Macrophages and dendritic cells engulfs a microbe, digests its proteins, and presents peptide antigens in combination with MHC ii molecules
What are macrophages?
Important immune system cells called macrophages are created in response to an infection or an accumulation of damaged or dead cells.Large, specialized cells called macrophages can identify, engulf, and kill target cells. The Greek words "makro" for large and "phagein" for "eat" are combined to form the word "macrophage."Function:
Macrophages may have different names according to where they function in the body. For example, macrophages present in the brain are termed microglia and in the liver sinusoids, they are called Kupffer cells.What are dendritic cells?
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) known as dendritic cells (DCs) have a crucial function in the adaptive immune system. Since antigen presentation is DCs' main job, the cells are sometimes referred to as "professional" APCs. Because they grow branched extensions called "dendrites" to increase their surface area and improve exposure to antigens throughout development, dendritic cells get their name.Hence, macrophages and dendritic cells perform these functions
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in a laboratory experiment, isolated muscle tissue can be stimulated to contract upon application of an electrical stimulus. what property of muscle tissue does this best describe?
In a laboratory experiment, isolated muscle tissue can be stimulated to contract upon application of an electrical stimulus. excitability property of muscle tissue does this best describe.
Muscles enable people to move, speak, and chew. They regulate heart rate, breathing, and digestion. The muscular system is also involved in seemingly unrelated functions such as temperature regulation and vision. The primary function of muscular tissue is movement. They have the ability to contract, which is what causes body parts to move. They also aid in the maintenance of body posture and position.
Extensibility- The ability of a muscle to be stretched. Elasticity- The ability of muscles to recoil back to their original length after being stretched. Excitability- The response of muscle tissue to a stimulus delivered by a motor neuron or hormone.
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for a specific enzyme/substrate system, which condition will
always result in an increase in v0 (assuming nothing else
changes)?
An increase in v0 will always follow a decrease in Km and an increase in Vmax for a particular enzyme/substrate system.
A catalyst is a material that speeds up a chemical reaction without really being a reactant. Enzymes are the biological catalysts that drive biochemical reactions in living things. Most enzymes are proteins, however certain ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules can also function as enzymes. Enzymes play a crucial role in reducing a reaction's activation energy, or the amount of energy required for the reaction to start. Enzyme/substrate system function by attaching to reactant molecules and holding them so that chemical bond-forming and bond-breaking processes proceed more quickly.
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the initial effective exposure to an antigen or an allergen that stimulates an immune response but generally elicits no symptoms is called a(n) .
It is known as a sensitizing dosage when an antigen or allergen is effectively exposed for the first time and causes an immune response but typically no symptoms.
A molecule, chemical structure, foreign particle, pollen grain, or any other substance that can bind to a particular antibody or T-cell receptor is referred to as an antigen (Ag) in the field of immunology. An immunological response may be triggered by antigens present in the antigen. Antibody-like substances were initially referred to as antigens by the word. Addiction to drugs causes drug sensitization, which is characterized by an intensified drug impact after repeated doses (the opposite of drug tolerance ). A sensitizing dosage is a protein called delta found inside mesolimbic neurons and modifications in brain mesolimbic dopamine transmission are both involved in this sensitizing dosage.
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what is the sequence of events that take place in the trp operon when tryptophan is present? begin with the first event at the top of the list.
Answer:
When tryptophan is present in the cell, two tryptophan molecules bind to the trp repressor, which changes shape to bind to the trp operator. Binding of the tryptophan–repressor complex at the operator physically prevents the RNA polymerase from binding, and transcribing the downstream genes.
true or false - ribosomal rna acts as a ribozyme, catalyzing peptide bond formation in protein synthesis.
RNA that has the ability to function as an enzyme is known as a ribozyme. Particular viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes are the principal sources of ribozymes.
What are ribozymes?
Similar to how protein enzymes work, ribozymes are RNA molecules with the capacity to catalyze particular biochemical processes, such as RNA splicing in gene expression. It can function as a protein enzyme in a cell, catalyzing biochemical and metabolic processes because of its clearly defined tertiary structure. These RNA molecules are non-protein-containing enzymes. When Group I introns were shown to be operating as enzymes in Tom Cech's lab in 1982, ribozymes were first identified.
Hence the answer is, true.
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for every molecule of glucose that enters stage i of glycolysis there is an initial investment of 2 molecules of before the subsequent generation of atp.
Before the future production of ATP, 2 molecules of atp are first invested for each molecule of glucose which enters phase I of glycolysis.
