cell nucleus to the cell membrane in eukaryotes and is comprised of homologous proteins in different animals.
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which of the following functions is not associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells? view available hint(s)for part a which of the following functions is not associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?
A) the beating of cilia or flagella
B) movement of rna molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
C) maintaining the position of the nucleus in the cell
D)determining the shape of animal cells
E) the contraction of muscle cells in animals
Which of the following ecosystem service degradation is not a major environmental concern for sustainable development?
A) overfishing the oceans
B) degrading agricultural soils
C) depleting supplies of coal
D) cutting forests after that than they can regrow
depletion of coal ecosystem service supplies For sustainable development, degradation is not a major environmental concern.
The environmental consequences of using coal as an energy source include particulate emissions, ground level ozone, smog, and acid rain.
The main factor reducing sustainability is environmental degradation. This chapter discusses environmental degradation processes (such as desertification, pollution, land degradation, snow ablation and glacier retreat, dams, and resettlement) and their connections to environmental sustainability.
Environmental degradation has been manifested as a loss of fertile soils, desertification, unsustainable forest management, a reduction in freshwater availability, and a rapid loss of biodiversity.
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Levels of organization with field of science
The Levels of organization with field of science are:
cells tissues organs organ systemsorganismsWhat is levels of organization?We obtain an understanding of the complexity of the structure and functioning of living things through the scientific study of the various levels of organization inside them. From the smallest to the greatest organisms on Earth, they all adhere to this rule. This subject is crucial to environmental science because it establishes the value of each and every living thing on the planet. By understanding various layers of organization, environmentalists come up with solutions to protect the ecosystem.
The types of sophisticated, multifaceted life that exist on Earth are numerous. Living things have developed from simple, unicellular origins into intricate, massive multicellular organisms. Their biological systems and mechanisms have specialized during this development phase. thus, in the
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which statement best describes a dominant Allele
Answer:
The version of the trait that is expressed over other alleles for the same trait
Explanation:
Dominant alleles have specialty to express themselves in homozygous and heterozygous state
In E. coli , there IS mutation in a gene called dnaB that alters the helicase that normally acts at the origin of rcplication; Which of the following would you expect as a result of this mutation? No replication fork will be formed and there will be no DNA replication: DNA is replicated nonstop Replication will occur via RNA polymerasc alone: Additional DNA proofreading will occur: tions Irse
In E. coli, dnaB acts on the replication fork of the DNA helix to separate it from the other.
After dnaB, dnaC binds and aids in the unwinding of the DNA. As a result, a mutation in dnaB prevents the development of replication forks and so prevents DNA replication. As a result, option a is right.
DnaB is a replicative DNA helicase that splits the E. coli chromosome's DNA strands to allow replication fork movement. This enzyme is made up of six protomers placed side by side to form a ring-like structure through which one strand of parental DNA passes while excluding the other.
As a helicase, DnaB unwinds the parental duplex DNA so that it may be duplicated by the replication fork machinery. The physical connection between DnaA and DnaB in the DnaB-DnaC complex is required for helicase recruitment.
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Are genetically modified crops more useful than naturally available crops, discuss?
Answer:
In terms of usefulness, yes because genetically modified crops can be modified to grow in a higher abundance, which allows for a much higher yield and sales when you're a farmer. At the same time though these types of crops typically aren't as healthy as Non GMO crops, so, many people make the effort of purchasing Non GMO crops. So yes they are more useful but they aren't as healthy.
Explanation:
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Which characteristics of life does an automobile possess?
Answer:
The single characteristic of life that an automobile might have is METABOLISM, in that it can take in and use energy (gasoline or diesel) while producing waste exhaust and water). It cannot do this on its own, and it has no other characteristics of life.
Explanation:
The characteristics of life that an automobile possess is metabolism.
The only trait of life that an automobile might possess is metabolism, which enables it to consume and utilise energy (such as gasoline or diesel) while exhaling waste products like exhaust and water. It lacks any other aspects of life and is unable to accomplish this on its own. A car isn't a living thing.
