At the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), we support rural residents by giving them the tools they need to enhance their family's nutrition, boost their food security, and increase their income.
Briefing:-We support their development of resilience, business growth, and self-determination.
Which non-profit organization provides animals to small-scale farmers in the US and underdeveloped nations?A global development group called Heifer International is dedicated to permanently eradicating hunger and poverty. We collaborate with local governments in 20 different nations to boost regional economies and create stable livelihoods that ensure small-scale farmers receive a living wage.
Is micro farming financially successful?Small-scale farming can be successful even though it may not yield as many bushels of grain as a farm covering 100 acres. Helm remarked, "It's really achievable.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. Discount, off-price and convenience stores typically used ______ service to create a consistent experience for customers while minimizing costs.
Off-price retailers are outlets who supply high great items at low priced prices. They normally promote second-hand goods, off-the-season items etc.
Description: These retailers offer inconsistent assortment of brand identify and fashion-oriented smooth items at low prices.
In what way do retailers offer convenience to consumers?Obtaining the Product. Possession comfort is the velocity and ease with which buyers can acquire preferred products. It exists when the merchandise is in-stock and available on a well timed basis. Merchandise availability effects from a retailer's strong in-stock position, well timed production, or timely delivery
Ross Stores (Ross Dress for Less), T.J. Maxx (USA), T.K. Maxx (UK, Germany, Australia), and Burlington are examples of unbiased off-price retailers. Ross Dress for Less® is an off-price retailer with 1,480 places in the United States.
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https://brainly.com/question/21840083#SPJ4Wescott Company has three divisions: A, B, and C. The company has a hurdle rate of 8 percent. Selected operating data for the three divisions are as follows:
Division A Division B Division C
Sales revenue $1,255,000 $920,000 $898,000
Cost of goods sold $776,000 $675,000 $652,000
Miscellaneous operating expenses $64,000 $52,000 $53,100
Interest and taxes $48,000 $41,000 $41,500
Average invested assets $8,300,000 $1,930,000 $3,215,000
Wescott is considering an expansion project in the upcoming year that will cost $5 million and return $450,000 per year. The project would be implemented by only one of the three divisions.
Required:
1. Compute the ROl for each division.
2. Compute the residual income for each division.
The ratio of an investment's annual return to its cost is known as return on investment.Positively, a higher return on investment ratio indicates a profitable investment.
Net operating income equals sales revenue minus cost of goods sold minus other operating expenses. Net operating income equals 415,000.
Net operating income = $1,255,000 -$776,000 - $64,000 = 415,000
The term "return on investment" (ROI) refers to the ratio of an investment's profit to its cost.When expressed as a percentage, an investment with a cost of $100 and a profit of $100 would have an ROI of 1, or 100%.
Is a 30 percent ROI acceptable?
A good ROI of 30 percent may depend on how long your ROI has been at 30 percent in the past.A better investment might have a one-year ROI of 20% as opposed to a three-year ROI of 30%.
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if he uses the shortest processing time first priority rule to schedule these jobs, what will be the average number of jobs in his shop today?
If he uses the shortest processing time first priority rule to job schedule , what will be the average number of jobs in his shop today is 2.
Explain the importance of shortest processing time?Shortest Processing Time (SPT) The shortest processing time rule arranges jobs in ascending order of processing time. When a machine is freed, the shortest work available at the time begins processing. This algorithm is best for determining the shortest total and weighted completion times. The job that takes the least amount of time to process gets processed first. Work-in-process inventory, average job completion (flow) time, and average job lateness are all reduced by this rule. EDD (earliest due date). When the goal is to reduce job tardiness, this guideline comes in handy. The fastest processing time: Jobs are sequenced in increasing order of processing time in the SPT rule, with the shortest time first and the longest time last.
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the cost of depleted inventory for a cocktail is $0.74 and the selling price is $3.75. what is the pour cost percentage?
If the cost of depleted inventory for a cocktail is $0.74 and the selling price is $3.75 the pour cost percentage will be 19.7%
Depletion is an accrual accounting method for allocating the cost of obtaining natural resources from the earth, including lumber, minerals, and oil. In business inventory depletion is a non-cash expense, similar to depreciation and amortization, that gradually reduces an asset's cost value through regular charges to income.