Two ATP molecules are invested during the glycolysis energy investment phase, which produces two molecule of glyceraldehyde phosphate. The net benefit of glycolysis is just two ATP because atp Molecules are consumed in the initial part of glycolysis, even if four Molecules of atp are created in the second half. Phase of energy investment. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is created from glucose in a sequence of processes that each need two ATP. Two pyruvate molecule, a total of 4 ATP molecules, and two NADH molecules are produced throughout the process of glycolysis, which begins with glucose. The initial part of the route required two ATP molecules to set up the six-carbon rings for cleavage, therefore the cell gains two ATP molecules overall.
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Urine drains from a major calyx into:
A) the renal tubule.
B) a papilla.
C) the renal pelvis.
D) a minor calyx.
Urine drains from a major calyx into into the renal pelvis and from there it flows into the ureter. The correct option is C
What is urine?Urine can be defined as a liquid by product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder.
There are differences types of urine such as:
First morning specimenSingle random specimenTimed long term specimens: 12 or 24 hoursTimed short-term specimensTherefore Urine drains from a major calyx into into the renal pelvis and from there it flows into the ureter and also it's one of the ways of remove waster or toxic product from the body.
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A relatively small area with numerous endemic species and a large number of endangered or threatened species is called a _________.
A biodiversity hot spot is a relatively small region with a significant number of indigenous species and endangered or vulnerable species.
Ecologically distinct areas with extraordinarily high species densities are known as biodiversity hotspots, and they are thus top priorities for nature conservation. The term "biodiversity" has several meanings. A species area must satisfy two severe requirements in order to be considered a biodiversity hotspot: It must have a significant proportion of plant life that is endemic, or found nowhere else on the earth, and at least 1,500 vascular plants. In other terms, a hotspot is unique.
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which equation correctly describes the relationship between excretion, filtration, reabsorption, and secretion?
The equation that correctly describes the relationship between excretion, filtration, reabsorption, and secretion is ''excretion = filtration - reabsorption + secretion''.
Filtration is the process of removing solid particles from liquid or gaseous fluids by passing the fluid through a filter media while keeping the solid particles behind. The desired product could be either the fluid that has been cleared or the fluid that has had its solid particles removed.
The most typical illustration is brewing tea. Tea leaves and water are separated during tea preparation using a filter or sieve. The pores of the sieve will only let water through. The filtrate, in this case, water, is the liquid that has been obtained following filtration.
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In this activity, we will explore the effect of _______.
a) dehydration on glomerular filtration rate
b) breathing on glomerular filtration rate
c) excessive waste products in the blood on glomerular filtration rate
d) blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate
In this activity, we will explore the effect of ption d-blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate
Glomerular filtration takes place as a result of a pressure difference in the glomerulus. GFR generally increases with increasing volume of blood pressure and heart rate. GFR is lowered when the nociceptors arterioles entering the glomerulus constrict as well as the efferent arterioles leaving the glomerulus dilate. Hypertension has been shown to increase urinary protein excretion, the thickness of the glomerular basement membrane, and the glomerular filtration rate in both glomerulonephritis and normal kidneys.
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totemism is the belief system in which . nature itself is considered sacred a tribe is organized strictly along kinship lines clans adopt plants or animals as their sacred symbol it is taboo to eat any animals
Totemism is the belief system in which clans adopt plants or animals as their sacred symbol.
Totemism, machine of notion wherein human beings are stated to have kinship or a magical dating with a spirit-being, along with an animal or plant. The entity, or totem, is concept to engage with a given relations institution or an man or woman and to function their logo or symbol. A totem might be a grizzly bear/oak tree/catfish, or a flag, a totem way lots to the humans it represents. unique layout or visible item representing a quality, type, group, etc.
Therefore, totemism is a system where clans adopts plants/animals.
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the ans regulation of blood pressure is involuntary, yet biofeedback techniques enable individuals to reduce their pulse rate and blood pressure. explain how this occurs.
High blood pressure and pulse rate of the individual are reduced by the biofeedback method in which an individual's physiological parameters are visualized in instruments based on values in instrument blood pressure and pulse rate can be reduced by therapies.
Biofeedback is a technique in which individuals are trained to control their involuntary body function which is usually controlled by ANS (Autonomic Nervous System). This is possible because individuals who are in biofeedback therapy sessions are monitored by equipment that can sense physiological functions. This equipment converts physiological signals into auditory, and visual signals hence the patient and therapist can see or hear how the body is reacting to stimuli. Through techniques suggested by therapists, patients can control involuntary physiological functions of the body. Using biofeedback equipment physiological parameters like breathing rate, heart rhythm, finger temperature, and muscle activity of patients with high blood pressure will be collected. On basis of the physiological parameters, the result therapist will design a training program for the patient. Usually, patients are asked to breathe at different rates and contract muscles during therapy.