Chemical processes take place inside of cells, tissues, organs, and living things to carry out a variety of tasks that maintain the organism's life. These processes digest ingested food, deliver nutrients to cells, eliminate waste, change energy, and produce new molecules. These procedures work together to promote growth, system repair, and excretion. In plants, photosynthesis is a metabolic process. The sum of an organism's chemical processes is known as its metabolism.
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Which of the DNA strands is correctly paired (please help!)
Answer:
First one
Explanation:
A binds to T and C binds to G
which of the following statements about milk is false? group of answer choices to break down and digest the lactose found in milk, humans need the enzyme lactase curdling of milk is dependent on the casein protein butter is made from milk with high levels of protein milk appears white due to the large fat globules and other large particles
false. Among the supplied possibilities, the erroneous statement is "butter is manufactured from milk with high quantities of protein." Butter is produced by churning cream, the high-fat component of milk.
Centrifugation or leaving the milk to stand to allow the cream to rise to the top separates the cream from the milk. The fat molecules in the cream coalesce and create butter during the churning process. The resultant butter has a low protein content since the majority of the protein is located in the liquid component of milk, known as skim milk. All of the following statements are correct: Humans require the enzyme lactase to break down and digest the lactose contained in milk. The curdling of milk is determined by Casein is a protein. Because of the huge fat globules and other large particles in milk, it appears white. It's also worth mentioning that milk may originate from a variety of animals, including goats, sheep, camels, and even water buffalo. Milk's nutritional content and characteristics differ based on the species from which it was obtained.
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Seasonal affective disorder is associated with
O reduced exposure to sunlight.
O a malfunction of the thyroid gland.
O lack of social interaction.
too much external stimuli.
Answer:
3 lack of social interaction
Sex determination in mammals is due to the SRY region of the Y chromosome. An abnormality of this region could allow which of the following to have a male phenotype?A) Turner syndrome, 45, XB) translocation of SRY to an autosome of a 46, XX individualC) a person with an extra X chromosomeD) a person with one normal and one shortened (deleted) XE) Down syndrome, 46, XX
The correct option is B ; Translocation of SRY to an autosome of a 46, XX individual , The SRY gene codes for the protein known as the sex-determining region Y protein.
This protein is involved in the formation of male-typical sex, which normally follows a certain pattern based on an individual's chromosomes. Each cell in a person typically contains 46 chromosomes.
The gene SRY (sex determining region of the Y), situated near the distal end of the Y chromosome's short arm, is required for male sex determination in animals. SRY starts the chain of events that leads to the formation of a testis from an undifferentiated gonad.
In animals, the SRY gene (blue band) on the male Y chromosome governs sex determination. The presence of a Y chromosome determines sex in placental animals. Normally, female cells have two X chromosomes, whereas male cells have one.
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Sex determination in mammals is because of the SRY region located on the Y chromosome. An abnormality in this region could allow: (B) translocation of SRY to an autosome of a 46, XX individual.
SRY region on Y chromosome is the sex determining region or a gene to be specific. The gene is present on the distal region of the short arm of the chromosome. It possesses the potential to begin a cascade of steps that initiate the formation of testis.
Translocation is defined as the process of rearrangement pf chromosomes where a piece of chromosomes detaches and joins another chromosome. This process may or may not result in the loss of genes and as a result the normal functioning related to those chromosomes will be affected.
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it is rumored that the illinois operations manager, sam, has requested the quarterly budget to include an available position for a new team leader for one of the assembly areas. the rumor also indicates that a major competitor's primary team leader, who is a close friend of sam's, may need a job due to the competitor's strategic plans to downsize. sam wants to hire this specific team leader because he thinks the team leader may be able to share some of the competitor's cost-cutting assembly methods.
Sam is interested in hiring this particular team leader because he believes the person may be able to pass along a few of the competitor's cost-effective assembly techniques. Which option, as Chief Liaison Officer, is the most morally sound one? Call a meeting & ask Sam to explain why a fresh team leader is necessary.
