Answer:
(Explanation is answer) Hope this helps. Brainliest pls
Explanation:
The innate immune response is the first mechanism for host defense found in all multicellular organisms. The innate immune system is more ancient than the acquired or adaptive immune response, and it has developed and evolved to protect the host from the surrounding environment in which a variety of toxins and infectious agents including bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites are found (1).
The immune system is complex and is divided in two categories: i) the innate or nonspecific immunity, which consists of the activation and participation of preexistent mechanisms including the natural barriers (skin and mucosa) and secretions; and ii) the adaptive or specific immunity, which is targeted against a previously recognized specific microorganism or antigen. Thus, when a given pathogen is new to the host, it is initially recognized by the innate immune system and then the adaptive immune response is activated (2). Innate immunity is the host’s first line of defense and is intended to prevent infection and attack the invading pathogens.This nonspecific mechanism is fast (minutes to hours) while the adaptive response takes longer (days to weeks).
Innate immunity is comprised of different components including physical barriers (tight junctions in the skin, epithelial and mucous membrane surfaces, mucus itself); anatomical barriers; epithelial and phagocytic cell enzymes (i.e., lysozyme), phagocytes (i.e., neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages), inflammation-related serum proteins (e.g., complement, C-reactive protein, lectins such as mannose-binding lectin, and ficolins); surface and phagocyte granule antimicrobial peptides (e.g., defensins, cathelicidin, etc.); cell receptors that sense microorganisms and signal a defensive response (e.g., Toll-like receptors); and cells that release cytokines and inflammatory mediators (i.e., macrophages, mast cells, natural-killer cells). Once the interaction host-invader pathogen enters, a signaling cascade is initiated which enhances the immune response and activates specific mechanisms (3-5). This natural immune response is designed to: a) prevent infection, b) eliminate invader pathogens, and c) stimulate the acquired immune response.
The correct examples of physical, chemical, and biological barriers are coughing, saliva, and complement system respectively.
What do you mean by Barriers?Barriers may be defined as something that blocks the free passage of any object, compound, or thing.
Coughing mediates the physical barrier that kills the pathogen and improves the body's immune system at the physical level. Saliva consists of an enzyme that kills the pathogens on body surfaces, so it is classified under a chemical barrier. Biological barriers involve the action of the complement system which performs the activity of lysis of pathogen particle and stimulate the body's immune response.
Therefore, the correct examples of physical, chemical, and biological barriers are coughing, saliva, and complement system respectively.
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Challenge: In the process of photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and light energy to produce a sugar (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2). In the process of aerobic respiration, animals and plants release energy from sugar and oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and water. The chemical equations that describe these reactions look like this:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
How do these equations explain why the total amount of O2 and CO2 remains the same?
Answer:
Picture below
Explanation:
hope it helps
The total amount of O₂ and CO₂ remains the same because their 6 molecules of carbon formed glucose and the remaining 6 molecules of oxygen are released as by-products.
What is the difference between respiration and photosynthesis?Green plants make their own food through a process called photosynthesis, which transforms light energy into chemical energy.
Living things use the process of respiration to change oxygen and glucose into carbon dioxide and water, which releases a significant quantity of energy.
There are two stages to photosynthesis: light reaction and dark reaction. Inhalation and exhalation are the two phases of respiration. Because photosynthesis depends on light, it only occurs during the day. No organism can survive without breathing, which is a constant activity.
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This organelle removes and recycles waste from the cell
O. Cytoplasm
O. Golgi Apparatus
O. Lysosome
O. Ribosome
Answer: Lysosome
Explanation: A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are involved with various cell processes. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria. (Hope this helps!)
Can someone please help mePut them all in order
Answer:
The 4th one should be the 1st one
And the 1st one should be the 2nd one
And tge 2nd one should be the 3rd one and the 3rd one should be the 4th one.
Rachal Corporation produces and sells a single product whose selling price is $150.00 per unit and whose variable expense is $57.00 per unit. The company's monthly fixed expense is $381,300.
Required:
a. Assume the company's monthly target profit is $9,300. Determine the unit sales to attain that target profit. Show your work!
b. Assume the company's monthly target profit is $18,600. Determine the dollar sales to attain that target profit. Show your work!
Answer:a) if the company's monthly target profit is $9,300, 4,200 units sales is needed
b) if the company's monthly target profit is $18,600, 4,300 units sales is needed
Explanation:
Using The Contribution Margin Approach:
Contribution Margin = Sales expense - variable expense
=$150.00 - $57.00
=$93
Contribution Margin Ratio= Contribution Margin/ sales expense x 100
=93/150 x 100
= 62%
Assume the company's monthly target profit is $9,300.
