What was the olive branch petition and did it work?

Answers

Answer 1
The olive branch petition was the colonists’ last ditch effort to make peace with the British king and avoid a war, but sadly the king absolutely refused to hear the petition. So no to did it work! Hope this helps!

Related Questions

What major historical event was beginning at the same time that the United States came into existence?

Answers

Answer:

The French Revolution. The French Revolution began in 1789, the same year the United States declared its independence from Great Britain.

How was America still fighting against communism? (2-3 sentences)

Answers

America was still fighting against communism during the Cold War by trying to contain the spread of communism. This was done by providing economic and military aid to countries in danger of invasion or subversion, deploying U.S. forces to hot spots, and engaging in diplomatic efforts to contain the spread of communism. Additionally, the U.S. also engaged in psychological warfare and propaganda to try to discredit communism and promote democracy.

Copy the link to watch the video!

https://youtu.be/La9bH58cBwQ

After watching, answer the following questions:

1. Explain the purpose and role of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. How did this amendment change the relationship between the States and the Bill of Rights? What was the context of this amendment? And why is it so significant to equality for all?

2. Discuss one additional action taken by the government to advance equality for all. Which branch was responsible for this advance?

Answers

The purpose of the 14th Amendment to the United Stats Constitution was to protect the rights of the newly freed African Americans.  

This Amendment changed the relationship between the States and the Bill of Rights by requiring that states abide by the Constitution as regards the Bill of Rights and not their own laws.

An additional action taken by the government to advance equality for all was the Civil Rights Act in 1866 by Congress.

What did the 14th Amendment do?

The 14th Amendment was passed by the Radical Republicans in Congress and then ratified for the purpose of protecting the rights of the African Americans who just gained their freedom, from the governments in the South who wanted to take it.

It led to the Bill of Rights being applied to all states regardless of their own state laws. In addition to the 14 th Amendment, Congress also passed the Civil Rights Act in 1866 as an additional protective measure for the African Americans.

Find out more on the 14th Amendment at https://brainly.com/question/7570923

#SPJ1

A challenge control that italy faced after unification was

Answers

While trying to unify the country there were obstacles faced and conquered by Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi as they continued to unify Italy. They pushed Nationalism on the people. The problems that were faced during the time of the unification were the Austrian occupation of Lombardy and Venice.

After the battle at Concord’s North Bridge, the British

A. had terrifying retreat through the countryside filled with hostile Minutemen.
B. paraded victoriously through the towns and villages on their way back to Boston.
C. burned everything behind them in their march back to Boston.
D. confronted a small band of Minutemen in Lexington.

Answers

After the battle at Concord's North Bridge the British had the terrifying retreat through the countryside filled with hostile Minutemen. Thus option(A) is correct.

What is the battle at Concord's North Bridge?

The North Bridge or Old North Bridge is a site in Concord, Massachusetts, spanning the Concord river.  On the first day of the American Civil War, provincial minutemen and militia companies engaged against British army troops.

The battle was the first stance in which American forces advanced in formation on the British regulars, inflicted casualties and routed their opponents.

The event inspired the Ralph Waldo Emerson and refer to the moment as the 'shot heard round the world'

Learn more about Battle the Concord's North Bridge here:.

https://brainly.com/question/12002899

#SPJ1

And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God.

Answers

And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God, " Lincoln said.

Lincoln had proposed the Proclamation on September 22, 1862. In what became known as the preliminary Emanication Proclamation, Lincoln made it clear, and in public, to the Confederate states that if they didn't return to the Union by January 1 , 1863, the President would issue a proclamation freeing slaves in those rebellious territories.

Lincoln was persuaded by secretary of state William Seward to wait until the Union had won a significant battlefield victory. The Union forces had just repulsed an attack by General Robert E.Lee's forces at the battle of Antietam , which Lincoln saw as the sign that the time had came for the Proclamation.

President Lincoln had given the states in rebellion approximately three months notice to lay down the arms and give up their desire for a separation nation.

To learn more about Lincoln Proclamation click on the link

https://brainly.com/question/1109532

#SPJ4

Following the election of James Monroe:
A. a new political party was formed to oppose Monroe.
O B. the fairness of Monroe's election was brought into question.
O
C. the United States fell into a state of chaos and disorder.
D. the United States' people were more unified than ever.