An employee who establishes and upholds relationships that are mutually beneficial, promotes communication, and plans activities between two or more individuals, businesses, or organisations is known as a liaison officer. A communications officer is a professional who establishes communication and coordination among two or more organisations over an issue of shared interest. Liaison officers are typically employed to ensure the best possible resource use or the hiring of services from one business by another. An intermediary between two groups or organisations is a liaison officer. Sam is interested in hiring this particular team leader because he believes the person may be able to pass along a few of the competitor's cost-effective assembly techniques. This individual frequently works as a member of the company's public relations team, coordinating responses and resolving any issues that may arise. They are also in charge of establishing and strengthening solid relationships. assist the members of the executive team in determining.
(It is rumored that the Illinois Operations Manager, Sam, has requested the quarterly budget to include an available position for a new team leader for one of the assembly areas. The rumor also indicates that a major competitor's primary team leader, who is a close friend of Sam's, may need a job due to the competitor's strategic plans to downsize. Sam wants to hire this specific team leader because he thinks the team leader may be able to share some of the competitor's cost-cutting assembly methods. As the Chief Liaison Officer, which choice is the best ethical decision?)
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As the Chief Liaison Officer, it would be important to consider the ethical implications of the situation before making a decision.
One potential ethical concern in this situation is the potential for a conflict of interest, as the operations manager, Sam may have a close personal relationship with the team leader from the competitor and may be motivated by personal gain rather than the best interest of the company.
In this situation, the best ethical decision would be to conduct a thorough and impartial investigation into the matter.
You could start by gathering information about the qualifications of the potential candidate, the competitor's cost-cutting assembly methods, and the potential benefits and drawbacks of hiring this specific team leader. You could also consider the potential impact of the hire on the company, the employees, and the industry as a whole.
Complete question:
It is rumored that the Illinois operations manager, sam, has requested the quarterly budget to include an available position for a new team leader for one of the assembly areas. the rumor also indicates that a major competitor's primary team leader, who is a close friend of sam's, may need a job due to the competitor's strategic plans to downsize. sam wants to hire this specific team leader because he thinks the team leader may be able to share some of the competitor's cost-cutting assembly methods.
As the Chief Liaison Officer, which choice is the best ethical decision?
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scientist can use the amino acids sequence in proteins to determine the evolutionary relationships of primates. of the following which primate is least closely related to humans
Scientist can use the amino acids sequence in proteins to determine the evolutionary relationships of primates therefore the primate which is least closely related to humans are monkeys.
What is Evolution?this is referred to as change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Researches done by scientists determined back in 2005 that chimpanzees share somewhere between 98.6 and 99 percent of our DNA while monkeys had the lowest DNA percentage when compared to gorillas and orangutans.
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The question is:
scientist can use the amino acids sequence in proteins to determine the evolutionary relationships of primates. of the following which primate is least closely related to humans
ChimpanzeesGorillaOrangutanMonkey.iam needs a microscope with high enough magnification to observe the bacteria cells he has cultured from sauerkraut. which of these microscopes has just enough magnification to allow viewing of bacteria? please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices a light microscope can be used to observe objects larger than 10 micrometers.
I am needs a microscope with high enough magnification to observe the bacteria cells he has cultured from sauerkraut. A light microscope can be used to observe objects larger than 10 micrometers microscopes has just enough magnification to allow viewing of bacteria.
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) can achieve resolution greater than 1 nanometer. We need 40x magnification to see mitosis for focusing the microscope with the objective should close enough view of the chromosomes to find each phase.
Fluorescence microscopy type of microscope is best for viewing the phases of mitosis in a cell because it is used for studying many of the key insights into our understanding of mitosis that have been enabled by the visualization process using fluorescence microscope
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15. Biochemical reactions that require high temperatures to
proceed are able to take place at body temperature
within the cells of living organisms. Which factor is
mainly responsible for allowing biochemical reactions to
proceed at body temperature?
A
A. The cellular enzymes act as catalysts.
B. The small size of cells keeps reactants together.
c. The pH of the cytoplasm increases reaction rate.
D. The reactants are present in small quantities in the
cell.
Cellular enzymes which act as catalysts is the factor mainly responsible for allowing biochemical reactions to proceed at body temperature.