The pour cost of a bar is the ratio of the price of the beverages to the money the bar makes from selling them. It is a means to calculate the bar's gross profit margin on its merchandise.
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nterest is $405 on a principal balance of $5,000; assuming a 7 month loan, what is the rate? round to the nearest cent or hundredth percent as needed.
We know that interest equals principal multiplied by time multiplied by rate.
405 = 5000 *7/12 * rate
405 * 12/5000 * 7 = interest rate
The interest rate is 13.886%.
What does interest rate mean?It is the annual rate charged for borrowing (or made by investing), expressed as a single percentage number that indicates the actual yearly cost of funds over the loan's term. We may calculate the interest rate using the interest rate formula, which is the percentage of the principle amount charged by the lender or bank to the borrower for the use of its assets or money for a specified time period. Interest Rate = (Simple Interest 100)/(Principal Time) is the interest rate formula. A $100 loan at a nominal interest rate of 6%, for example, would accrue $6 in interest ($100 X 0.06). If the loan was increased to $1,000, the borrower would still pay 6%.
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bruce, whose primary job is supervising a small production group, is not getting cooperation from all members on the cross-functional team he leads. in particular, selas, a senior marketing manager, seems to resist his direction and tries to influence team members to go in another direction. the source of conflict in this case may be
If Bruce, whose primary job is supervising a small production group, is not getting cooperation from all members on the cross-functional team he leads. The source of conflict in this case may be: A. status differences.
What is status differences?Status differences can be defined as the way in which a person experience inequality as a result of their status. Example of status difference is when a person earn high income and another person earn low income.
This scenario best illustrate status difference because Bruce is not getting cooperation from the member due to his job role which is to supervise a small production group.
Therefore the correct option is A.
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The complete question is;
Bruce, whose primary job is supervising a small production group, is not getting cooperation from all members on the cross-functional team he leads. In particular, Keylani, a senior marketing manager, seems to resist his direction and tries to influence team members to go in another direction. The source of conflict in this case may be
A. status differences.
B. a personality clash.
C. communication failure.
D. time pressure.
E. ambiguous jurisdictions.
the use of specialty catalogs from firms such as ikea, crate and barrel, and l.l. bean have been affected by all of these factors except which?
the use of specialty catalogs from firms such as ikea, crate and barrel, and l.l. bean have been affected by, The growing influence of television home shopping.
What precisely is Growing Influence?
Emily is a 30-year-old professional with a young family and high aspirations. She is having an impact in her role as manager at a tech company, but after being passed over for several promotions, she is unsure of how to get better. A kindly—and surprisingly direct—older man in a coffee shop appears to her as fate's response. David, a former respected CEO, has extensive experience in leadership. David is the ideal guide for Emily because she needs direction.
Growing Influence provides readers with both useful guidance on how to hone leadership abilities and a relatable account of one woman's development as a result of putting the book's principles into practice.
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if $1,068,000 of 10% bonds are issued at 102 1/2, what is the amount of cash received from the sale? select the correct answer. $801,000 $1,094,700 $1,068,000 $1,174,800
On the sale, $1,020,000 in cash was obtained.
How much money have your clients paid you in total?The sums of money (cash) that you get from your clients are known as cash receipts. These increase the amount of cash that is reported on the balance sheet of an organization. Their production may come through sales or collects.
How do you keep track of money you receive?A visual representation of the amount of money from the sale
You can record the money in your books because you already received it at the moment of sale. Once more, you must enter a debit in your diary for cash receipts and a credit in your journal for sales. Register a $250 debit in your sales record and a $250 credit for cash receipts.
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All else equal, a nonqualified deferred compensation plan is preferable from a tax perspective when the employee anticipates that her marginal tax rate will be higher when she receives the deferred compensation than when she defers receiving the compensation. True/False
False. When an employee believes that her marginal tax rate will be greater when she receives the deferred pay than when she defers receiving it, a nonqualified deferred remuneration is desirable from a tax standpoint.
Corporate leaders can delay a substantially bigger amount of their pay under NQDC schemes, as well as the associated taxes until the deferred is paid. Only if you have exhausted all of your qualifying plan choices should you think about contributing to a corporate NQDC plan.
