In 1961, the scientists whilst Brenners first begin transferring mRNA from one species into the cells of a different species.
It began out in 1961, whilst Brenner and associates defined the presence of an volatile intermediate molecule that copies the statistics encoded via way of means of the DNA and directs the synthesis of proteins: RNA.
The institution round Brenner labored with virus-inflamed cells and analysed the gene expression. They concluded that the protein-encoding statistics isn't found in solid ribosomal RNA. Instead, a brief RNA molecule acts as a transcript of the genetic code. This RNA turned into termed messenger RNA (mRNA). Ribosomes synthesise proteins in step with the statistics dictated via way of means of mRNA (Brenner et al., 1961).
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Explain the different impacts that fossil fuels and biofuels have on the climate change
The use of biofuels, which are fuels made from renewable organic material, in place of fossil fuels has negative effects on fossil fuel carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.
What are fossil fuels and biofuels?The use of biofuels, which are fuels made from renewable organic material, in place of fossil fuels has the potential to effect.
Negative effects of fossil fuel carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, are released into the atmosphere in massive quantities when fossil fuels are burnt.
Therefore, global warming is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat in our atmosphere.
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sodium is pumped into the medulla from the thick segment of the loop of henle. if the concentrations of the fluid and medulla are equal, what mechanism would produce the movement of sodium into the medulla?
The mechanism that would move the sodium into the medulla is an active transport mechanism across the membrane.
Active transport is the term that describes the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient. It requires cellular energy in the form of ATP to be done.
One case of active transport in the human body is the sodium-potassium pump. It's a mechanism in the form of an enzyme that maintains osmotic equilibrium in cells. One place where it's found is in the kidney around the medulla and the loop of Henle. When the concentration of the fluid and medulla are equal, sodium-potassium transport work to maintain the proper concentration of K+ and Na+ ions inside and outside of the cells.
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class b mutants have sepals in whorls 1 and 2 and carpels in whorls 3 and 4. genes in class b control the development of which whorls?
petals (whorl 2), stamens (whorl 3), petals and stamens (whorls 2 and 3), stamens and carpels (whorls 3 and 4) and sepals and carpels (whorls 1 and 4).
A flower's male reproductive organ is represented by stamens. The production of the stamen with distinct anther tissues, followed by anther dehiscence and pollination, are all steps in the complex biological process by which the male reproductive system develops. The flower's reproductive organ that produces pollen is the stamen. The androecium is made up of all the stamens.
The fourth whorl of the flower, located in the centre, is the carpel. Style, stigma, and ovary the female elements of a flower make up the majority of it. There may be one or multiple carpels in a single bloom. carpel, a seed-bearing structure that is part of the innermost whorl of a flower and resembles a leaf. The pistil might have just one carpel or many.
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How would you expect the rate of speciation of an allopatric case to compare to the rate of speciation of a sympatric case involving formation of allopolyploid offspring?.
An allopatric case to compare to the rate of speciation of a sympatric case involving formation of allopolyploid offspring by the speciation differences.
Among the quickest prices in allopatric and sympatric species pairs, sympatric prices are approximately 2 to five instances quicker than allopatric prices. Even amongst those prices, variant is predicted due to the fact species pairs might also additionally range particularly evolutionary dynamics, populace sizes, and genetic variability. The allopatric case might arise at a miles slower charge than the sympatric case concerning allopolyploid offspring.
The number one distinction among the 2 forms of speciation is that allopatric speciation takes place in geographically separated populations even as sympatric speciation takes place in populations that might percentage a geographical place in the variety of the ancestral populace.
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How could an activator influence gene expression at a promoter far away from the place that it binds dna?.
what cellular macromolecules make up the complement pathway? what cellular macromolecules make up the complement pathway? carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins
The complement pathway is composed of large macromolecules of cellular proteins. Protein synthesis Proteins are created from amino acids with the aid of genetic information.