A) Sales to attain the target profit = [(Fixed expenses + Target profit) ÷ Contribution Margin ratio]
= ($381,300. + $9,300) ÷ 0.62
$390,600 ÷ 0.62
= $630,000
No. of units to be sold =Sales to attain the target profit/ selling price
$630,000/$150.00
=4,200 units
Assume the company's monthly target profit is $18,600
B) Sales to attain the target profit = [(Fixed expenses + Target profit) ÷ Contribution Margin ratio]
= ($381,300. + $18,600 )÷ 0.62
$399,900 ÷ 0.62
= $645,000
No. of units to be sold =Sales to attain the target profit/ selling price
$645,000/$150.00
=4,300 units
It is known that complex carbohydrates provide more sustained energy over time than simple sugars such as sucrose. Complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides, which are long chains of smaller sugar molecules bonded together. Simple sugars are monosaccharides that contain only one molecule.
Why do complex carbohydrates provide more energy over time versus simple carbohydrates?
Answer:
Complex carbohydrates contain longer chains of sugar molecules than simple carbohydrates. The body converts these sugar molecules into glucose, which it uses for energy. As complex carbohydrates have longer chains, they take longer to break down and provide more lasting energy in the body than simple carbohydrates
Explanation:
Answer:
A.) Complex carbohydrates have more chemical bonds to break than simple sugars, which takes longer for the body to digest and provides more units of energy for the body to use.
Proof:
What a consequence brings the fact that the cerebral cortex is more developed in humans than in animals
Answer: humans have a very high brain-weight-to-body-weight ratio, but so do other animals. ... Other intelligent animals, such as monkeys and dolphins, also have these folds in their cortex, whereas mice have smooth brains, he said. Humans also have the largest frontal lobes of any animal, Holland said.
Explanation:
During cellular respiration, cells convert the energy stored in glucose to make the energy molecule ATP, as shown in the equation. Less than 40% of the energy found in glucose is actually converted into ATP. What happens to the other 60% of this energy
Answer:
the other 60% of energy is stored away for further use in the cell
Explanation:
i hope im right
In the cell from glucose, 40% of energy is utilised to make ATP and the rest 60% is used in the process of making ATP. So 100% of glucose cannot be converted into ATP.
How does ATP form from glucose?Glucose is a major source of energy. It has carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen . Due to the presence of oxygen, it can easily break down to produce energy during times of need.
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate by the process of glycolysis. In this process, the net gain is 2 ATP. Pyruvate converts into acetyl CoA. ATP is required in this process. Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle.
To enter the mitochondria, ATP is required. Acetyl CoA enters the krebs cycle and electron transport chain. The FADH₂ , NADH are broken. Proton gradient is formed due to the electron movement. Then ATP is formed due to the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . To make ATP a lots of ATP have used in the process. So net gain of ATP of a glucose is 40% as rest 60% has used in the process .
Hence, 40% of energy of glucose make ATP, and the rest 60% is used in the process of making ATP.
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Which type of sensory receptors monitor position and movement of the body?
A. Photoreceptors
B. Chemoreceptors
C. Proprioceptors
D. Exteroceptors
The answer is Proprioceptors.
C is the correct answer my guy
Why are people scared of germs
why does individual commit crime?
People commit crimes for many different reasons. whether it is for the excitment and thrill of it or whether they were forced to or peer preasured on by another person. Maybe they robbed a bank cause they needed money or they were under the influence of drugs or alchohol
A brown mouse is crossed with a heterozygous black mouse if the mother has a litter of four what are the chances of one of them being brown
Answer:
I used a Punnet Square to determine what percentage of 1 of the mice would be brown.
Explanation:
An A/a; B/b dihybrid is testcrossed, and about ¾ of the progeny phenotypically resembles the dihybrid parent, while ¼ resembles the tester parent. If the dihybrid parent was selfed, what would be the expected phenotypic ratio in the progeny?
a. 9:3:4
b.12:3:1
c. 9:3:3:1
d. 9:7
f. 15:1
e.13:3
Answer:
The expected phenotypic ratio in the population will be 15:1
Explanation:
Due to technical problems, you will find the complete explanation in the attached files.
A protein was not folded correctly after translation and needs to be degraded. Which organelle will this protein be transported to?
A. Mitochondria
B. Nucleus
C. Lysosome
D. Golgi apparatus
E. Rough ER
Answer:
The correct answer is - lysosome
Explanation:
Protein that are not correctly folded and needed to be degraded require help of lysosome an organelle that helps in degrading macromolecules.
