The formation of islands is attributed to several factors which include decompression melting of asthenosphere, eruption of basaltic magma, fractional crystallization and assimilation, and converging plate boundary. Therefore, the correct answer is the factors I, II, III, and IV.
Triangulation is a mathematical method that determines the location of an object or a point with the help of angles, bearings, and distances between different points. The triangulation method is used to determine the epicenter of an earthquake by measuring the differences between arrival times of P and S waves at three or more seismic stations. P and S waves are seismic waves generated by earthquakes that travel through the Earth's interior. P-waves are primary waves that travel faster and can travel through solids and liquids.
S-waves are secondary waves that travel slower and can only travel through solids. In order to find the epicenter of an earthquake, seismologists first locate the distance from the earthquake to each of three or more seismic stations by measuring the difference in arrival times between P and S waves. This time difference is used to calculate the distance between the epicenter and each of the seismic stations. Once the distances are calculated, the epicenter is determined by triangulation using the known distances between the epicenter and the seismic stations.
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DISASTER PREVENTION & MITIGATION Please answer the following questions to the best of your ability 1. Describe the hazards peculiar to your location/country with their anticipated primary, secondary and tertiary effects
please type answer and returned asap
Some general information on hazard types and their primary, secondary, and tertiary effects is given below.
What is Disaster Prevention and Mitigation?Disaster prevention and mitigation are essential activities to ensure the safety and security of people and reduce the impact of disasters.
The activities include measures taken to reduce the likelihood of disasters occurring, prepare for their occurrence, respond to them, and recover from them after they happen.
1. Natural Hazards: These are hazards caused by natural phenomena such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, hurricanes, and tsunamis. The primary effect is the immediate impact of the event, such as destruction of buildings and loss of life. The secondary effect is the consequence of the primary effect, such as the displacement of people from their homes. The tertiary effect is the long-term impact of the event, such as the loss of agricultural land and the disruption of economic activities.
2. Technological Hazards: These are hazards caused by human-made technology, such as explosions, fires, chemical spills, and nuclear accidents. The primary effect is the immediate impact of the event, such as death, injury, and property damage.
The secondary effect is the consequence of the primary effect, such as the displacement of people from their homes.
The tertiary effect is the long-term impact of the event, such as the environmental damage caused by the release of hazardous substances.
3. Biological Hazards: These are hazards caused by living organisms, such as diseases, epidemics, and pandemics. The primary effect is the immediate impact of the event, such as illness and death.
The secondary effect is the consequence of the primary effect, such as the disruption of social and economic activities. The tertiary effect is the long-term impact of the event, such as the impact on the health care system and the economy.
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identify this rock. what is the texture? which type of
magma/lava did this rock cool from? what was the rate of
cooling?
Texture: The texture of a rock refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of its mineral grains or crystals. Common rock textures include coarse-grained, fine-grained, glassy, vesicular (containing voids or gas bubbles), and porphyritic (containing both large and small crystals).
Magma/Lava Type: The type of magma/lava from which a rock forms depends on its chemical composition. Common types include basaltic (mafic), andesitic (intermediate), and rhyolitic (felsic). Each magma/lava type has distinct mineral compositions and characteristics.
Rate of Cooling: The rate at which a rock cools can influence its texture. Rapid cooling, such as from volcanic eruptions or fast cooling in shallow environments, typically results in fine-grained or glassy textures. Slower cooling, such as in deep underground settings or when insulated by surrounding materials, allows for larger mineral crystals to form, resulting in coarse-grained textures.
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What three words would you use to describe the
environmental situation on Earth? Please talk
about why you chose each word.
2. When you think of climate change what do you
visualize?
3. On a scale 1-5, how concerned are you about
climate change? (1 = not at all concerned / 5
very concerned)
3b. What concerns you the
most?
The three words would you use to describe the environmental situation on Earth is Unsustainable, Precarious and Urgent.
1. Unsustainable - This describes how the current situation is unsustainable in the long term and is leading to environmental destruction, such as global warming, biodiversity loss, and air pollution.
2. Precarious - This implies that the current situation is precarious and that urgent action must be taken by individuals, organizations and governments to make a difference. If we don’t act now, further damage may be irreversible or more difficult to reverse.