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you are proceeding to a distress site where the survivors are in liferafts. which action will assist in making your vessel more visible to the survivors?
While processing towards distress site to make survivors visible we have to make the lights turned on.
The light is activated mechanically all through inflation of the lifestyles raft. An inner mild made in parts, a battery and lamp, which may be provided separately. The lead period at the lamp may be customised.
The battery may be mechanically activated via way of means of pulling the activation pin out all through inflation of the liferaftTurning on all to be had deck lighting at night.
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what is clorophyll?and how is it used
Answer: The green pigment used by plants during the process of photosynthesis is known as chlorophyll.
Explanation:
Most commonly, chlorophyll is recognized as the component that gives plants their distinctive green color and aids in their ability to absorb energy and nutrients from sunlight.
It is most likely listed as chlorophyllin, a water-soluble form of chlorophyll that contains copper and sodium, if you try to purchase it as a supplement.
It plays major role such as:-
enhancing immunological functioncleansing your blood and removing fungus from your bodyintestinal cleansingstimulating the body, removing smells, and preventing cancerThe majority of drug stores, natural food stores, and health food stores sell supplements containing chlorophyll. Like tablets, ointments, sprays
and liquids. It isn't toxic though but it can also have some risks.
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The Complete questions is-
What is Chlorophyll and How it is used?
Which of the following provides the best evidence that glycolysis evolved before other reaction pathways in cellular respiration? A. Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and does not require oxygen. O B. Glycolysis is carried out in prokaryotic cells, but not in eukaryotic cells. ° C. Glycolysis does not involve membrane-bound organelles and is present in virtually all organisms. D. Glycolysis produces significantly less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation.
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Glucose, often known as dextrose or simple sugars, is one of the carbohydrate (monosaccharides).
What happens if you eat too much carbohydrates?An excessive consumption of carbohydrates strains the body's metabolic processes. Over time, ingesting both sugar and starch raises blood sugar levels, which contributes to weight gain, poor metabolism, and an increased risk of heart disease.
What normal blood sugar level corresponds to age?Between 5.0 and 7.2 mmol/L for adults, or 90 to 130 mg/dL. The range is 5.0 to 7.2 mmol/L (90 to 130 mg/dL) for children ages 13 to 19. 90 to 180 mg/dL (5.0–10.0 mmol/L) is the recommended range for children aged 6 to 12. 5.5 to 10.0 mmol/L, or between 100 and 180 mg/dL, for children under the age of six.
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The right answer is C. Almost all organisms engage in glycolysis, which does not necessitate membrane-bound organelles.
Short answer: What is glycolysis?The process by which carbohydrate is taken down to provide energy is known as glycolysis. It generates two pyruvate molecules, ATP, NADH, and water. There is no need for oxygen throughout the process, which occurs in the the cell's cytoplasm. Both and anaerobic creatures experience it.
Why is glycolysis important? What is it?One glucose is oxidatively broken down into two pyruvates as part of the glycolysis metabolic pathway, and some energy is captured as ATP and NADH. Since glucose serves as the body's primary energy source for tissues, glycolysis plays a crucial role in the cell.
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in 3 to 5 sentences describe the relationship between glucose molecules adn the product it makes
During cellular respiration, glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced in the reactions directly that transform glucose.
What is relationship between glucose molecules and the product it makes?Carbon dioxide and water the products of cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is transported from mitochondria to out of the cell, to the red blood cells and then back to the lungs to be exhaled.
Glucose dissolves in water as polar water molecules attach to the glucose molecules. The hydroxyl groups in glucose are attracted to the water molecules by dipole-dipole forces. The strength of these forces is greater than the glucose -glucose interactions.
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To which other animal is the Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) most closely related? (The Clouded Leopard is in the class Mammalia, order Carnivora, & family Felidae.) Group of answer choices House Mouse (Mus musculus) - class Mammalia, order Rodentia, family Muridae Ocean Sunfish (Mola mola) - class Osteichthyes, order Tetraodontiformes, family Molidae Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina) - class Mammalia, order Carnivora, family Phocidae Kodkod (Leopardus guigna) - class Mammalia, order Carnivora, family Felidae Hooded Polecat (Mephitis macroura) - class Mammalia, order Carnivora, family Mustelidae
Contrary to what its name suggests, the clouded leopard is not closely related to the leopard. Neofelis diardi, a different species that can be found on Borneo, is a clouded leopard.