It is also helps in digestion and regulate cellular functions by removing protein and molecules that are not required anymore and prevents from unwanted accumulation.
Which of these factors is involved in earthquake formation?
Answer:
The factors involved in earthquake formation are: plates moving, rocks breaking and movement below the surface.
How does the digestive system interact with the circulatory system?
A. Messages sent as electrical impulses from the digestive system are transported throughout the body by the circulatory system.
B. Nutrients taken in and broken down by the digestive system are carried to various parts of the body by the circulatory system.
C. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by organs in the digestive system, and the gases are carried to the rest of the body by the circulatory system.
D. Nutrients and gases are absorbed by organs in the circulatory system. Then, they are transported to all parts of the body by organs in the digestive system.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
the circulatory absorbs nutrients and carries the chemical to signal through endocrine to control the speed of digestion.
Explain the structural organization of chloroplasts
Answer:
The chloroplast has an inner and outer membrane with an empty intermediate space in between. Inside the chloroplast are stacks of thylakoids, called grana, as well as stroma, the dense fluid inside of the chloroplast.
Explanation:
Hope it helps.
Why is it necessary to reduce the number of chromosomes in gametes, but not in other cells
Answer:
The reduction of chromosomes in the gametes is necessary to make sexual reproduction possible, in which each parent contributes half of their chromosomes and in fertilization a cell with the complete amount of chromosomes is produced, the zygote.
Explanation:
The reduction of chromosomes to form gametes is done by meiosis, a reductive cell division. Sex cells or gametes are haploid cells, i.e. with half the chromosome charge, as each parent must contribute a gamete in the reproductive process.
The union of the parents' gametes is called fertilization and its product is the zygote, whose chromosome charge is complete or diploid.
For a diploid zygote to be formed, it is necessary for the sex cells or gametes to be haploid, or with half of the chromosomes of the species..
The genetic content built of proteins and nucleic acid found in the nucleus of cells are called chromosomes.
The reduction of the chromosome is essential for sexual reproduction.
In this sort of reproduction gametes from each parent fuse to form offspring.Each parent provides half the number of chromosomes (n) to form a complete offspring with the total set of chromosomes (2n).In the process of gamete formation chromosomes, get halved due to meiosis.The reproductive gametes from both the parent combine via fertilization and form the diploid offspring.Therefore for a diploid offspring to be formed the gametes need to be haploid.
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All of the following statements support the cell theory EXCEPT?
All of the following statements support the cell theory except all cells contain a nucleus. Thus, the correct option for this question is B.
What is the Cell theory?The cell theory was proposed by two famous scientists. i.e. M.J. Schleiden and T. Schwann. There are three assumptions that fall under the cell theory.
All living organisms whether plants or animals are made up of cells. A cell is the smallest unit of all living organisms. It is the basic structural and functional unit of life.Cell theory was further refined by German biologist Rudolf Virchow in 1855. According to him, all cells are arising from pre-existing cells.
According to the three assumptions given above, the one which is not matched as per the options is that all cells contain a nucleus.
Therefore, the correct option for this question is B.
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The statement that is not considered as cell theory is all cells contain a nucleus. The correct option is L.
What is cell theory?Cell theory is basically a biological theory first given in the mid-nineteenth century that states that living organisms are made up of cells, that cells are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells originate from pre-existing cells.
According to the cell theory, all biological organisms are made up of cells; cells are the basic unit of life, and all life evolved from preexisting life.
The cell theory is now so well-established that it serves as one of biology's unifying principles.
Theodor Schwann proposed the classical cell theory in 1839. This theory is divided into three parts. The first section asserts that all organisms are made up of cells.
Thus, the correct option is L.
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12. Why does Dr. Jablonski dismiss the hypothesis that protection from skin cancer provided selection for the evolution of darker skin in our human ancestors
Answer:
Because skin cancer does not usually arise until after an individual's peak reproductive years.
Explanation:
{20 points} {brainliest} pls help <3
Many people don't get enough vitamin D and calcium, which can cause bones to be fragile. The lack of vitamin D and calcium is an example of a
A. hereditary disease.
B. genetic disease.
C. toxicity.
D. deficiency.
Answer:
deficiency
Explanation:
PENN
The neurohypophysis is another name for the anterior pituitary.
False
O True
Answer:
false
Explanation:
checked on a website and it said that it was another name
A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested through a scientific investigation. What is the purpose of writing a hypothesis? A. Hypotheses help identify the variables. B. Hypotheses suggest new questions for further investigations. C. Hypotheses always match the conclusion. D.
