Which neurotransmitters are used for each division of the autonomic nervous system? Be sure to describe the synapse at the autonomic ganglion and at the effector. What component of the system determines if a given neurotransmitter has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the target effector?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The autonomic nervous system is in charge of controlling visceral effectors. Traditionally, it is described by its peripheral nervous components (ganglia, nerves and plexuses) and two divisions are distinguished: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. Transmission of the excitatory stimulus through the synaptic cleft occurs by release of neurotransmitters; the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are mainly norepinephrine (NA) and acetylcholine (AC). The NA-secreting fibers are called adrenergic and those that secrete AC, cholinergic. All preganglionic neurons, both those of the sympathetic nervous system and those of the parasympathetic nervous system, are cholinergic. The neuron that releases the neurotransmitter is called a presynaptic neuron. The signal receptor neuron is called a postsynaptic neuron. Depending on the type of neurotransmitter released, postsynaptic neurons are either stimulated (excited) or de-stimulated (inhibited).

Explanation:

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the central and peripheral nervous system that is responsible for the regulation of the involuntary functions of the organism, the maintenance of internal homeostasis and the adaptive responses to variations in the external and internal environment  and two divisions are distinguished: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. Acetylcholine is the preganglionic neurotransmitter of both divisions of the S.N.A. (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and also of the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic. The nerves at whose endings acetylcholine are released are called cholinergic. Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter of postganglionic sympathetic neurons. The nerves into which norepinephrine is released are called adrenergic. Within the efferent sympathetic impulses, the postganglionic neurons that innervate the eccrine sweat glands and some blood vessels that supply the skeletal muscles are of the cholinergic type. Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine act on the different organs to produce the corresponding parasympathetic or sympathetic effects. The peripheral nerve endings of the sympathetic form a reticulum or plexus from which the terminal fibers come in contact with the effector cells. All the norepinephrine in peripheral tissues is found in the sympathetic endings in which it accumulates in subcellular particles analogous to the chromaffin granulations of the adrenal medulla. The release of norepinephrine at nerve endings occurs in response to action potentials that travel through nerve endings. The receptor, when stimulated by catecholamines, sets in motion a series of membrane changes that are followed by a cascade of intracellular phenomena that culminate in a measurable response. There are two classes of adrenergic receptors known as alpha and beta. These two classes are again subdivided into others that have different functions and that can be stimulated or blocked separately. Norepinephrine primarily excites alpha receptors and beta receptors to a small extent. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is synthesized at the axonal terminal and deposited in synaptic vesicles. Acetylcholine activates two different types of receptors, called muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Acetylcholine (AC) synthesis takes place at presynaptic termination by acetylation of choline with acetyl-coenzyme A, a reaction catalyzed by acetylcholinetransferase. The energy required for the release of a neurotransmitter is generated in the mitochondria of the presynaptic terminal. Binding of neurotransmitters to postsynaptic membrane receptors produces changes in membrane permeability. The nature of the neurotransmitter and the receptor molecule determines whether the effect produced will be one of excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron.


Related Questions

Plants growing high up on mountains tend to be much smaller than those growing at sea level. This is because the rate of photosynthesis for plants on the mountain is slower. Which factor is at a lower level in the mountain environment, causing a limit to the rate of photosynthesis?

Answers

Answer:

CO2

Explanation:

The immune response consists of different components playing their role for a common goal: to rid the body of a pathogen. Create an analogy that helps explain the roles of the responses of the immune system and describe the relationship between the responses.

Answers

Answer:

In a primary immune response, naive B cells are stimulated by antigen, become activated, and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells that produce antibodies specific for the eliciting antigen.

A secondary immune response is elicited when the same antigen stimulates memory B cells, leading to the production of greater quantities of specific antibodies that are produced in the primary response

Answer:

In a primary immune response, naïve B cells are stimulated by antigen, become activated, and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells that produce antibodies specific for the eliciting antigen.

A secondary immune response is elicited when the same antigen stimulates memory B cells, leading to the production of greater quantities of specific antibodies that are produced in the primary response.

  

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The main point of this page is..???

Answers

Answer:

The Main point of the page is to explain Celestial Objects to audiences who didn't know before.

Explanation:

It's a page to deeper to understanding of Celestial Objects or floating rocks :)

Can someone give me the answer for both questions please:)

Answers

Answer:

The answers are:

C danimeletion

B dna - rna - amino acid - protein - genetic expression

what controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell

Answers

Answer:

The cell membrane.