The specific amino acid sequence of each protein is determined by the nucleotide sequence of the gene that codes for that protein. Proteins are enormous molecules made up of the building blocks known as amino acids. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphate are all elements found in proteins. One or more twisted and folded strands of amino acids combine to form protein macromolecules, which are substantial, complicated entities. A protein or nucleic acid is an example of a macromolecule, which is a very large macromolecules crucial to biophysical processes. It consists of thousands of atoms that are covalently linked. Many macromolecules are made up of smaller molecules known as monomers in polymer form.
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Cell division is the process of taking a parent cell and splitting it into 2 new genetically identical daughter cells. All organisms go through the process of cell division. What do bacteria use cell division for and how?.
However, in the case of a bacterium, cell division serves purposes other than simply producing more cells for the organism. Instead, it is how bacteria multiply, or increase the number of bacteria in a population.
What does cell division entail and why is it important?When people talk about "cell division," they typically mean mitosis, which is the process of creating new cells for the body. The cell division process known as meiosis is what produces egg and sperm cells. A vital process for life is mitosis.
How do bacteria divide their cells?In bacteria, cell division takes place when the membrane and peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall of the envelope layers infiltrate to form a septum that divides the cell into two compartments. Later on, the septal PG is hydrolyzed.
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what evidence (if any) does not support the hypothesis that crm b has a function associated with it? (mark all that apply) only coding regions of the genome have a function
Hemoglobin genes and the cis-regulatory modules that regulate them. This section of the genome is the focus of your research (CRMs).DNA components where proteins can connect to transcription factors.
Different developmental periods occur when these genome are expressed. Adults express HBB and HBD, but fetal development expresses HBG1 and HBG2, and embryonic development expresses HBE1. A transcription factor called GATA1 is present in blood cells. A specialized protein called a transcription factor enters the nucleus of a cell to control gene expression. To activate or inhibit genome expression, transcription factors such as GATA1 must bind to particular regulatory DNA sequences (such as promoters).
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suppose the extracellular fluid (ecf) osmolality becomes too high. what hormone would most likely be released to correct this situation?
Dehydration or physiological stress can cause an increase in osmolarity above 300 mOsm/L, which in turn increases ADH secretion and water retention, causing an increase in blood pressure. ADH travels in the bloodstream to the kidneys.
vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone, a hormone that plays a key role in maintaining osmolality (the concentration of dissolved particles, such as salts and glucose, in the serum) and therefore in maintaining the volume of water in the extracellular fluid (the liquid space that surrounds cells). B (Hypotonic hydration. Hypotonic hydration occurs when extracellular fluid becomes so hypotonic (dilute) that water enters cells. Excess water is present in cells, intracellular compartments, and extracellular compartments.) The main factors that stimulate the production and release of aldosterone by the zona glomerulosa are angiotensin II and the serum potassium concentration. If a disturbance causes the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid to increase, water will flow out of the cell into the extracellular space to balance the osmotic gradient; however, the total body osmolarity will remain higher than normal and the cell will shrink.
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pleace is science is today
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
Celebrated every 10 November, World Science Day for Peace and Development highlights the significant role of science in society and the need to engage the wider public in debates on emerging scientific issues. It also underlines the importance and relevance of science in our daily lives.
a single na /k atpase pump is present in the plasma membrane of an artificial cell with an initial cellular environment of 1000 sodium ions and 1000 molecules of atp inside the cell, 1000 potassium ions outside the cell, and a net charge differential across the plasma membrane of 0. assuming the only changes in the cellular environment are a result of the pump's actions, what would be the number of na , k and atp molecules inside the cell after 100 cycles of the pump and what would be the net charge differential (inside-outside) across the plasma membrane?
700 Na+; 200 K+; 900 ATP and −200 charge differential (inside-outside)
What is plasma membrane?