Answer:
B. Hypotheses suggest new questions for further investigations.
Explanation:
What is unique about obtaining water from an artesian well?
O The water is heated by magma or hot rocks.
O The water is found in an impermeable layer.
O The water is under pressure naturally and no pump is needed.
O Amechanical pump must be installed to bring water to the surface.
Answer:
c-The water is under pressure naturally and no pump is needed.
Explanation:
Water from Artesian well is the water is under pressure naturally and no pump is needed.
What is Artesian well?A well from which water flows under natural pressure without the need for pumping is known as an artesian well.
It is excavated or drilled whenever a gently sinking, permeable rock layer (such as sandstone) collects water at a level higher than the ground surface at the well site.
Water goes down into the aquifer (water-bearing layer) at the outcrop, but is blocked from escaping by impermeable rock layers above and below it (such as shale).
Water is forced to the surface of a well drilled down into the aquifer by the weight of the water (hydrostatic pressure) the pressure for the continuous up flow is maintained by the continued penetration of water into the aquifer at the intake region.
The ability to collect water is what distinguishes artesian wells.
The water is under pressure naturally and no pump is needed.
Pumping water isn't essential because there isn't any pressure in the water.
Hence, the correct option is C.
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will mark brainiest
In your own words, please explain how the process of meiosis leads to siblings that are not clones of each other.In your own words, please explain how the process of meiosis leads to siblings that are not clones of each other.
Explanation:
The process of cell division by which most of cells divide for growth is called mitosis.
In this process, each cell called mother cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as mother cell. It helps in growth and repair of tissues in organisms.
Specific cells of reproductive organs or tissues in animals and plants divide to form gametes., which after fertilisation give rise to offspring.
They divide by a different process called MEIOSES.Which involves two consecutive divisions. When a cell divides by meiosis it produces four new cells instead of just two .
The new cells only have half the number of chromosomes than that of the mother cells.
Hope you understood!
What is the difference between a pathogen and an antigen
Answer:
Antigen is a molecule capable of causing the immune system to produce antibodies against it. Pathogen is an infectious agent that may cause a disease.
Explanation:
characteristics of stone before placing it in water
Answer:
The characteristic of the stone before placing it in the water is of course dry because once you place it in the water it becomes wet.
Explanation:
Answer:
Round, tough, dry, firm, and solid.
Explanation:
I NEED HELP ASAP!!
Which specialized structures transport a large volume of nutrients throughout spermatophytes?
anthers
pistils
roots
veins
Answer: Veins
Explanation:
Answer: Veins.
Explanation: All spermatophytes have veins, which are structures that allow a larger volume of nutrients to be transported.
Help please ASAP !!
How do scientists know that Earth is currently in the middle of an ice age or interglacial period?
Select one
A. Due to climate change , and snow are rapidly melting .
B. Carbon dioxide levels are decreasing , which is causing Earth's temperature to become cooler
Scientific studies show that identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different homes may vary in height, weight, and intelligence. The most probable explanation for these differences is that
Answer:
Their height and weight will differ depending on there diet, one might be smarter than the other naturally but as their were in different home they will have different ways of comprehending it
Explanation:
I hope that helped
Identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different homes may vary in height, weight and intelligence
Why difference is observed in height and weight?It is because of the different diet they are taking.The difference can be due to both quality and quantity.It is also because of exercise.The twin with good diet and exercise has appropriate weight.While the one with sedentary habit is over-weight.Why is the difference observed in intelligence?The intelligence not only depends on genetics it also depends on environment.It depends on factors like education, surrounding influences, etc.To learn more about education, height, weight, and intelligence here,
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what do you think the rock in Earth’s mantle is like? Is the mantle made of hard, solid rock or soft, solid rock? Explain your ideas.
Answer:
If the mantle is made out of soft rock, then I think it would melt due to the heat, but if it was hard, it would just burn, so I firmly believe the rock is hard.
Explanation:
Mantle is a layer on planetary body which is made up of minerals. Mantle is solid as it is made up of heavy metals and solid rocks which makes it rigid.
What is Mantle?A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded by a core and on the above by a crust. Mantle is made up of rock or ices, and is generally the largest and most massive layer of any planetary body. Mantles are on the planetary bodies that have undergone differentiation by density.
The mantle is composed primarily of heavy metals, such as iron, nickel, and others. The state of the mantle was described as plastic. Many divide the mantle into further such as the asthenosphere and lithosphere.
Mantle rocks are soft and able to move over the course of millions of years at great depth and pressure. The transfer of heat and material in the mantle helps to determine the landscape of the planet.
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