A nonqualified deferred compensation package is a sort of retirement arrangement that enables a restricted group of highly compensated workers to benefit from tax advantages by delaying a higher proportion of their pay than is permitted under an IRS-approved qualified retirement arrangement.
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when developing a risk response plan event managers should address all of the following questions except: group of answer choices who will be responsible for monitoring the risk and implementing the response? will the risk be an absolute or speculative risk? where does the risk fit into the overall plans and what is its effect on other risks? what is the definition of the risk, its priority, and what corrective action is to be taken?
When developing a risk response plan event managers should address all of the following questions except will the risk be an absolute or speculative risk?
Risk management entails the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks in order to minimize, monitor, and control the possibility or impact of unpleasant events or to maximize the realization of possibilities. The efficient and well-planned use of resources comes next.
Risk management is the act of identifying, evaluating, and controlling the monetary, legal, strategic, and security threats to an organization's assets and earnings.
Locating, monitoring, and controlling potential risks is the act of reducing any harm they might do to an organization. System malfunctions, data loss, cyberattacks, security flaws, and natural calamities are a few examples of potential dangers.
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accountants include costs as part of a firm's costs, while economists include costs. question content area bottom part 1 a. explicit and implicit; implicit b. explicit; explicit and implicit c. implicit; no implicit d. explicit; no explicit
Accountants include costs as part of a firm's costs, while economists include costs, the correct answer will be, "Explicit, explicit and implicit."
Accounting costs are expenses that often involve payments for things like rent, salaries, the cost of goods, etc. The economic cost, on the other hand, is a cost that includes both explicit and implicit costs. Typically, the opportunity cost is the implicit cost.
A cost that exists without the exchange of money and is not documented for accounting purposes is referred to as an implicit cost. Implicit costs don't indicate a loss of profit; instead, they represent the loss of income.
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Renata is purchasing a condominium for $ 125,000. She wants to put down a down payment of 20%. Select all the true statements.
Renata is purchasing a condominium for $125,000. The down payment is 20%. The true statement is:
The down payment is $25,000
The down payment is the portion of the purchase price necessary to secure the transaction.
The down payment is an upfront expense that the buyer must pay in cash before being approved for long-term finance (loan or mortgage).
A down payment is intended to reassure the lender of the borrower's ability to repay the loan.
In the given problem, the cost for the condominium is $125,000. The down payment is 20%.
Hence,
Down payment amount = 20% x $125,000
Down payment amount = $25,000
Your question is incomplete but most probably your question was:
Renata is purchasing a condominium for $125,000. The down payment is 20%. The true statement is:
The down payment is $125,000
The down payment is $25,000
The down payment is $15,000
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if customers buy a quantity of seven products per week, regardless of the price, the numeric value of the price elasticity of demand for the product is
if customers buy a quantity of seven products per week, regardless of the price, the numeric value of the price elasticity of demand for the product is Cross-price elasticity.
What is Cross-price elasticity?The cross elasticity of demand, also known as the cross-price elasticity of demand, in economics quantifies the relationship between the percentage change in the quantity of a commodity sought and the percentage change in the price of another good, ceteris paribus. The percentage change in a given product's quantity demanded as a result of a percentage change in the price of a "related" product is known as cross price elasticity of demand.
Cross price elasticity (XED) is calculated as follows: (% change in product A demand) / (% change in product B price) This implies that the products A and B can be substituted for one another because it is a positive value larger than zero.
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which of the following groups or organizations can initiate oversight of executive branch bureaucracy?
The Congressional Budget Office is the organization that can initiate oversight of the executive branch's bureaucracy.
A government organization inside the US Congress, the Congressional Fiscal Office supplies Congress with a budget and economic data. In relation to government economic and financial choices, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) offers Congress fast, unbiased, objective information, analysis, and projections.
The President submits the budget to Congress by the first Monday of February each year. The budget provides estimates of federal revenues and expenditures for the next fiscal year and recommends federal funding levels.
The bureaucracy is the heart and soul of government administration. Policies approved by key decision-makers are interpreted and enforced by law enforcement agencies and departments.
Complete question:
Which of the following groups or organizations can initiate oversight of executive branch bureaucracy?
a. Congressional Budget Office
b. congressional committees
c. individual members of Congress
d. private citizens
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if the inflation rate is zero, then the nominal and real interest rate are the same. a. true b. false
True, if inflation is zero, the nominal and real interest rates are equal. This is because the nominal interest rate is equal to the real interest rate plus the inflation rate.