The boundary between a cell's inside and outside is created by the plasma membrane, which is a network of lipids and proteins. It is also known as the cell membrane plainly. The plasma membrane's primary job is to shield the cell from its surroundings. It controls the materials that enter and leave the cell and is semi-permeable. All living things have plasma membranes in their cells.Na/K pump across plasma membrane:
This protein pump, also known as the Na+/K+ pump or Na+/K+-ATPase, is located in the cell membrane of neurons (and other animal cells). In a ratio of 3 sodium ions out for every 2 potassium ions brought in, it functions to transport sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane. The process aids in stabilizing membrane potential, and the pump is crucial in establishing the circumstances required for action potentials to fire.Hence, 700 Na+; 200 K+; 900 ATP and −200 charge differential (inside-outside) is the answer
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what is the main effect of hiv infection? poor suppressor t-cell function poor natural killer cell function poor helper t-cell function poor b-cell function
The main effect of HIV infection is Poor helper T-cell function. The correct answer is option (c).
HIV infects a restricted number of container types in the frame, including a subdivision of lymphocytes named CD4+T lymphocytes (as known or named at another time or place T-assistant containers or CD4+T cells). The CD4+T containers are inevitable for rational invulnerable functions. Among other functions, the CD4+T container makes unfamiliar antigens and helps turn on antitoxin-producing B lymphocytes.
Helper T-cells are a type of invulnerable cell. They're individual of the main types of containers created by your organ meat. Helper T-cells sense when there's contamination in your material. They mobilize added immune containers to be in a dispute or fight the contamination. These T-containers are a fundamental part of your adaptive invulnerable reaction.
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consider a hypothetical couple, john and jennifer, both of whom had brothers who died of a disease caused by a recessive lethal disorder (aa). what is the genotype of their parents?
The genotype of an organism is the make-up of its DNA, which results in the phenotype, or the traits that can be seen in an organism. Each nucleic acid in a DNA molecule that codes for a specific attribute makes up a genotype.
The interplay of proteins produced by the DNA determines the external appearance, or phenotype. Finding the DNA regions that are responsible for different phenotypes is now simpler because to advancements in DNA analysis tools.
Recessive lethal inheritance refers to an inheritance pattern where an allele is solely fatal in the homozygous form and where the heterozygote may be normal or have some altered non-lethal trait.
Only wild-type homozygotes and heterozygotes would be seen in crosses between heterozygous individuals carrying a recessive lethal allele that results in death before delivery when homozygous.
In other cases, the dominant (but non-lethal) phenotype of the recessive deadly allele could also be present in the heterozygote.
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which is a function of tracheids? a) photosynthesis b) production of sex cells c) water conduction d) food storage
Water conduction is one of the tracheid's functions. Answer (c) is the right choice.
The ability of water to conduct an electrical current is measured by its conductivity. Conductivity rises with salinity because dissolved salts and other inorganic compounds carry electrical current. At 20 °C, water has a thermal conductivity of 0.598 W/m-K. Pure water does not conduct electricity and is a great insulator. Water that contains contaminants, such as salts, can carry electricity. Salts divide into various electrically charged atoms known as ions when they are dissolved in water. Positive Na ions and negative Cl ions are the components of salts, such as sodium chloride (NaCl).
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how are these two lizards adapted to their environment
The given types of lizards has the skin which matches their surroundings. They will not be easily identified by their predators.
What is environmental adaptations?Each living organism has their own adaptations to live in the environment. Which is based on various factors such as their color, skin type, behaviors etc. which make them easy to survive in the environment.
For instance, the cactus plant is adapted to live in the deserts without water because, they have the ability to store water content in their stems. Chameleons are able to change their color which matches their surroundings. Thus, they can easily hide from the predators.
The given lizard one with the green color is living under the green leaves and catch pray at nights thus because of their color they can hide under the leaves and plants from predators.
Similarly, the grey colored lizard is found in the dry areas where the mud color matches with its color. Hence, these types of lizards are adapted to the dry areas.
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What anatomical region would the stoma created by the descending colostomy be in?.
The descending colostomy is positioned on the lower left side of the abdomen in the descending colon.