Answers

Following the election of James Monroe, the United States' people were more unified than ever. The Option D is correct.

What was the importance of the James Monroe tenure?

The fifth President of the United States, James Monroe (1758-1831), oversaw the major westward expansion of the United States and strengthened American foreign policy in 1823 with the Monroe Doctrine, a warning to European countries against further colonization and intervention in the Western Hemisphere.

Monroe, a native of Virginia, served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (1775-83) before embarking on a long political career. In 1803, he assisted in the negotiation of the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the size of the United States. He also acquired Florida as president.

Read more about James Monroe

brainly.com/question/3380749

#SPJ1

Answer: d

Explanation:

What did European nations trade to the locals? What did they recieve in return?

Answers

Answer:

For the initial stages of culture contact, Europeans traded, in exchange for furs from Indigenous peoples, goods with stray bits of metal, pieces of rope and used clothing.

how did the adoption of the mercantilist policies by european states impact the establishment and growth of the african slave trade?

Answers

Indians' hunger is one of the effects of British mercantilist policy in that country.

In the 16th and 18th centuries, England implemented new rules restricting access to its waterways and taxing imports of foreign commodities. As a result, mercantilism took over as the prevailing economic philosophy of the period. It was suggested to the colonists to buy their things from England rather than from other countries. Natural resources from the colonies were sent to England, where they were transformed into completed goods and sold back to the colonists. Because of this, Britain was able to control the slave trade and send slaves via English harbors to America. A gulf developed between the colonists and the British because of the high rates of inflation and onerous taxes in the colonies.

Learn more about British policy here:

https://brainly.com/question/24394325

#SPJ4

FILL IN THE BLANK. In 1609 the area known as New York was first claimed and settled by Henry Hudson, who was an Englishman, but he was employed by a ______ company.

Answers

In 1609 the area known as New York was first claimed and settled by Henry Hudson, who was an Englishman, but he was employed by a Dutch company.

What island did Henry Hudson find in 1609?

On September 2, 1609, the Dutch boat Half Moon cruised into what is currently New York Harbor and moored close to Staten Island. For the following five weeks, the British bloke Henry Hudson and his team of sixteen men investigated the waterway that presently bears his name.

What did Henry Hudson do in 1609?

In 1609, Henry Hudson was picked by the Dutch East India Organization to look for an entry to Asia. In September of that year, Hudson arrived on the shores of the waterway that would be named for himself and asserted the grounds along it for the Dutch. This nineteenth-century etching, in view of a canvas by Robert W.

What was the effect of Henry Hudson investigation?

Henry Hudson's investigations laid the foundation for the making of the Hudson's Cove Organization, which played a main part in the European venture into of the Canadian west. In the mid 1600s, European had barely any familiarity with the west and cared hardly at all about it. The huge grounds were just a deterrent to exchange with China.

Learn more about Dutch company here:

https://brainly.com/question/2208172

#SPJ4

ancient hawaiian society was based on a strict caste system ruled over by a political specialist to whom commoners paid tribute. they were a a. chiefdom. b. band. c. tribe. d. state.

Answers

Ancient Hawaiian society was based on a strict caste system ruled over by a political specialist to whom commoners paid tribute. They were a tribe. The correct answer is option(c).

A strict caste system governed ancient Hawaiian society, which was ruled by a political specialist (Ali'i) to whom commoners (Maka'aina) paid tribute. They had a strict caste system that prohibited people from moving from one class to another because they were born into the classes.

People were born into specific social classes, according to the Hawaiian strict caste system. Each class was given its own set of duties and responsibilities. Thus, ancient Hawaiian society was based on a strict caste system that prohibited people from moving from one class to another once they were born.

To know more about ancient Hawaiian society refer to: https://brainly.com/question/6810904

#SPJ4

white southerners expressed their desire to continue by issuing the southern manifesto. integration segregation desegregation

Answers

The answer is B. White southerners expressed their desire to continue segregation by issuing the southern manifesto.