In the field of economics, inflation is characterized as a rise in the average cost of goods and services throughout a country. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; thus, inflation corresponds to a loss of money's purchasing power.
Economists have identified several possible causes of inflation, ranging from rising wages to increased aggregate demand to an increase in the money supply.
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in the process of implementing the balanced scorecard approach at his company, operations manager stone wonders whether internal activities and processes add value for customers and shareholders. this involves which dimension of the balanced scorecard?
This involves internal business processes dimension of the balanced scorecard.
An internal business is a style of business method that organizations perform while not the influence or involvement of external business partners. Internal processes are a facet of the balanced card methodology, that could be a performance metric a company will use to spot areas which will would like improvement.
A shareholder of a corporation is a private or legal entity that's registered by the corporation because the legal owner of shares of the share capital of a public or corp. Shareholders could also be remarked as members of a company.
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you're working with a beverage client on a new campaign. after reviewing a report in campaign manager 360, you notice that the default ads are running more often than the new campaign-assigned ads. what could be the cause of this issue?
You used targeting based on geography, language, and technology. Three separate pieces of creative were featured for this campaign. The advertisement's priority was set to "2" so that it would run before the default. The advertisement is expected to appear on many websites and platforms.
For marketers and agencies, there is a web-based ad management solution called Campaign Manager 360. You may manage your digital marketing across websites and mobile devices with its aid.
The tools for ad serving, targeting, verification, and reporting are extensive. They should check the campaign settings in Campaign Manager 360 to determine if their mobile-friendly advertising is enabled.
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a (fill in the blank) offers a huge selection of one type of product (such as books, toys, or sporting goods) to dominate that category of goods
For the purpose of monopolizing a particular product category (such as books, toys, or athletic goods), a category killer store offers a wide assortment of just one type of product.
Why do you refer to a product?An item or service that you offer to fulfill a customer's need or desire is referred to as a product. Both real and virtual ones are possible. Physical objects come in two varieties: nondurable products and durable things, such as computers, furniture, and automobiles (like food and beverages).
What characteristics distinguish a quality product?Effective marketing with a distinct value proposition is used to promote good products. We are all aware of the importance of effective marketing for a product's success. A value proposition, yet, what is it exactly? The promise made by a business to provide value in exchange for customers sticking with its product is known as a value proposition.
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designing and implementing a global database is a technical challenge, mainly because of the . a. complications involved in providing complete autonomy to a company’s subsidiaries b. variations in the business needs of an organization c. need to transfer data across cultural and geographic bound
Designing and implementing a global database is a technical challenge, mainly because of the different character sets used for the names of people and places.
A business database is a classified compilation of information about the complete business operation. Businesses utilize databases for a variety of things, including obtaining data on customers and clients and keeping track of sales, spending, and other financial data.
Global Database provides business data for 195 countries. It is the most complete platform for business directories, giving users access to leading organizations and their important relationships.
A database is a group of data that has been arranged for easy management, updating, and access. Information like sales transactions, client information, financial data, and product information are frequently saved in computer databases as collections of data records or files.
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how many of the following statements are true if k's analysis involves analyzing publicly available company financial statements, government data, and industry reports and attempting to identify stocks of firms that are undervalued? statement 1: there could be predictable benefits from k's analysis in markets that are not efficient. statement 2: there could be predictable benefits from k's analysis in markets that are weak form efficient. statement 3: there could be predictable benefits from k's analysis in markets that are semi-strong form efficient. statement 4: there could be predictable benefits from k's analysis in markets that are strong form efficient. 1 2 0 3 4
There could be predictable benefits from k's analysis in the markets that are semi-strong form efficient is true if k's analysis involves analyzing publicly available company financial statements and attempting to identify stocks of the firms that are undervalued.
What are financial statements?Financial statements are the official records of company, an individual, or the another entity's financial transactions and standing. These statements may be complicated for large firms and may include a substantial number of management discussion and analysis notes in addition to the financial statements' extensive footnotes. Each line item on the cash flow statement, income statement, and balance sheet is usually further explained in the notes. Financial statements are thought to be incomplete without the notes that accompany them. Those requesting financial aid or a personal loan may be asked to submit personal financial statements. A personal financial statement typically consists of one form that is used to disclose both personal sources of income and expenses as well as personally owned assets and liabilities (debts).