Explanation:

Viruses are able to infect cells because they share a common genetic code and are able to use host cell enzymes to carry out protein synthesis. There are some structures which are
unique to viruses and not found in cells. These include which of the following:
l. Protein capsid
II. Nucleic acids
III. Cell wall

Answers

Answer:

Protein capsid are unique to viruses.

Explanation:

Answer:

1 only

Explanation:

HELP ME
I NEED THIS FOR NOW
I WILL GIVE YOU BRAINLIEST

Answers

Answer:

1)   As soon as the paper cuts into the cells of your skin, your body springs into action. First, blood cells called platelets join together at the paper cut and form a clot to stop the bleeding.

The process is called Blood clotting.

2)   The cell that are made will have the same same amount of DNA/chromosomes.

3)   Chromosomes come in pairs. Normally, each cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total chromosomes). Half come from the mother; the other half come from the father. Two of the chromosomes (the X and the Y chromosome) determine your sex as male or female when you are born.

What are some negative impacts of having this life cycle that might have contributed to a decline in the dragonfly population?

Answers

Answer:

Dragonflies are important for our environment.

Explanation:

Dragon flies belongs to the ancient family of insects. They are found on every parts of the world and have been from around 300 millions years ago. There are more than 5000 different species of them found in different parts of the world. Conserving dragonflies is important as they considered as a valuable environmental indicators.

Dragon flies are found in the areas where water is available and near grasslands. Their life cycle is an example of an incomplete metamorphosis. The dragon flies lays their eggs near the water or in the water. Dragon flies spends most of the life time as a nymph in the water where they turn into an adult and leave the water. The dragon flies rely on the aquatic ecosystems all through their life. Thus dragonflies are an important indicators of the environment and water quality.

Most of the life cycle of the dragon flies depend on the availability of water and its quality. Polluting water and destroying their habitat will result in the decline of the population of the dragon flies.

This is a picture of a coordinate graph.

Which ordered pair describes a point that is located 4 units to the left of the origin and 6 units below the x-axis?

(4, −6)
(6, −4)
(−4, −6)
(−6, −4)

Answers

Answer:

This is not biology.

1. What is the gradual change in populations over time?

2. What is the idea that species originate in small gradual steps over time?

Answers

1. Gradualism

2. evolution

Answer:1.Gradualism is an evolutionary model that refers to the tiny variations in an organism or in society that happen over time to make a better fit for animals and humans in their environment. These variations allow them to survive and thrive, resulting in a slow and consistent process of change in the whole population.

2.Phyletic gradualism is a model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual. When evolution occurs in this mode, it is usually by the steady transformation of a whole species into a new one (through a process called anagenesis).

Explanation:

What determines the potential energy of particles in matter?

Answers

Potential energy depends on molecular size and structures and is inherent properties of the molecules. Hope this help!!!

O Water is denser than isopropanol, so the water layer will always be below the isopropanol layer if they are both in the same container. What does this tell you about the make-up of the pigments for each specimen?

Answers

Answer:

One is polar and the other is non-polar.

Explanation:

The makeup of both water and isopropanol is different from each other due to their polar nature. Water is a polar substance means that it makes poles i.e. positive or negative while on the other hand, isopropanol is non-polar substance so due to this reason water and isopropanol make different layers. If both are polar or nonpolar substances so they will able to mix with each other.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that infects (and destroys) Helper T Cells. As a result, people who are HIV+ generally have a low number of these T Cells. How would the dramatic decrease in Helper T Cells caused by HIV affect a person’s immune response? Be specific using details from what you learned about the immune response.

Answers

Answer:

HIV invades various immune cells (e.g., CD4+ T cells and monocytes) resulting in a decline in CD4+ T cell numbers below the critical level, and loss of cell-mediated immunity − therefore, the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancer.

HIV infects and deletes CD4+ T cells that normally coordinate the adaptive T- and B-cell response to defend against intracellular pathogens. The immune defect is immediate and profound: At the time of acute infection with an AIDS virus, typically more than half of the gut-associated CD4+ T cells are depleted, leaving a damaged immune system to contend with a life-long infection.

HELP I AM IN A TEST! I WILL MARK AS BRAINLIEST IF CORRECT!
Which of the following statements is true?
Fusion reactions split hydrogen nuclei apart.
Fission reactions release more energy than fusion reactions.
Nuclear power plants change electricity into nuclear energy.
U-235 is an isotope of uranium.