3. Urgent - This word speaks to the urgency of the situation and the necessity to act quickly to avoid further damage and preserve what resources and nature we have now. It implies that we need to prioritize tackling climate change and other environmental challenges as soon as possible.
When I think of climate change I visualize a variety of effects which range from floods and extreme weather events, to the disappearance of species due to habitat loss caused by human activities. I also think of humans having to adapt to a changing climate to manage food insecurity, water scarcity, and health risks.
On a scale from 1-5, I am very concerned about climate change, and I would rate it a 5. What concerns me most is how the effects of climate change disproportionately affect currently vulnerable populations.
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Identify the false statement in the following list. A)Winds blow from areas of low pressure to high pressure. B)Warm humid air rises, creating low pressure areas. C)The coldest atmospheric temperatures occur in the mesosphere. D)Weather occurs in the troposphere.
The false statement in the given list is A)Winds blow from areas of low pressure to high pressure.
What is the reason?Winds blow from areas of high pressure to low pressure, and this fact is described by the pressure gradient force.
The direction of the force is perpendicular to the isobars and towards the low-pressure zone. In the context of the atmosphere, the pressure gradient force causes air to flow from high-pressure regions to low-pressure areas.
It leads to the creation of large-scale atmospheric circulation, which is responsible for the global distribution of precipitation and temperature.
Also, winds blow from areas of high pressure to low pressure, so option A is incorrect.
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Explain the conditions that make the climate on Antarctica
different to the climate in Papa New Guinea.
The conditions that make the climate on Antarctica different to the climate in Papa New Guinea are the latitude, the altitude, and the ocean currents.
Antarctica and Papua New Guinea are two different parts of the world with distinct climates. Antarctica has a cold, dry climate, whereas Papua New Guinea has a hot, wet climate. There are several reasons for this difference in climate conditions.
Antarctica is located at the southernmost part of the globe, near the South Pole. In contrast, Papua New Guinea is situated near the equator. The Earth's tilt and rotation result in differences in the amount of solar radiation that each place receives.
The topography of the two places is another factor. Antarctica has an elevation that is mainly covered with ice, which creates its cold, dry climate. In comparison, Papua New Guinea has a low altitude and is largely covered in tropical rainforests.
The currents around Antarctica and Papua New Guinea are different. Antarctica is surrounded by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which moves water from west to east around the continent. Papua New Guinea is in the Pacific Ocean, where the surface currents are primarily from east to west.
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A. an area of the ocean where benthic organisms have been killed due to low oxygen concentrations
B. an area of the ocean where all the fish have been over fished by commercial fishing boats
C. a region of low oxygen concentrations in the ocean
D. a region with too much oxygen, causing the death of fish and other marine organisms
E. a place where a hydrothermal vent has released methane and destroyed the benthic community
The correct option is a region of low oxygen concentrations in the ocean An oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), also known as a shadow zone, is a region of low oxygen concentration in the world's oceans.
These zones are found naturally around 200 to 1,000 meters (660 to 3,300 ft) below the ocean's surface, in some of the planet's largest bodies of water.A an area of the ocean where benthic organisms have been killed due to low oxygen concentrations, it's true that this area could have a benthic community, but it doesn't explain the cause of death for these organisms.
It's probably the area with low oxygen concentrations in the ocean. B an area of the ocean where all the fish have been overfished by commercial fishing boats, this option doesn't relate to the situation with low oxygen concentrations in the ocean. A region of low oxygen concentrations in the ocean, this is the right answer because it relates to the fact that some regions in the ocean could have low oxygen concentrations, causing the death of fish and other marine organisms.
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"
Which of the following locations has the lowest rate of carbon uptake by plants? Feel free to do some Internet searches if you are unfamiliar with these locations.
Saudi Arabia
New Zealand
South America
Alaska
Among the given locations, Saudi Arabia, with its arid climate, exhibits the lowest rate of carbon uptake by plants.
Saudi Arabia has the lowest rate of carbon uptake by plants among the given locations. This is primarily due to its arid climate and limited vegetation cover. The country is predominantly covered by deserts, such as the Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter), which is one of the largest continuous sand deserts in the world. Desert environments typically have sparse vegetation and limited moisture, making it challenging for plants to grow and thrive.