What are enzymes?Enzymes are proteins that operate as catalysts for biological reactions by assisting the molecular rearrangements necessary for cellular activity. Recall that during chemical reactions, substrates are transformed into products, frequently by the addition or removal of chemical groups from the substrates.
Enzymes are flexible proteins that alter their structure upon binding to substrate molecules. In actuality, enzymes speed up reactions because of their capacity to bind and change form. Enzymes frequently work by positioning two substrates in close proximity to one another to facilitate electron transfer.
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there are two phases to the human menstrual cycle. identify events that occur concurrently with the follicular phase.
The follicular phase occurs after the menstrual phase. The primary follicles in the ovary grow to become fully mature Graafian follicles during this phase, while the lining of the uterus regenerates through proliferation.
The menstrual cycle is separated into two phases: (1) follicular or proliferative and (2) luteal or secretory. The female menstrual cycle's follicular phase includes the maturation of ovarian follicles in preparation for one of them to be released during ovulation. Concurrent changes in the endometrium occur during the follicular phase, which is why it is also known as the proliferative phase.
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by reference to the tree above, which of the following is an accurate statement of relationships? by reference to the tree above, which of the following is an accurate statement of relationships? a crocodile is more closely related to a bird than to a lizard a crocodile is equally related to a lizard and a bird a crocodile is more closely related to a lizard than to a bird a crocodile is related to a lizard, but is not related to a bird
a crocodile is more closely related to a bird than to a lizard. this is an accurate statement of relationships between crocodile and bird with reference to the tree.
Since they both descended from an ancestor who lived approximately 240 million years ago and gave rise to dinosaurs, crocodiles and birds are the closest living relatives. Crocodilians' genomes have evolved at an incredibly slow rate, according to a recent study headed by researchers at UC Santa Cruz (a group that includes crocodiles, caimans, alligators, and gharials). A portion of the genome of the progenitor of crocodiles, birds, and dinosaurs was reconstructed by the UC Santa Cruz researchers using the crocodilian genomes and recently published avian genomes. Researching the evolution of the "archosaurs," a group that encompasses all dinosaurs, pterosaurs, birds, and crocodilians, will be aided by the genome of the common ancestor that has been pieced together.
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the epiphyseal plate is made of cartilage. when the epiphyseal plate ossifies and becomes bone it becomes the epiphyseal line and indicates that appositional growth of long bones is . there are 2 main hormones regulating calcium levels in the body: parathyroid hormone (pth) is secreted by the glands found on the posterior surface of the thyroid and is responsible for bone . is secreted by the gland and is responsible for bone . hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland stimulates bone growth. excessive growth hormone cau
The primary location for the long bones' longitudinal growth is the epiphyseal growth plate.
At this location, cells proliferate, enlarge, and produce the characteristic extracellular matrix, resulting in the formation of cartilage. Following formation, the cartilage is destroyed, hardened, and replaced by osseous tissue.
Despite fluctuations in intake and excretion, three key hormones—PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin—interact to keep the concentration of calcium constant. The preservation of calcium homeostasis may also be aided by other hormones like glucagon, estrogens, thyroxine, somatotropin, and adrenal corticosteroids.
The parathyroid glands secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH), which controls blood calcium levels. When blood calcium levels are low, PTH is released.
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which of the following are required for dna replication? 1. dna polymerases 2. dna ligases 3. a template 4. nitrogenous bases. Select one: O a. Choices 1, 2, and 3 are correct O b. Choices 1 and 4 are correct. O c. All choices are correct. O d. Choices 1 and 3 are correct. O e. Choices 2 and 4 are correct
Dna replication are required for polymerase and ligase. It used as a template for assembling a leading strand of reforming and nucleotides a double helix. It is required for the covalent joining of the incoming nucleotide to the primer.
The important properties of DNA replication are the semi-conservative synthesis of the cellular double-stranded to produce two double-stranded daughter molecules. It sustained dna replication which requires many other enzymes and proteins which assemble into a large complex called a replisome.