Why do the snow leopard and the clouded leopard belong to separate genera?All other leopard species fall within the genus Panthera, while clouded leopards belong to Neofelis. Because of this, clouded leopards (Panthera uncia) are somewhat more distantly related to leopards (Panthera pardus) than snow leopards (Panthera uncia) (Neofelis nebulosa).
Which of the two varieties of clouded leopard are they?Classification and Evolution of the Clouded Leopard
Recently, the Clouded Leopard was separated into two distinct species: the mainland-found Clouded Leopard and the Sunda Clouded Leopard (Borneo and Sumatra).
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How much did Venice pay to build the MOSE?
The cost of the MOSE project is estimated at €5,496 million, €1.3 billion more than the original estimate.
MOSE will cost about $8 billion to build, and in its first year, reports say it will cost $328,000 each, nearly double the original estimate.
MOSES is effective in preventing flooding caused by 'acqua alta' flooding. Saved Venice from 120cm of flooding earlier this week.
Venice is being seriously threatened at an alarming rate by rising sea levels and land subsidence. The MOSE project will prevent the Venetian Lagoon from submerging in the Adriatic Sea and prevent the famous city of Venice and its surrounding areas from being flooded.
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Correct Question?
What were the actual cost of the Mose Project in Venice and the Estimated cost of the Project?
when in the cell cycle are active cyclin d-cdk and cyclin e-cdk complexes required for the cell cycle to continue?
It activates CDK1 by cyclin A, causing the cells to enter the transition to the M phase.
What is cell cycle?
The cell cycle is made up of several steps in which the chromosomes and other cell components replicate themselves to make two copies. The material is then duplicated and given to each of the two daughter cells as the cell divides. Each daughter cell must have its own outer membrane for the cell cycle to be complete.
What is cyclin?
Cyclins are a family of proteins that do not themselves have any enzymatic activity but instead work by binding to CDKs to activate them.
By phosphorylating CDC6 and E2F1, the cyclin A/CDK2 complex ends the S phase, initiates the transition from the S phase to the G2 phase, and then activates CDK1 by cyclin A, causing the cells to enter the transition to the M phase.
Therefore, it activates CDK1 by cyclin A, causing the cells to enter the transition to the M phase.
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A deficiency in thiamine causes the disease beriberi. Which might you expect to be higher than normal blood concentration in an individual with this condition?.
what do you predict will happen to the paramecium cell when it is placed in a freshwater environment?
The contractile vacuole removes excess water, prevents swelling/bursting.
What is paramecium?
Paramecium or Paramoecium is a eukaryotic, unicellular organism. It comes under the ciliate group. They have thousands of cilia covering their body, which is how they are characterized. They are mostly found in freshwater, marine and brackish water. Paramecium are also found attached to the surface at times.
Paramecium primarily reproduce asexually (binary fission). They also show conjugation and are slipper-shaped. They are easily cultivated and are widely used to study biological processes.
So, therefore, the contractile vacuole removes excess water which prevents swelling/bursting.
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identify the tiny fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption
A. lacteals
B. rugae
C. microvilli
D. villi
E. mecentery
The finger like projections that are present on the surface of the intestine were called as villi
why are villi present on the surface of the intestine ?
The small intestine's mucosal wall develops millions of tiny finger-like projections called villi.
It expands the surface area for greater nutrient absorption.
The absorption process is mostly controlled by the small intestine.
The small intestine has villosa to expand the absorption surface area.
On the other hand, the stomach is an organ that mostly temporarily stores food and aids in the digestion of proteins.
Villi are therefore more appropriate in the small intestine than the stomach.
Villi are the finger-like projections that are found on the intestine's surface.
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you wish to study the protein product of a human gene, and decide to produce large amounts of this protein by expressing the gene in e. coli. as a source of donor dna for this project, the best choice would be:
As a source of donor DNA for this project, the best choice would be a cDNA clone of your human gene.
In the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms, Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia.
E. coli infections are most frequently acquired by the consumption of contaminated food, such as ground beef. E. coli bacteria from the cattle's intestines can contaminate the meat during the slaughter and processing process. Because ground beef combines meat from numerous different animals, the risk of contamination is higher.