In addition to the arid climate, Saudi Arabia also faces water scarcity, which further hinders plant growth and carbon uptake. The availability of water is a crucial factor for plants to carry out photosynthesis and absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. With limited water resources, the plant life in Saudi Arabia is naturally restricted, resulting in a lower rate of carbon uptake.
Furthermore, human activities such as urbanization and industrialization have contributed to the degradation of natural habitats in Saudi Arabia. These activities often involve the removal of vegetation, leading to a decrease in carbon uptake by plants. The expansion of cities and infrastructure projects can further disrupt the already limited plant life in the country.
Overall, the combination of an arid climate, water scarcity, and human-induced factors contribute to Saudi Arabia having the lowest rate of carbon uptake by plants among the given locations.
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Earth’s natural carbon cycle influences the balance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere but is being impacted by human activity. Evidence of this includes:
A. Ocean acidification and increased volcanic activity Increased tsunamis and ocean acidification
B. Ocean acidification, and increased global average temperatures
C. Decreased volcanic activity and increased tsunamis
D. Increased acid rain and increased tsunamis
Option B which is "Ocean acidification, and increased global average temperatures".
Earth’s natural carbon cycle regulates the equilibrium of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which helps maintain a moderate global temperature. However, human activities are increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to a warming trend and other changes in the environment.
Among the human activities that influence Earth's carbon cycle are the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other land-use changes. These activities are causing an imbalance in the carbon cycle, leading to a buildup of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, trapping heat and contributing to global warming.
Among the evidence of the impact of human activity on the carbon cycle are ocean acidification and increased global average temperatures, among others. Ocean acidification is caused by the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid, resulting in an increase in ocean acidity. Increased global average temperatures, on the other hand, are the result of the buildup of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere, which traps heat and warms the planet.
The other options mentioned, such as increased volcanic activity, increased tsunamis, and increased acid rain, are not directly related to the impact of human activity on the carbon cycle. Therefore, the main answer is option B, which is "Ocean acidification, and increased global average temperatures".
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List the major constituents dissolved in seawater in decreasing concentration
The following are the major constituents dissolved in seawater in decreasing concentration: 1. Chloride ions. Sodium ions. 3. Magnesium ions. 4. Sulfate ions. 5. Calcium ions.
The following are the major constituents dissolved in seawater in decreasing concentration:
1. Chloride ions are abundant in seawater, with a concentration of around 19.3 grams per kilogram of seawater.
2. Sodium ions have a concentration of roughly 10.6 grams per kilogram of seawater.
3. Magnesium ions have a concentration of roughly 1.3 grams per kilogram of seawater.
4. Sulfate ions have a concentration of roughly 2.7 grams per kilogram of seawater.
5. Calcium ions have a concentration of roughly 0.4 grams per kilogram of seawater.
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Glacial scarring found in tropical regions is an example of evidence for what? A)Theory of Polar connectivity B) The Theory of Continental Drift C)Sea floor spreading D)Theory of Catastrophism
Glacial scarring found in tropical regions is evidence for the Theory of Continental Drift (B).
Glacial scarring refers to the marks and features left behind by glaciers as they move across the land. These features include scratches, grooves, and sediment deposits that are typically associated with the movement of glaciers in polar or high-latitude regions.
However, the presence of glacial scarring in tropical regions suggests that these areas were once located closer to the poles or experienced significant climatic changes in the past.
The Theory of Continental Drift, proposed by Alfred Wegener, suggests that the Earth's continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea and have since moved apart over time. The presence of glacial scarring in tropical regions supports this theory, as it indicates that these regions were once located in different climatic zones due to the movement of continents.
This evidence helps to substantiate the concept of continental drift and provides insights into the geological history and changing configurations of Earth's landmasses.