Where would the colostomy be placed in the abdomen?People who require ileostomies (stomas made from the final segment of the small intestine) typically have their stomas placed in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, whereas those who need colostomies (stomas made from a segment of the large intestine) typically have their stomas placed in the left lower quadrant.
Where does stoma form?An area of your large, small, or urinary tract that has been brought through the surface of your abdomen (belly) and subsequently folded back is known as a stoma. Your medical condition will determine the location.
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a plant cell has a concentration of 0.5mm nacl and is placed in flasks with varying nacl concentrations. identify if the solutions are isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic, and then predict what will happen to the plant cells (cytolysis, shrivel, plasmolysis, turgor pressure increases/decreases or nothing).
the solution is hypotonic, (just a little salt) then water will move into the cell. a plant cell just expands until the membrane is in full contact with the cell wall.
Hypotonic solutions have low solute concentrations in them. Hypotonic in terms of the cell is a solution with 0.5% salt. A cell experiences a net inflow of water when it is placed in a hypotonic environment. As a result, the cell expands. When kept in a hypotonic environment, cells absorb water from the surrounding medium and swell. Plant cells have a cell membrane that exerts pressure against the cell wall, which in turn applies pressure to the swelling cell but prevents it from bursting. Rigid cell walls contain plant cells. Osmosis occurs when it is submerged in a hypotonic solution, or a solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell. Plasmolysis, a process, causes a cell placed in a hypertonic solution to shrivel and die.This will result in an increase in cell turgor pressure.
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explain the three steps that were used in this lab to determine the sickle cell genotype for individuals of the ryan family
The three steps that were used in this lab to determine the sickle cell genotype for individuals in the ryan family were blood collection, DNA amplification, and PCR. Tests for sickle cell anemia are used to diagnose sickle cell anemia and identify sickle cell trait carriers. Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder that causes the production of an abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs throughout the body.
What is the cause of sickle cell anemia?Sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation, responsible for the deformity of red blood cells. To be a carrier of the disease, the altered gene must be transmitted by the father and mother.
Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disease (passed from parents to children) characterized by alteration of red blood cells, making them look like a sickle, hence the name sickle cell. These cells have their membrane altered and rupture more easily, causing anemia.
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What kind of life will be given to those who acknowledge Jesus as Lord and Savior?
Answer:
And so when we talk about accepting Jesus, that means that we are being saved from being trapped in sin, which results in eternal punishment. And it's that faith in Jesus that saves us by his grace. He died and rose again just to pay the price for our sins.
Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________.
Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the d)hypothalamus. So, correct option is d.
The hypothalamus is a piece of the mind that contains various little cores with different capabilities. One of the main capabilities is to connect the sensory system to the endocrine framework through the pituitary organ. The nerve center is situated beneath the thalamus and is essential for the limbic system.[1] In the wording of neuroanatomy, it frames the ventral piece of the diencephalon. All vertebrate cerebrums contain a hypothalamus.[2] In people, it is the size of an almond.
The hypothalamus. is answerable for managing specific metabolic cycles and different exercises of the autonomic sensory system. It combines and secretes specific neurohormones, called delivering chemicals or hypothalamic chemicals, and these thus invigorate or repress the emission of chemicals from the pituitary organ. The nerve center controls internal heat level, hunger, significant parts of nurturing and maternal connection ways of behaving, thirst, weariness, rest, and circadian rhythms
Hence, correct option is d.
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(Complete question) is:
Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________.
a. lateral geniculate of the thalamus.
b. inferior colliculus.
c. lateral horn of the spinal cord.
d. hypothalamus.
ronald myers and roger sperry transected both the optic chiasm and corpus callosum in a group of research cats, and then put a patch on one eye. this had the effect of
Ronald Myers and Roger Sperry transected both the optic chiasm and corpus callosum in a group of research cats, and then put a patch on one eye. this had the effect of a split brain.
Because there are two routes for visual information to pass from one eye to the contralateral hemisphere, Myers and Sperry excised the corpus callosum and the optic chiasm from each cat in their main experimental group.