The Manifesto attacked Brown as a maltreatment of legal power that intruded upon states' freedoms. It encouraged southerners to deplete every "legal mean" to oppose the "chaos and confusion" that would result from school desegregation. Smith had helped out a few Congresspersons to foster the Pronouncement, and Walter F.

Southern individuals from Congress marked the Southern Manifesto to go against the Supreme Court administering. In spite of the fact that it had no lawful standing, it urged Southerners to resist the Court transparently.

Know more about Southern Manifesto - https://brainly.com/question/18321409

#SPJ4

how did benjamin west's the death of general wolfe depart from accepted traditions of history painting?

Answers

The Death of General Wolfe is a 1770 painting by Anglo-American artist Benjamin West commemorating the 1759 Battle of Quebec, in which General James Wolfe died moments after winning.

Who was benjamin?

The Death of General Wolfe by Benjamin West is a near-perfect History Painting. Not because it's true. Rather, it exemplifies West's rebuilt genre. West and his friend, John Singleton Copley, pioneered a new style of historical representation. With theatrical flair, the team depicted contemporary events. Previously, History Paintings focused on Classical and Biblical themes. As a result, these artists' friends established contemporary History Painting.

Learn more about Benjamin west

https://brainly.com/question/25619073

#SPJ4

CIVICS
Why did the delegates to the Constitutional Convention include Article V?

They wanted the Constitution to be able to address issues in the future.
They were not happy with parts of the Constitution as originally written.
They wanted to give people time to think about a new form of government.
They needed to resolve a disagreement between Northern and Southern states.

Answers

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention include Article V because they wanted to give people time to think about a new form of government.

In May 1787, delegates from every state—aside from Rhode Island—met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for a convention. It was agreed at this gathering, which became known as the Constitutional Convention, that the Articles of Confederation were to be abandoned in favor of a new constitution.

The convention met in Philadelphia's Pennsylvania State House from May 25 to September 17, 1787, ostensibly to amend the Articles of Confederation, but was actually spurred by severe economic problems that gave rise to radical political movements like Shays' Rebellion and a demand for a stronger central government.

The nation was governed under the Articles of Confederation at the time of the convention, which gave states the majority of national authority.

Learn more about the Constitutional Convention here: https://brainly.com/question/28442712

keith, a bartender and vietnam war veteran, refuses to serve asian americans in his bar because he believes that asian americans should not be allowed to live in the u.s.a. keith's actions describe

Answers

Keith's actions here describe prejudice and discrimination.

- Prejudice is defined as prejudiced thinking, whereas discrimination is the act of targeting a certain group of individuals. Race, ethnicity, age, religion, health, and other factors can all be used as bases for discrimination.

- Prejudice can be based on someone's ethnicity, gender, nationality, socioeconomic standing, sexual orientation, or religious affiliation, to name a few typical examples, and disagreements can occur on any given subject.

- Hence, here - Because he thinks that Asian Americans shouldn't be permitted to live in the United States, Keith refuses to serve Asian Americans in his bar, he is showing prejudice views and discrimination against Asian Americans.

To know more about prejudice and discrimination, kindly click on the link below :

https://brainly.com/question/6995230?referrer=searchResults

#SPJ4

Footprints, burrows, and feeding marks are all types of
a. coprolites.
b. trace fossils.
c. biomarkers.
d. microfossils.

Answers

Answer:

B. Trace Fossils

Explanation:

Hope it helped

Explain why the 1920s were considered a decade that "roared".
5-8 sentences

Answers

The decade of the 1920s, also known as the Jazz Age, was a decade of economic prosperity and ease of living for many. This decade began with a roar and ended with a crash.

Jazz flourished, flappers redefined the modern look of British and American women, and Art Deco reached its peak. After World War I and the military mobilization caused by the Spanish Flu, President Warren G. Harding restored "normality" to the United States.

The 1920s were a decade of profound social change. The most obvious signs of change were the rise of consumerist economies and mass entertainment, which helped bring about a "revolution of morals and manners."

Learn more about a decade that "roared" at:

https://brainly.com/question/19301369

before the sixteenth century, in the united states, the young were viewed either as property or as miniature adults. by the age of , they were expected to assume the responsibilities of adults.