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MATCHING (write the correct letter in the blank): 36. embayment a) rock protruding from the ocean and disconnected from shore 37. sea stack b) part of the mainland protruding seaward 38. sea arch c) a sandy area connecting an island to mainland 39. headland d) a sandy area that is set back from the shoreline 40. tombolo e) an opening created by wave refraction
The correct words that matches with the definition are:
36. embayment: a sandy area that is set back from the shoreline. (D)
37. sea stack: part of the mainland protruding seaward (B)
38. sea arch: an opening created by wave refraction (E)
39. headland: rock protruding from the ocean and disconnected from shore (A)
40. tombolo: a sandy area connecting an island to mainland (C)
A tombolo is an isthmus made of sand or shingle. A tombolo is a deposition landform in which an island is joined to the mainland by a small stretch of land, such as a spit or bar. The word "tombolo" is derived from the Italian word "tombolo," which means "pillow" or "cushion."
When a cave is continuously eroded and extended to the point that it goes directly through a headland, Sea Arches are created.
A sea stack develops when a sea arch keeps getting wider and degraded until the rock is no longer able to support the roof and falls into the water.
Sand and clay-based rock, as well as other soft rock types, erode at a faster rate than chalk-based rock. This leaves a headland, which is a peninsula of land that protrudes into the sea.
Embayment are often enclosed by rocky, steep shorelines, have relatively broad openings that allow free interchange with the ocean, and are deep in comparison to other forms of coastal waterways.
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36. Embayment: A large, curved coastal indentation with a wide opening.
37. Sea stack: A tall isolated rock column in the sea formed by erosion.
38. Sea arch: A natural bridge or arch formed by erosion of a headland.
39. Headland: A narrow land projection into water, surrounded by water on three sides.
40. Tombolo: A sandy or gravelly strip connecting an island to the mainland or another island.
36. embayment: a) a large, curved indentation of a coastline, often characterized by a wide opening.
37. sea stack: b) a tall column of rock standing isolated in the sea, formed by erosion of surrounding cliffs.
38. sea arch: c) a natural arch or bridge formed by the erosion of a headland, leaving a passage beneath.
39. headland: d) a narrow area of land that projects into a body of water, usually surrounded by water on three sides.
40. tombolo: e) a sandy or gravelly isthmus that connects an island to the mainland or to another island.
These explanations provide a brief understanding of each term's general characteristics related to coastal geography.
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When surface streams encounter limestone they disappear
underground into sinkhole called_________________. Group of answer
choices
emerging streams
sinking streams
meandering streams
The correct option is B. sinking streams .When surface streams encounter limestone, they disappear underground into sinkholes called "sinking streams."
Sinking streams are a common phenomenon in areas with limestone bedrock or karst topography. Limestone is a soluble rock that can be dissolved by water over time, creating a network of underground channels and caves.
As surface water flows over limestone, it gradually seeps into the ground through fractures, joints, and sinkholes. These sinkholes act as natural drains, allowing the water to enter the underground system. The water follows the path of least resistance, carving out channels and forming underground streams.
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What predictions does the solar nebula theory make regarding possible planetary systems surrounding other stars? Discuss at least two such predictions that have been strongly confirmed by observations. Explain how the detection of "hot Jupiter" extrasolar planets seemed to be a striking inconsistency with the solar nebula theory. Do you think astronomers were justified in modifying the solar nebula theory in the face of such evidence as opposed to discarding the theory altogether?
The solar nebula theory predicts the existence of planetary systems around other stars, and two confirmed predictions include the presence of exoplanets in diverse orbits and the occurrence of planet formation around young stars.
The solar nebula theory, a widely accepted model for the formation of our own Solar System, also provides valuable insights into the formation of planetary systems around other stars.
According to this theory, stars and their surrounding planets form from a rotating disk of gas and dust known as a protoplanetary disk or solar nebula. This theory predicts that planetary systems should be common in the universe, with a variety of exoplanets orbiting other stars.
Observations have strongly confirmed two predictions of the solar nebula theory. Firstly, the discovery of exoplanets in diverse orbits supports the idea that planetary systems exhibit a range of configurations.
Not all exoplanets are similar to those in our own Solar System; some have been found in close orbits around their host stars, while others have eccentric or more distantly spaced orbits. This diversity aligns with the prediction that different planetary systems can form depending on the specific conditions and dynamics of their protoplanetary disks.
Secondly, observations have revealed the occurrence of planet formation around young stars. Astronomers have observed protoplanetary disks around young stars, where the presence of dust gaps, spiral arms, and other structures suggests ongoing planet formation. This supports the prediction that planets form from the material within protoplanetary disks, gradually accreting mass to become fully fledged planets.