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andy noticed that the status report seemed to be missing a section. it did not describe what the team will accomplish between now and the next report. based on andy's observation, the status report is missing the section.
ANSWER: Based on Andy's observation, the status report is missing the risk management section.
WHAT IS RISK MANAGEMENT?Identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks—defined by ISO 31000 as the impact of uncertainty on objectives—is the first step in risk management. The next step is the coordinated and cost-effective application of resources in an effort to reduce the likelihood or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities.
Risks can originate from a number of different things, such as unpredictability in global markets, threats from project failures (at any stage of design, development, production, or sustaining of life cycles), legal liabilities, credit risk, accidents, natural disasters, enemy attack, or events with unknown or unpredictable root causes.
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what type of information would be shared during the effort reporting component of the kickoff meeting? a.) decide when project team meetings would occur and who would be involved b.) prepare copies of the scope, governance, and schedule for team members to review c.) create a raci to share with each team member d.) detail how team members should alert the project manager when hours needed to complete tasks go beyond estimates
Answer: D - Detail how team members should alert the project manager when hours needed to complete tasks go beyond estimates
Explanation: During effort reporting, all team members should report on their actual time. If more time is needed than estimated, the program manager should be notified.
Statement of work, project scope, timeline, and deliverables This is one of the most important aspects that will be discussed during the project kick-off meeting.It establishes the project's scope and confirms whether or not everyone is on the same page.
When and where does the project kickoff meeting take place, and what is its purpose?
The project manager, the client, and the team all meet for the first time at the kickoff meeting.The team is introduced to the project's goals and client requirements during the kickoff meeting.The meeting is typically hosted by the project manager.
Establish a schedule, communicate it to your attendees, and then stick to it.Without getting too specific, talk about the fundamental roles and responsibilities. Give an overview of how you'll complete the work, including any tools or platforms you'll be using.Perform a quick timeline and other important dates.
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when the supplier, not the demander, decides what types and amounts of health care are to be consumed, it is called a case of supplier-induced
According to the supplier-induced demand theory, healthcare practitioners that prioritize their own financial well-being over the interests of their patients produce induced demand.
Why is an issue with supplier-induced demand?If asymmetric information does not exist, the provider can utilize better information to persuade a person to purchase more of the item or service they offer than the Pareto efficient level. This causes a loss to welfare.
What is the fundamental tenet of the Sid hypothesis on supplier-induced demand?Supplier-induced demand (SID) in the context of healthcare refers to the idea wherein doctors control their patients' demand for medical services to boost the use of healthcare.
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basic principles of sensation and perception objective 1: contrast sensation and perception, and explain the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing.
When sensory receptors pick up on inputs, it causes sensation. The organizing, interpreting, and conscious involvement of those sensations are all parts of the perception.
What is perception?It takes organization, recognition, and interpretation of sensory data to represent and comprehend information or environment that is being presented. All perceptions entail neural system impulses that flow through them, which come from chemical or physical activation of sensory system. Smell is communicated by the odor molecules, hearing is transmitted by pressure waves, and vision is mediated by light striking retina of eye. In addition to recipient's learning, memory, expectancy, and attention, perception is active interpretation of these signals. The process of sensory intake raises the level of this low-level information to that of higher level information (e.g., extracts shapes for object recognition). The subsequent procedure links a person's concepts, expectations, and knowledge to the restorative and selective mechanisms that affect perception.
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Assume a simple model with only two countries: Japan and Canada, and two goods: cars and bacon. Suppose that the opportunity cost for Japan to produce 1 car is 2 units of bacon and the opportunity cost for Canada to produce 1 car is 4.5 units of bacon. Which of the following statements is true?
Japan would be economically better off if it produced cars and traded with Canada for bacon.
Trading is the buying and selling of securities such as stocks, bonds, currencies and commodities, as opposed to investments that imply a buy and hold strategy.
Investing takes a long-term approach to the market and is often associated with objectives such as retirement accounts. Trading includes short-term strategies to maximize earnings on a daily, monthly or quarterly basis.