Answers

Answer:

Fission occurs when a neutron slams into a larger atom, forcing it to excite and spilt into two smaller atoms—also known as fission products. Additional neutrons are also released that can initiate a chain reaction.

When each atom splits, a tremendous amount of energy is released.

Uranium and plutonium are most commonly used for fission reactions in nuclear power reactors because they are easy to initiate and control.

The energy released by fission in these reactors heats water into steam. The steam is used to spin a turbine to produce carbon-free electricity.

Explanation:none

Answer:

Nuclear power plants change electricity into nuclear energy.

Explanation:

Are all molecules compounds? Why or why not?

Answers

Answer:

While all compounds are molecules, not all molecules are compounds. A molecule is formed when two or more atoms of an element chemically join together.

Explanation:

Which of the following increases transpiration?

A air around the leaf with high humidity.
B air molecules around the leaf with kess kinetic energy.
C an obsence of light falling on the leaf.
D water molecules in the leaf with more kinetic energy.​

Answers

D is the answer of transportation

Two brown-eyed parents have produced three blue-eyed sons. What can be concluded about the parents?
Only the father carries an allele for blue eyes.

Only the mother carries a dominant allele for blue eyes.

The allele for blue eyes is on the father's Y chromosome.

They both carry a recessive allele for blue eyes.

Answers

Answer: C, I think

Explanation:

They both carry a recessive allele for blue eyes

Which of the following is not an example of a unique adaptation that suits an organism to a particular environment?

Answers

Answer:

Could you possibly provide the list in which I can choose from to state the answer?

Does anyone have the file for a biology lab. The lab is...

Lab: Blood Typing
Assignment: Lab Report

The name of the class is Biology B-IC

Answers

Answer:

are those the answer choice?

Explanation:

I NEED THIS ASAP!!!! PLEASE!!
___1. Organisms that make their own food A. Chloroplasts
___ 2. Site of photosynthesis B. Aerobic
___ 3. Organism that must consume other organisms C. Glucose
to obtain energy. D. Mitochondria
___ 4. C6H12O6 E. Glycolysis
___ 5. Process requires oxygen F. Cytoplasm
___ 6. Adenosine diphosphate G. ADP
___ 7. During aerobic respiration, the most ATP H. Autotrophs
is produced during this process. I. ATP
___ 8. The anaerobic process of splitting glucose J. Anaerobic
and forming two molecules of pyruvic acid K. Electron Transport Chain
___ 9. Place where glycolysis occurs L. Heterotroph
___10. Place where the Krebs cycle occurs M. Mitochondria
___11. Process does not require oxygen
___12. Energy storing molecule

Answers

Answer:

___ 1. Organisms that make their own food

H. Autotrophs

___ 2. Site of photosynthesis

A. Chloroplasts

___ 3. Organism that must consume other organisms to obtain energy.

L. Heterotroph

___ 4. C6H12O6

C. Glucose

___ 5. Process requires oxygen

B. Aerobic

___ 6. Adenosine diphosphate

G. ADP

___ 7. During aerobic respiration, the most ATP   is produced during this process.

K. Electron Transport Chain

___ 8. The anaerobic process of splitting glucose and forming two molecules of pyruvic acid

E. Glycolysis

___ 9. Place where glycolysis occurs

F. Cytoplasm

___10. Place where the Krebs cycle occurs

D. Mitochondria

___11. Process does not require oxygen

J. Anaerobic

___12. Energy storing molecule

I. ATP

The cacti in this environment survive by spreading out and growing apart from one another. Why do the cacti grow this way?

Answers

Answer:

b b b b b b b b

Explanation:

Answer:

B

Explanation:

how would the solar eclipse be different if the moon was moved AWAY from the earth?​

Answers

Answer:

The Sun is completely blocked in a solar eclipse because the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun. Even though the Moon is much smaller than the Sun, because it is just the right distance away from Earth, the Moon can fully blocks the Sun’s light from Earth’s perspective. Sometimes the Moon is far enough away that it doesn't create a total solar eclipse. However, once the Moon's growing orbit takes it approximately 14,600 miles (23,500 km) farther away from Earth, it will always be too far away to completely cover the Sun. That won't happen for a long time though.

Explanation:

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/total-solar-eclipse/en/

In cherry tomatoes, red color (R) is dominant to yellow color (r). If two heterozygous plants are crossed, what percentage of the offspring will be yellow?

Answers

Answer:

50

Explanation:

If you cross two heterozygous tomato plants, you get four base genotypes of (Respectively,) RR, Rr, Rr, and rr. That makes your percentage A. 50%.