However, the detection of "hot Jupiter" extrasolar planets posed a striking inconsistency with the solar nebula theory. Hot Jupiters are massive gas giant planets that orbit very close to their host stars. This contradicted the expectation that giant planets should form farther out in the disk where it is cooler. The presence of hot Jupiters challenged the initial understanding of planet formation, prompting astronomers to modify the solar nebula theory.
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WHAT IS THE PRECISION OF THE TRAVERSE? O 1:105,000 O 1:1500 O 1: 20,500 O 1:15,000 WHAT IS THE CORRECTION FOR DEPARTURE AND LATITUDE OF THE PREVIOUS PROBLEM? 0.035 M and 0.025 M O 0.16 M and 0.003 M O 0.08 M and 0.15 M -0.016 Mand -0.003 M D Question 15 8 pts From the previous problem, if the coordinate for Point A was N: 121,311.411 M and E: 310,630.892 M, what is the coordinate for point C? ON: 121,625.193 M and 310,851.89 M N: 121,708.396 M and 310,229.785 M O N:121,824.38 ME: 310,551.751 M 121,559.72 M and 310,531.317 M What is the corrected length of Line EA? 295.178 M 269 M 350.123 M O 267.523 M What is the value of angle D? O 46 degrees 03' 19" 46 degrees 03' 31" 46 degrees 03' 42" 0.63 degrees 45'08" Question 10 8 pts Balance the following interior angles to the right for a polygon traverse. Compute the azimuths assuming a fixed azimuth for line AB of 35 degrees 09' 32" A = 57 DEGREES OO' 50" B= 88 DEGREES 24' 45" C = 126 DEGREES 36' 58" D = 46 DEGREES 03' 25" E = 221 DEGREES 53' 52" WHAT IS THE ADJUSTED ANGLE FOR ANGLE "C" 126 DEGREES 36 56" 126 DEGREES 36' 58" 126 DEGREES 37' 04" 126 DEGREES 37'00" Question 11 8 pts FROM THE PREVIOUS PROBLEM WHAT IS THE AZIMUTH OF LINE EA? 338 DEGREES 08' 40" O 116 DEGREES 14' 46" 158 DEGREES 08' 40" O 518 DEGREES 08' 40"
we need to apply the corrections to the coordinates of point A. Given that the coordinates of point A are N: 121,311.411 M and E: 310,630.892 M, the corrected coordinates for point C are N: 121,625.193 M and E: 310,851.89 M.
The precision of the traverse is given as 1:15,000.
The correction for departure is 0.035 M and the correction for latitude is -0.003 M.
The corrected length of Line EA is 267.523 M.
The value of angle D is 46 degrees 03' 42".
To balance the interior angles, we need to adjust angle C. The adjusted angle for angle C is 126 degrees 36' 56".
From the previous problem, the azimuth of Line EA is 338 degrees 08' 40".
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Which of the following would NOT indicate the presence of a front on a weather map? Group of answer choices A) converging winds at the surface B) large temperature and moisture gradients C) cloudy skies and precipitation D) a pressure trough a pressure ridge
The correct answer is D) a pressure through a pressure ridge. A pressure trough or a pressure ridge alone does not necessarily indicate the presence of a front on a weather map.
A front is a boundary between two air masses with different characteristics, such as temperature, humidity, and wind direction. The presence of a front is typically associated with certain atmospheric conditions.
A) Converging winds at the surface: This indicates the convergence of air masses, which is commonly observed near fronts.
B) Large temperature and moisture gradients: These gradients often occur along the boundary of a front due to the sharp contrast in air masses.
C) Cloudy skies and precipitation: As air masses interact along a front, it can result in the formation of clouds and precipitation.
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Springfield, IL: 90- (40-23.5) = 73.5
A place on the equator: 90- (0-23.5) 90 + 23.5= 113.5
Ulukhaktok, Canada (71N, 118W): 90- (71-23.5) = 42.5
Which of the three places mentioned in Question 4) receives the greatest amount solar radiation during 24 hours on June 21-22? Explain your answer.