The folded cerebral cortex is a component of the gray matter of the brain. The grooves between the folds create fissures. The longitudinal fissure is the greatest fissure in the cerebral cortex that separates the brain's two hemispheres. The corpus callosum is made up of white matter. The corpus callosum acts as a natural connection between the two hemispheres of the brain. Roger Sperry excised a portion of the corpus callosum while researching ways to treat epilepsy. The LVF, which is controlled by the right side of the brain, only transmits visual information to the right hemisphere, whereas RVF only transmits visual information to the left. There are two writing implements required. Try to sketch both of the images at once, one on each piece of paper, as soon as you see them. the body's left side. The actions of your right body are controlled by your left brain. The left and right visual fields of each eye are separate regions; this illustrates the impact of a split brain.
The complete question is:
Ronald Myers and Roger Sperry transected both the optic chiasm and corpus callosum in a group of research cats, and then put a patch on one eye. this had the effect of ___________.
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question mode multiple choice question hypovolemia and dehydration are both examples of fluid deficiency. how do they differ? multiple choice question. in hypovolemia only water is lost, and in dehydration both water and electrolytes are lost. in dehydration water is lost, and in hypovolemia both water and electrolytes are lost. they differ only in the amount of fluid lost. in dehydration only water is lost, and in hypovolemia only electrolytes are lost.
In dehydration, water is lost, and in hypovolemia both water and electrolytes are lost.
What is fluid deficiency?
Dehydration occurs when you use or lose more fluid than you take in, and your body doesn't have enough water and other fluids to carry out its normal functions.
Which are types of fluid deficiency?
Deficient fluid volume (also referred to as hypovolemia or dehydration) occurs when the loss of fluid is greater than the fluid input. Common causes of deficient fluid volume are diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating, fever, and poor oral fluid intake.
What happens during hypovolemia?
Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop working.
Thus, water is lost in dehydration, and water and electrolytes are lost in hypovolemia.
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State what form of energy an impala would be
for the lion before he eats it and after he eats it.
Answer: That energy to maintain body temperature and perform other metabolic functions.
Explanation:
5. A tissue is composed of a group of
a. Similar cells
b. Related organelles
c. Organ systems
d. Related organs
Answer:
a.similar cells.
Explanation:
hope it is correct.
Genetic modification makes pest-resistant corn, but genetically modified corn may be unhealthy. what type of sentence is this?
Although genetic engineering creates pest-resistant corn, it might also be unhealthy. This sentence is compound.
Why are some individuals concerned that consuming genetically modified food could be dangerous?Always less nourishment is present in plants whose DNA has been altered. Reduced genetic variety affects both plants and animals as a result of genetic alteration. Long-term research is insufficient to substantiate the safety of this food.
What constitutes a compound complicated sentence, specifically?A compound-complex sentence has one or more dependent clauses and at least two independent clauses. Despite preferring romantic movies, Mitchell rented the most recent spy thriller and thoroughly enjoyed it.
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home-canned low-acid foods, such as beans and corn, may be contaminated with clostridium botulinum, a bacterium that produces a dangerous toxin. to destroy the toxin, the food should be
In order to destroy the toxin of the bacteria in the home-canned food, it should be boiled for 10 minutes before tasting or eating (option D).
What is sterilisation?Sterilisation is the process of treating something to kill or inactivate microorganisms, usually by heating. Sterilisation could also be a procedure to permanently prevent an organism from reproducing.
Sterilization is different from processes such as; disinfection, sanitization and pasteurization, in that those methods reduce rather than eliminate all forms of life and biological agents present.
According to this question, home-canned low-acid foods, such as beans and corn, may be contaminated with a bacterium called Clostridium botulinum, which produces a dangerous toxin.
This toxin is injurious to health of food consumers, hence, needs to be removed. To do this, the food needs to be heated to a certain temperature before consumption.
Therefore, boiling the food for 10 minutes before tasting or eating is a way to remove the toxins in the food.