Explain h0mozygous and heter0zygous?

If a dominant red fruit (RR) plant is crossed with a recessive over yellow fruit (rr), then the phenotype will be red fruit and the genotype Rr. It is a case of complete dominance.

In diploid organisms (2n), an individual is homo-zygous when it carries two copies of the same gene variant (i.e., the same allele).

Moreover, an individual is heter0zygous when it carries two different alleles for the same gene locus.

In complete dominance, the dominant allele completely masks the expression of the recessive allele in heter0zygous individuals.

Thus, That makes your percentage A. 50%.

To learn more about heterozygous plants click here:

https://brainly.com/question/13912367

#SPJ2

Complete the chart. Thymine _____, Guanine ____.

Answers

Answer: 27, 23

Explanation: Thymine goes with Adenine and together they equal 50 so Thymine would be 27 because Adenine is 23. Same with Cytosine and Guanine. They go together and equal 50 so Guanine would be 23 because Cytosine is 27. Hope this helps!

Clifford is an astronomer who studies the movement of stars. What types of tools
does Clifford likely have in his office that help him study the movement of stars?

1) meter sticks and protractors
2) rubber bands and paper clips
3) rulers and measuring tapes
4)telescopes and cameras

Answers

Answer:

4. Telescopes and cameras

Explanation:

The answer to your question is 4

answer all 3 please

Answers

Answer: 1. Earthquake

2. Lava

3. Divergent Boundary

Explanation:

i need to find the parent genotypes and the all possible gametes for each parent​

Answers

Answer:

6 of themmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm I thinkkk

In order to change C to B to A, one would need to:
Keep the environment at a steady temperature Continue to increase the temperature of the environment
Continue to decrease the temperature of the environment
It is impossible to change C to B to A.​

Answers

Answer:

im pretty sure "A"

Explanation:

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Which of the following is not an appropriate unit for momentum?

A. g • cm/min

B. g • m/S

C. km • m/S

D. kg • m/hr ​

Answers

Answer:

Option C us correct.

km • m/S

Explanation:

This is because momentum is result of mass and velocity of an object. Momentum is a vector quantity that is it has magnitude and it's direction is in form of three dimensional.

From the option C, kilometer there is not a unit for mass or velocity it it is a unit for distance, therefore it is incorrect.

State the function of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus.​

Answers

➜ Bowman's capsule and glomerulus have semipermeable walls.