Answers

juvenile delinquent In the United States prior to the sixteenth century, children were either seen as property or as little adults. They were anticipated to take on adult responsibilities by the age of adulthood.

The first juvenile court in the country was established in Chicago in 1899 according to the Wisconsin Juvenile Court Act of 1899.

The law gave the court authority over abused, abandoned, and neglected children under the age of 16. The court did not prioritize punishment but rather rehabilitation.

To reduce stigma, the court's records had to be kept private. The law prohibited the incarceration of minors younger than 12 in jails and required the segregation of juveniles from adults when they were detained. The act also allowed for informality in court procedures.

To learn more about miniature adults, use the link below.

https://brainly.com/question/8470650?referrer=searchResults

#SPJ4

which president was the first to expand the power of the presidency through the use of executive orders?herbert hooverandrew jacksondwight eisenhowergeorge washington

Answers

George Washington was the first president to use executive orders to increase the power of the presidency.

The president is the person in charge, whether it is of a republic, a company, a college, or a fan club. George Washington was the first president to use executive orders to increase the power of the presidency.

George Washington served as president of the United States from 1789 to 1797, in addition to leading the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. During the American Revolution, he led the colonists to victory over the British, becoming a national hero in the process. He declined to run for a third term and proposed that every president serve only two four-year terms.

To know more about president refer to: https://brainly.com/question/2409724

#SPJ4

according to the scholars in the film, by the 1840s what shift happens in the british empire:

Answers

A Famine and British policies led to the death of millions of people. Eugenics was the idea of encouraging middle class people to have more children and to prohibit breeding of the lower class. People of color were usually the lower class so they were even more discriminated against.

With the union of England and Scotland in 1707, English colonial policy became "British," promoting domestic industry, foreign trade, fisheries, and shipping by establishing colonial settlements in the New World and utilizing its resources through businesses like the Hudson's Bay Company and the South. The new act put an end to the previous British policy of excluding Americans from any efforts aimed at generating money. It specified that colonists might only export specific goods to other nations after passing through Britain first. The colonists began to rebel by boycotting, or refraining from purchasing, British products. In Boston, Massachusetts, in 1773, some colonists vented their resentment by disguising as Indians, stumbling onto ships in the harbor, and throwing foreign tea into the water. The Boston Tea Party was referred.

Learn more about British policies here

https://brainly.com/question/28213295

#SPJ4

6. In 1963 hundreds of thousands Marched on Washington in hopes to -
A.
Bring about the resignation of John F. Kennedy for not helping with Civil Rights Legislation
Free Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. from his jail cell in Birmingham, Alabama
B.
C. Allow African Americans to run for pollical office
D. Win equality for African Americans wanting better jobs and better treatment

Answers

Answer:

D

Explanation:

in 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I have a dream" speech, and over 200,000 people gathered there that day.

3. summarize the main ideas of the enlightenment and romanticism. how are they similar and different? how does frankenstein represent and comment on these worldviews?

Answers

The main idea of Enlightenment is that it sought to challenge traditional religious and political authority, promote human rights, and encourage progress and tolerance whereas Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment, emphasizing emotion, intuition, and imagination.

How are they similar and different?

The Enlightenment and Romanticism are similar in that both of them sought to challenge traditional religious and political authority. However, the Enlightenment was more focused on reason and science while the Romantic movement emphasized emotion and imagination.

How does Frankenstein represent and comment on these worldviews?

Frankenstein can be seen as a comment on both the Enlightenment and Romanticism. It expresses the dangers of using science and technology to play God, and the idea that a person's pursuit of knowledge can be dangerous. Frankenstein's creature is a warning against unchecked ambition and a reminder of the consequences of not showing compassion and understanding.  

To know more about  Enlightenment,

LINK: https://brainly.com/question/1688832
CODE: #SPJ4

What was one reason for the failure of the Union's Peninsula Campaign?