The place that receives the greatest amount of solar radiation during 24 hours on June 21-22 is the location on the equator with a value of 113.5.
On June 21-22, the summer solstice occurs in the northern hemisphere, marking the longest day of the year. During this time, the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer, which is approximately 23.5 degrees north of the equator.
In the given examples, Springfield, IL, and Ulukhaktok, Canada are located at latitudes higher than 23.5 degrees. Therefore, their solar radiation values are lower as they are farther away from the direct overhead position of the sun.
On the other hand, the location on the equator has a latitude of 0 degrees, meaning it is closest to the direct overhead position of the sun during this time of the year. Hence, it receives the greatest amount of solar radiation, as indicated by the value of 113.5.
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At which of these latitudes is the air moving fastest? A)10 degrees North B)60 degrees North C)30 degrees North D)45 degrees North
The latitude at which the air is moving the fastest among these four latitudes is-B. 60 degrees North.
What does it entail?Latitude: A location on the surface of the Earth is identified by its latitude, a geographic coordinate. Latitude is measured in degrees, with the Equator being defined as zero degrees and the North Pole as 90 degrees.
Likewise, the South Pole is defined as 90 degrees south latitude. Because of the planet's rotation, latitudes that are farther from the Equator have slower air speeds.
As a result, polar latitudes experience frigid temperatures as the cold, dense air settles close to the surface.
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the Subtropical Jet Stream are two of the factors that influence latitude air speed. The air moves quickest at the subtropical jet stream.
The following latitudes are listed in the question and the air speeds are compared:
10 degrees North: The latitudes closer to the Equator have slower winds. This is due to the fact that the equatorial zone receives a lot of sunshine, which heats the air. As a result, it has a low atmospheric pressure, and air rises slowly, resulting in low wind speeds.60 degrees North: The polar latitudes have slower air speeds. The North Pole, for example, has minimal winds.30 degrees North: This is one of the latitudes that receive trade winds. The subtropical high pressure region is the area that produces trade winds. As a result, at this latitude, the winds are neither fast nor sluggish.45 degrees North: The prevailing westerlies are the dominant winds at this latitude. This wind is responsible for moving weather systems in the mid-latitudes, and it's neither fast nor sluggish.Therefore, the fastest air movement is at 60 degrees North.
Hence, option b. is correct.
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Earth's climate has changed several times over the planet's billions of years of existence. Why is the climate change we are currently experiencing different? O less carbon is being released into the atmosphere O the climate is changing too fast for organisms to be able to adapt to it, and is therefore a grave danger to all life on Earth. O human activity is slowing down the natural climate change process O the current climate change isn't any different- improved technology means we have
The climate change we are currently experiencing is different because the climate is changing too fast for organisms to be able to adapt to it, and is therefore a grave danger to all life on Earth.
Earth's climate has gone through many changes over billions of years of its existence. The climate change we are experiencing now is different in many ways. First of all, the rate of change is much faster than the natural cycles of climate change that have happened before. This means that organisms have a much harder time adapting to new conditions, which is especially concerning for ecosystems already under stress.
Furthermore, the severity of the changes we are seeing could result in widespread environmental disasters, including habitat destruction, droughts, and floods, all of which would have far-reaching and long-term consequences. Finally, the current climate change is caused by human activities, mainly the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. This means that we have the ability to slow it down or even reverse it through changes in policy and behavior.
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a) Why does some of the seedlings of Tropical Forest survive
after harvesting operations?
Some of the seedlings of Tropical Forest survive after harvesting operations because the canopy trees do not create such a deep shade and some seedlings need the presence of light in order to germinate, grow and establish.
Hence, the presence of light in the areas where the trees were harvested might facilitate the germination and establishment of some species of seedlings. Below are some more reasons:Less competition: The felled trees provide less competition for the seedlings in terms of light, water and nutrients and hence the chances of survival and establishment of seedlings increases.
Greater light: The felling of trees opens up the canopy and provides greater light penetration and hence the survival and growth rate of seedlings increases. The soil is undisturbed: Harvesting operation typically doesn't alter the soil, which means that the seedlings still have the same access to resources in the soil as they would have had before. The seeds in the soil might have been dormant and might have not had the conditions they needed to germinate and grow.
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