The glomerulus, is a tuft of capillaries contained in Bowman's capsule.The water and dissolved substances (wastes and useful) are filtered into the Bowman's capsule and from here they are filtered into the tubule.Thus, both the structures act as filtering apparatus.
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You manage an equity fund with an expected risk premium of 10% and an expected standard deviation of 15%. The rate on Treasury bills (risk-free rate) is 5%. Your client chooses to invest $60,000 of her portfolio in your equity fund and $40,000 in a T-bill money market fund. The expected return and standard deviation of your client's overall portfolio is:__________ a. 11.0% and 9.0% b. 10.0% and 8.4% c. 15.0% and 9.0% d. 5.0% and 15.0% Maths homework volumes anyone can help? A circular garden has a diameter of 10 yards. What is the area ofthe garden? Use 3.14 for izHELPPP?? ASAPP??? In the three theories of emotion, how is the Schachter-Singer theory differentfrom the other two?A. James-Lange does not acknowledge the limbic system.B. There is no differentiation between the brain and the rest of thebody.C. The thalamus routes the signal to the limbic system and thefrontal lobes.D. The frontal lobes interpret the body's reaction. I NEED THIS ASAP!!!! PLEASE!!___1. Organisms that make their own food A. Chloroplasts___ 2. Site of photosynthesis B. Aerobic___ 3. Organism that must consume other organisms C. Glucose to obtain energy. D. Mitochondria___ 4. C6H12O6 E. Glycolysis___ 5. Process requires oxygen F. Cytoplasm___ 6. Adenosine diphosphate G. ADP___ 7. During aerobic respiration, the most ATP H. Autotrophs is produced during this process. I. ATP___ 8. The anaerobic process of splitting glucose J. Anaerobicand forming two molecules of pyruvic acid K. Electron Transport Chain___ 9. Place where glycolysis occurs L. Heterotroph___10. Place where the Krebs cycle occurs M. Mitochondria___11. Process does not require oxygen ___12. Energy storing molecule What is the slope of the line ?(khan academy) Short-term memory lasts a fraction of a second before the information is lost.Please select the best answer from the choices providedOF Brandi has equal numbers of hip-hop songs and country songs loaded on her personal music player. She has it set to play songs on a random shuffle. Suppose Brandl is designing a simulation that could be used to estimate the probability that the next three songs to play are all hip-hop songs Which simulation design could Brandi use to estimate the probability? A. Coin Let heads (H) = hip-hop Let tails (T) = country Toss coin three times. Repeat B. Random digits Let 0.1phop Let 2.3.4.5.6 = country Select two random digits Repeat C. Number cube Let 1 = hip-hop Let 2 = country Roll cube three times Repeat D. Nurbe cube let 1 = hip-hop let 2 = country Roll cube four times. Report Pls help I dont understand Who did the Roman soldiers pledge allegiance to which became a problem to the republic? A basketball player recorded her points for 11 consecutive games. Her points are listed below.13, 20, 15, 22, 24, 21, 18, 20, 25, 17, 27How many points would she need to score in her 12th game in order to decrease the interquartile range by 1 point?A basketball player recorded her points for 11 consecutive games. Her points are listed below.13, 20, 15, 22, 24, 21, 18, 20, 25, 17, 27How many points would she need to score in her 12th game in order to decrease the interquartile range by 1 point?A basketball player recorded her points for 11 consecutive games. Her points are listed below.13, 20, 15, 22, 24, 21, 18, 20, 25, 17, 27How many points would she need to score in her 12th game in order to decrease the interquartile range by 1 point?A basketball player recorded her points for 11 consecutive games. Her points are listed below.13, 20, 15, 22, 24, 21, 18, 20, 25, 17, 27How many points would she need to score in her 12th game in order to decrease the interquartile range by 1 point?A basketball player recorded her points for 11 consecutive games. Her points are listed below.13, 20, 15, 22, 24, 21, 18, 20, 25, 17, 27How many points would she need to score in her 12th game in order to decrease the interquartile range by 1 point?A basketball player recorded her points for 11 consecutive games. Her points are listed below.13, 20, 15, 22, 24, 21, 18, 20, 25, 17, 27How many points would she need to score in her 12th game in order to decrease the interquartile range by 1 point?A basketball player recorded her points for 11 consecutive games. Her points are listed below.13, 20, 15, 22, 24, 21, 18, 20, 25, 17, 27How many points would she need to score in her 12th game in order to decrease the interquartile range by 1 point?A basketball player recorded her points for 11 consecutive games. Her points are listed below.13, 20, 15, 22, 24, 21, 18, 20, 25, 17, 27How many points would she need to score in her 12th game in order to decrease the interquartile range by 1 point?A basketball player recorded her points for 11 consecutive games. Her points are listed below.13, 20, 15, 22, 24, 21, 18, 20, 25, 17, 27How many points would she need to score in her 12th game in order to decrease the interquartile range by 1 point?A basketball player recorded her points for 11 consecutive games. Her points are listed below.13, 20, 15, 22, 24, 21, 18, 20, 25, 17, 27How many points would she need to score in her 12th game in order to decrease the interquartile range by 1 point?A basketball player recorded her points for 11 consecutive games. Her points are listed below.13, 20, 15, 22, 24, 21, 18, 20, 25, 17, 27How many points would she need to score in her 12th game in order to decrease the interquartile range by 1 point? Plate boundaries along the islands of Southeast Asia include subduction zones, where denser oceanic plates subduct under less dense continental plates. Analyze the relationship between plate boundaries and physical landforms in Southeast Asia at the regional and national scales. You can infer all of the following except:____.A. The islands of Indonesia are arcs of islands parallel to the subduction boundary between the Eurasian and Australian plates.B. The Philippines, which run north-south, are parallel to the subduction boundary between the Philippine and Eurasian plates.C. Where subduction zones occur, a trench, or areas of extremely low elevation, commonly forms along the plate boundary.D. The islands of the Philippines run parallel to the subduction boundary between the Australian and Eurasian plates. Find the length of side x.Give your answer to 1 decimal place.10518 cm15 cm Zander found these coins in his Couch Please help! Will give Brainliest!Write an introductory paragraph for a paper comparing the poems "Harlem" by Langston Hughes and Hold Fast Your Dreams by Louise Driscoll. find the length of xurgent pls help. The following expression represents the profit made by John as he mowslawns: P = 20L - 100Which description correctly interprets each part of the expression? how did kublai khan expand the mongol empire what advice can you give to learners to achieve their goals What are your plans for this summer Will give brainlist Give suggestion for next question (optional)