The options to the incomplete question is as follows:
A. frozen for 2 days and then thawed in the refrigerator before eating
B. heated in a microwave oven for 5 minutes
C. chilled for at least 24 hours before serving
D. boiled for 10 minutes before tasting or eating
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how does the cell use the charge differences that bulid up across the inner mitochondrial membrane during cellular resperation
The cell use the charge differences that bulid up across the inner mitochondrial membrane during cellular respiration is to provide ATP.
Within the internal membrane of the mitochondrion, proteins cast off electrons from NADH and FADH2 molecules and by skip them alongside the electron delivery chain, extracting power at every step. The internal mitochondrial membrane carries enzymes referred to as ATP synthases.
The price distinction throughout the membrane forces H+ ions thru channels in those enzymes, truly inflicting the ATP synthases to spin. With every rotation, the enzyme grabs an ADP molecule and attaches a phosphate group, generating ATP. The cell makes use of a procedure referred to as chemiosmosis to provide ATP.
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over the pedigree you constructed in part a.based on the inheritance pattern, which mode of inheritance must be the cause of galactosemia?
Galactosemia is the cause of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.
A series of genetic diseases known as galactosemia, or "galactose in the blood," affect how well the body can utilise and make energy from the sugar galactose. Undigested sugars accumulate in the blood when galactose-containing foods or beverages are consumed by people who have galactosemia.
All dairy products (milk and anything produced from milk), several infant formulae, some fruits and vegetables, and many other meals contain galactose. The lack of any one of three enzymes, which can result from genetic alterations in several genes, can impede the body's capacity to metabolise galactose.
Different types and degrees of symptoms are caused by genetic variations in the three genes. All forms of galactosemia are autosomal recessive in inheritance.
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Consider an enzymatic reaction in which the initial concentration of substrate is low. If the amount of enzyme is held constant, but the amount of substrate is increased, the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction will
a. stay the same
b. decrease at first, then increase in a linear fashion.
c. be inhibited by the higher concentrations of substrate.
d. increase at first in a linear fashion, then remain at a constant high rate.
e. increase in an exponential fashion.
If the amount of enzyme is held constant, the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction will e. increase in an exponential fashion.
An enzyme-catalyzed reaction involving two substrates The two substrates are brought together in the correct direction and location to react with one another using the template provided by the enzyme.
By changing the structure of their substrates to resemble that of the transition state, enzymes help speed up processes. The lock-and-key paradigm, in which the substrate perfectly fits into the active site, is the most basic explanation of how an enzyme interacts with a substrate.
However, substrate binding frequently modifies the configurations of both the enzyme and substrate, a process known as induced fit. In these situations, the substrate's conformation is changed to more closely approximate that of the transition state.
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A mutation in human ATPase 6 (which corresponds to E. coli subunit a) from leucine to arginine at position 156 may allow the movement of protons across the membrane, but not the rotation of the ring of c subunits. How might this possible mechanism affect the function of ATP synthase? Choose two answers.1. There would be an uncoupling of proton translocation and ATP synthesis.2. ATP hydrolysis coupled to proton transport out of the matrix would increase.3. There would be no net effect on the overall function of ATP synthase.4. ATP synthase would remain sensitive to F0 proton conduction inhibitors.5. The c subunits would not fold correctly.6. Proton binding to subunit c would be impaired.
1. There would be an uncoupling of proton translocation and ATP synthesis. 2. ATP synthase would remain sensitive to Fo proton conduction inhibitors.
Adenosine di phosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate are used to create the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by a protein called ATP synthase (Pi). It is categorized as a ligase since it modifies ADP by forming a P-O link (phosphodiester bond).
A molecular device called ATP synthase. Energy-wise, the production of ATP from ADP and Pi is undesirable, and the process would typically go the other way.
A proton (H+) concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes or the plasma membrane in bacteria drives this reaction forward by coupling ATP synthesis during cellular respiration to the gradient.
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