It occurs in all living organisms acting which is the most essential part for biological inheritance. DNA replication referred to the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
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the ant myrmecia pilosula is found in australia and is named bulldog because of its aggressive behavior. it is particularly interesting because it carries all its genetic information in a single pair of chromosomes. in other words, 2n
Every cell divides into two (mitosis or meiosis). During meiosis, the daughter cells lose half of their chromosomes.
Female Myrmecia pilosula ant cells are described as being diploid, containing a total of two chromosomes. During the metaphase phase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes, or chromosomes that are similar but not identical to those received from each parent, align toward the center or equator of the cell, which is referred to as the METAPHASE PLATE. This alignment occurs when spindle fibers adhere to chromosomal kinetochores.
Diagram depicts this arrangement of homologous chromosomes in the cell's nucleus. You can observe that each chromosome has doubled, resulting in SISTER chromatids that are connected at the centromere. The subsequent action because of its aggressive behavior.
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Lung cancer cells do not respond to the signal that regulates the growth of normal lung cells. Which of the following processes is not being appropriately regulated in the cancerous count that allowed for uncontrolled cell growth?
A. The cell cycle
B. Fertilization
C. Meiosis
D. Respiration
Answer:
A. The cell cycle
Explanation:
The process that is not being appropriately regulated in lung cancer cells, allowing for uncontrolled cell growth, is the cell cycle (Option A).
The cell cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication). These events can be divided into two main stages: interphase (G1, S, G2) and the mitotic phase (M).
In normal cells, the cell cycle is tightly regulated by a variety of mechanisms that ensure that cells divide only when necessary and that DNA is replicated and divided accurately. Cancer cells, however, lose this regulation, and they can divide and replicate uncontrollably. This uncontrolled cell growth is a key feature of cancer.
Fertilization, meiosis, and respiration are not related to cell growth regulation. Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Meiosis is the process of cell division that leads to the formation of haploid cells. Respiration is the metabolic process by which cells convert nutrients into energy.
During DNA replication, an open section of DNA, in which a DNA polymerase can replicate DNA, is called the _____.
The enzyme that can replicate DNA is called _____.
The new DNA strand that grows continuously in the 5' to 3' direction is called the _____.
leading strand
After replication is complete, the new DNAs, called _____, are identical to each other.
The open section of DNA, where the DNA polymerase attach and replicate is called a replication fork. The enzyme that helps for this is called DNA polymerase and strand which grow continuously is called Leading strand. As a result two daughter DNAs are produced.
DNA replication is an important step during cell division, and in this step two copies of DNA is produced. DNA polymerase is the enzyme that undertaken the replication. First the DNA strands unwinds and an open structure is formed called a replication fork.
DNA polymerase synthesize DNA in 5' - 3' direction, continuous strand is produced from only one strand and is called the leading strand. On the other strand, fragments of DNA are produced, called Okazaki fragments. These are glued together to form a strand by DNA ligase enzyme.
As a result, two daughter DNAs which are identical are formed.
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Subject: Biology
Vocabulary/Important People: On a separate sheet of paper define the vocabulary terms and identify the importance of the people below. *Try this without looking the terms up, it helps you study if you try it on your own first.
Dichotomous Key Phylogeny Evolution Charles Darwin Linneaus
Binomial Nomenclature Homologous Structure Analogous Structure Vestigial Structure
Fossil Record
Comparative Embryology Biogeography Molecular Biology Transitional Organism Anatomy
Common Ancestor
Concept Map: Create a concept map (Example below) to identify how the vocabulary terms and people are related within this unit. For each line describe how the items are related. This is an excellent way to study! The more connections and better descriptions you have the more you understand the concept.
Key Concept 1: Patterns of Evolution
Directions: Using your notes and the other activities we have completed, try to describe each of the learning objectives below.
EVO 1.1(a) Use scientific evidence to justify a claim of an evolutionary relationship between species.
EVO 1.1(b) Describe shared
characteristics (homologies) among organisms that provide evidence for common ancestry
EVO 1.2(a) Create or modify models to illustrate evolutionary relationships.
EVO 1.2(b) Use models of evolutionary relationships to describe and/or analyze how different species are related.