Stock trading means buying and selling shares of a company in an attempt to profit from price changes. Traders are closely watching short-term price changes in these stocks. They buy low and sell high.
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assuming the market is arbitrage-free, if a six-month pure discount bond yields 1.8%, a one-year pure discount bond yields 2.3%, an eighteen-month pure discount bond yields 2.69%, and a two-year discount bond yields 3.09%, what should be the price of a two-year $2,000 7% par-value bond with semiannual coupons?
Cash flow total is 935.54
Given that a two-year bond yields 1.8%, the semiannual discount rate should be 2.69%.
The par value here is $1000 after two years.
Coupon rate = 6% annually, or 3% semi-annually, or $30 every six months.
Consequently, the bond's price should then be
Semi-annual
Discounted at 1.525% for periods cashflow
Cashflow:
30 0.985 29.55
30 0.929 27.88
30 0.877 26.30
1030 0.827 851.82
Price: 935.54
Cash flow is the net balance of money coming into and going out of a business at a specific point in time. A firm experiences constant inflows and outflows of cash.
For instance, money leaves the company and moves closer to its suppliers when a retailer buys inventory.
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the practice of applying agile methods on larger projects in which several teams are working on different features at the same time is known as
Agile methodologies can be applied to larger projects where multiple teams are concurrently working on various elements. Staging describes this. A sprint burndown chart is used to track advancement toward project completion.
What are Agile methodologies?
In order to manage a project, the Agile methodology separates it into several phases. Continuous cooperation with stakeholders and improvement at every stage is necessary. Teams cycle through a process of planning, carrying out, and assessing once the job starts. Coworkers and subcontractors must constantly work together. It is a project management approach that calls for constant communication and iterative improvement.
The foundation of managing projects is the notion that a product may be continuously improved upon throughout its project lifecycle with modifications being made quickly and effectively. Because of its scalability flexibility, and focus on customer feedback, agile management of projects is one of the most popular techniques.
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marigold corp sells mp3 players for 60 each variable costs are 40 per unit and fixed costs total 120000 how many 1800000
Break-even point = 165,000 units
What are some instances of fixed and variable costs?Variable costs fluctuate depending on how much product is produced. Variable costs include, for example, labor, commissions, and raw materials. The amount of fixed expenses is constant regardless of the degree of production. Examples of fixed costs are insurance premiums, rent and lease payments, and interest payments.
Providing the following details:Price to Sell: $60
Each unit's variable expenses are $40.
Total fixed costs are $120,000.
$180,000 is the desired profit.
We must apply the following formula to determine the required number of units to be sold:
(Fixed costs plus targeted profit)/contribution margin per unit equals the break-even point in units.
120,000 + 1800,000 / 40 is the break-even point in units.
Breakeven point = 165,000 units .
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in a taxless world with no brokerage costs, repurchases and dividends have the same effect on shareholder wealth. in the real world, however, repurchases provide more preferable tax treatment than dividends to ordinary investors. does this mean that firms should always use share repurchases so that investors can gain from this tax benefit? no yes
In a taxless world with no brokerage costs, repurchases and dividends have the same effect on shareholder wealth. in the real world, however, repurchases provide more preferable tax treatment than dividends to ordinary investors. does this mean that firms should always use share repurchases so that investors can gain from this tax benefit. NO
Taxes are obligatory contributions levied on people or corporations by using a government entity—whether or not neighborhood, regional, or countrywide. Tax sales finance authorities activities, together with public works and services together with roads and schools, or packages which includes Social safety and Medicare.
Taxes are essential due to the fact governments accumulate this cash and use it to finance social projects
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the international blank system is responsible for governing exchange rates. multiple choice question. monetary swap fiscal gold
Supply and demand factors in the foreign exchange market are often what drive exchange rates.
What does the international system of currency rates mean?The exchange rate is the cost involved in converting one currency into another. The vast majority of exchange rates are classified as floating and alter in reaction to supply and demand in the market. Some exchange rates are predetermined or connected to the value of a specific country's currency.
Who controls the currency exchange?The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 contains the legal guidelines guiding the administration of foreign exchange reserves. For two key reasons, the Reserve Bank's reserves management function has increased in recent years in both importance and sophistication.
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Answer:
Monetary.
Explanation:
The international MONERTARY system is responsible for governing exchange rates.