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true or false? early dyes were extracted (taken) from various plants and other living creatures. true false
Answer:
Your answer would be TRUE
Explanation:
Early dyes were used to make coloured clothing such at denim or shirts. You're welcome, mate <3
After sperm are produced, they enter the first part of the duct system, the __________.
The epididymis is where the sperm travel to finish developing. Sperm then travel to the vas deferens.
In what order do sperm flow through quizlet?Spermiogenesis occurs at e:. What is the sequence in which sperm moves through these organs as it travels from the testicles. the proximal part of the seminal vesicle and the ampulla.
Which component of the male reproductive system acts as a conduit for the sperm as it travels from the testes to the seminal vesicle?The stiff, spaghetti-sized vas deferens is responsible for carrying sperm from the epididymis. From each epididymis, one of these ducts travels to the prostate's back where it connects with one of the two seminal vesicles.
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if the effective rate of reproduction of an asexual lineage is 12 per year, what would be the effective rate of reproduction of a lineage that was identical to the asexual lineage in every way except that it was sexual?
The effective rate of reproduction of an asexual lineage is 12 per year, what would be the effective rate of reproduction of a lineage are 3.
Although the primary replica quantity, R zero, is beneficial for information the transmissibility of a ailment and designing diverse intervention strategies, the conventional threshold amount theoretically assumes that the epidemic first takes place in a totally inclined population, and hence, R zero is basically a mathematically described amount. In many instances, it's miles of realistic significance to assess time-structured versions withinside the transmission capability of infectious diseases.
R(t) indicates time-structured version because of the decline in inclined individuals (intrinsic factors) and the implementation of manipulate measures (extrinsic factors). If R(t)<1, it indicates that the epidemic is in decline and can be seemed as being beneathneath manipulate at time t (vice versa, if R(t)>1). T
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which of the following techniques would not be suitable for determining the presence of a specific mrna in a tissue sample? a) rt-pcr b) rna interference c) rna-seq d) microarrays
Techniques that would not be suitable for determining the presence of a specific mRNA in a tissue sample are : RNA interference, RNA-seq, or microarray.
What techniques are suitable for determining the presence of a specific mRNA in a tissue sample?The most sensitive technique for detecting and quantifying mRNA is RT- PCR. Using RT-PCR, even small sample sizes can be used in the quantification of mRNA and the technique can do this using just a single cell.
A number of widely used procedures exist for detecting and determining the abundance of a particular mRNA in RNA sample. But four popular methods are: Northern blot analysis, nuclease protection assays (NPA), in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
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Mara lives in st. Louis, which is close to sea level. She decides to spend a month of her summer vacation working in the mountains outside of denver. After a week in the mountains, what kinds of changes would you expect to see as mara adapts to the higher altitude?.
As mara adapts to the higher altitude, decreased Po2 in the alveoli can be seen.
The oxygen partial pressure drops in three stages before reaching arterial blood from 21 kPa (21%) in the atmosphere. First, the upper respiratory tract humidifies the inspired air, lowering the Po2 to approximately 19.7 kPa (148 mmHg) thanks to the saturated vapor pressure of water (6.2 kPa, or 47 mmHg)Po2 in the alveoli decreases.
other factors like:
Hematocrit increasesIn an effort to provide more oxygen to the blood, pressure in the pulmonary arteries rises. As a result, elevation-related increases in blood pressure are common.The rate of alveolar ventilation also goes up.Know more about partial pressure here: https://brainly.com/question/2828367
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1. Which of the following describes a population?
A. 85 great white sharks off Cape Cod
B. thousands of dolphins and whales around
Hawaii
C. a mating pair of seagulls migrating to an
island
D. corals, sponges, algae, reef fish, lobsters,
and giant clams
Answer: A
Explanation:
you learn that remains from the same species as fossil b have been found at a site 300 miles away embedded be- tween two layers of volcanic rock. how can this help you?
Fossil B is older than 45 million years or the uppermost layer at the other side (whichever is older) and younger than the lowermost layer of ash at the other site, this may help in this way..
The preserved remains, or traces of remains, of extinct animals are called fossils. The remains of the organism itself are not fossils! They're stones. An full organism or only a portion of one can be preserved as a fossil.
Leaves, feathers, shells, bones, and shells can all turn into fossils. Fossils come in a wide range of sizes. Only a microscope can see microfossils. Microfossils include pollen and bacteria.
Formation of fossils The Latin word fossus, which means "having been dug up," is where the word fossil derives from. Deep underground rock formations are a common place to find fossils. The transformation of remains into fossils is called fossilisation and Fossilization is uncommon.
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