The explanation of the vocabulary terms include:
Dichotomous Key: A tool used in biology to identify organisms by their characteristics, which can be used to narrow down a list of possibilities through a series of choices.
Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
Evolution: The process by which populations of living organisms change over time through natural selection, genetic drift, and other mechanisms, leading to the emergence of new species.
Charles Darwin: A British naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of science.
Linnaeus: A Swedish botanist and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature.
Binomial Nomenclature: A system of naming organisms using two Latin names, the first representing the genus and the second representing the species.
Homologous Structures: Structures in different organisms that have a similar underlying structure and development, but may have different functions, suggesting they have a common ancestor.
Analogous Structures: Structures in different organisms that have similar functions but a different underlying structure and development, suggesting they have evolved independently.
Vestigial Structures: Structures in organisms that have little or no function in the organism, but have a function in an organism's ancestors
Fossil Record: The remains or traces of organisms from the past, which can provide evidence for the existence and evolution of extinct species.
Comparative Embryology: The study of the developmental stages of different organisms, which can provide evidence for common ancestry.
Biogeography: The study of the distribution of living organisms and fossils across different regions and through time, which can provide evidence for the evolution of species.
Molecular Biology: The study of the molecular basis of biological activity, which can provide evidence for evolutionary relationships between species through the comparison of DNA and protein sequences.
Transitional Organism: An organism that shows characteristics intermediate between two different groups, suggesting it is a link in the evolutionary chain between them.
Anatomy: The study of the structure and organization of living organisms, which can provide evidence for evolutionary relationships between species.
Common Ancestor: A hypothetical ancestor from which two or more species have evolved, inferred from the similarities and differences in their characteristics.
How to explain the vocabulary?To claim an evolutionary relationship between species, scientists use a combination of evidence from paleontology, comparative anatomy, molecular biology and biogeography. For example, the discovery of transitional fossils that show a gradual transition between the characteristics of two different groups of species, the similarities and differences in the DNA sequences of different species, the similarities in the embryological development of different organisms and the distribution of different species in different regions can provide evidence of evolutionary relationships between species.
Homologous structures are structures in different organisms that have a similar underlying structure and development, but may have different functions. These structures provide evidence for common ancestry because they suggest that the organisms with these structures share a recent common ancestor. Examples of homologous structures include the forelimbs of mammals, birds, and reptiles, which all have the same basic bone structure, despite being adapted for different purposes such as flight, grasping, or digging.
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identify a true statement about the effects of plant-produced chemicals.multiple choice question.these chemicals do not alter brain biochemistry.these chemicals do not have a chemical structure similar to neurotransmitters.these chemicals produce effects that are undesirable to the brain.these chemicals produce useful effects in controlled doses.
The correct statement for the effects of plant-produced chemicals is option C that is these chemicals produce useful effects in controlled doses.
Organic substances produced by many higher plants, such as oils, resins, tannins, rubber, gums, waxes, colors, tastes and scents, medicines, and insecticides, are crucial to the economy.
However, the majority of higher plant species have never been described, just less examined for chemical or physiologically active components, therefore there are still untapped sources of materials with significant commercial value.
New ways for the processing and packaging of even uncommon plants and the compounds they produce should be made possible by advancements in biotechnology, particularly those involving techniques for cultivating plant cells and tissues.
Future commercial development of novel plant regulation products can be anticipated to include a growing amount of physiologically active plant-derived compounds.
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The effects of plant-produced chemicals. (d) these chemicals produce useful effects in controlled doses is correct option.
Oils, resins, tannins, rubber, gums, waxes, colours, tastes, and fragrances, medications, and pesticides are only a few of the organic products that many higher plants create that are essential to the economy.
There are still untapped sources of materials with great commercial worth because the bulk of higher plant species have not only never been named but also have not been thoroughly studied for chemical or physiologically active components.
Advances in biotechnology, particularly those involving methods for culturing plant cells and tissues, should enable new methods for the processing and packaging of even unusual plants and the substances they produce.
One can assume that a growing number of physiologically active plant-derived chemicals will be used in the commercial development of novel plant regulatory products in the future.
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