Answers

Answer:

The Peninsula (or Peninsular) Campaign was a major Union offensive against the Confederate capital of Richmond led by Major General George B. McClellan in the spring and summer of 1862, during the American Civil War. After moving his Army of the Potomac by boat to Fort Monroe on the Atlantic coast in late April, McClellan planned an advance toward Richmond via the peninsula formed by the York and James Rivers. Due to a habit of consistently overestimating his enemy’s numbers, the Union general refused to act until late May. The first stage of the Peninsula Campaign ended in the inconclusive Battle of Seven Pines, during which Confederate General Joseph Johnston was injured and command passed to Robert E. Lee. Beginning on June 25, Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia held off the Army of the Potomac in a series of engagements known as the Seven Days’ Battles, effectively ending McClellan’s campaign toward Richmond.

Peninsula Campaign: General vs. President

In November 1861, President Abraham Lincoln named George B. McClellan to replace the aging Winfield Scott as general in chief of all Union armies. A rising star in the U.S. Army before the war, the West-Point educated McClellan had been summoned to Washington after the Union’s devastating defeat at Bull Run (Manassas) the previous July and had since managed to shape the mass of inexperienced volunteer troops into a disciplined fighting force, known as the Army of the Potomac. Though much loved by his men, McClellan was deliberate and cautious in the extreme, and from early in the conflict he consistently overestimated the strength of Confederate troops facing him. Lincoln soon grew frustrated with McClellan’s reluctance to take the initiative, and in late January 1862 he issued General War Order No. 1, calling for all armies to move forward.

If you’re on apex, the answer is that the confederate armies were more aggressive.

(I just took the quiz)

Which nation for much of the medieval period had a ceremonial emperor with little power and a military leader who actually governed?

England
Spain
Byzantine Empire
Japan

Answers

Japan is the correct answer

Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes a conquistador?
maintained peaceful relationships with the natives
fought with other conquistadors for the wealth acquired
attempted to convert the natives to Anglicanism
led expeditions to create colonies for France

Answers

maintained peaceful relationships with natives

What does the windows symbolize in the great gatsby

Answers

The line of yellow windows represents secrecy and deceit.

Answer:

they represents secrecy and deceit.

Explanation:

Overall, the poem can best be interpreted as a responses religious sermon against atheism religious sermon against atheism cautionary tale about prideful claims cautionary tale about prideful claims humorous account of historical events humorous account of historical events fervent call to continued study of nature fervent call to continued study of nature firm rebuke of slothful lifestyles.

Answers

We can see from the poem that it is best understood as: A. a religious sermon against atheism. A sermon is a religious speech or oration delivered by a preacher, who is typically a clergyperson

In sermons, a biblical, theological, or moral subject is covered, and emphasis is typically placed on a particular belief, rule, or action in both historical and contemporary contexts. Exposition, encouragement, and practical application are common sermon elements. Preaching is the act of giving a sermon. In secular usage, the term "sermon" can be used to derogatorily describe a morality lecture. In Christian tradition, a sermon is typically delivered to a congregation in a place of worship from a raised architectural feature called a pulpit or an ambo or from behind a lectern. The Latin word sermon, which means "discourse," is the source of the Middle English word sermon, which was itself borrowed from Old French. a brief sermon known as a sermonette (usually associated with television broadcasting, as stations would present a sermonette before signing off for the night). Many speeches without interjection that some interpret as sermons can be found in the Christian Bible, such as Jesus' Sermon on the Mount in Matthew and Peter's after-Pentecost speech in Acts.

Learn more about sermon here

https://brainly.com/question/9420260

#SPJ4

in general, was chine helpful or harmful to the development of neighboring empires and kingdoms

Answers

exsplain:



answer: Helpful

Answer: Based on historical analysis, it is concluded that China was helpful to the development of neighboring empires and kingdoms.

This is because China has been in existence for many years and was famous for having many products which traded with neighboring empires and kingdoms, such as silk, pottery, spices, rice, wine trade, etc.

Also, China was famous for being the inventor of many technological advancements or tools that helped make life easier during the early civilizations, such as "paper, the printing press, the compass, the water clock, etc."

Hence, in this case, it is concluded that the correct answer is that China was beneficial to the neighboring empires and kingdoms.

Explanation:

during the vietnam war u.s. airplanes spread toxic chemicals to destroy forests and dropped napalm, a gelatinous form of gasoline that burns the skin of anyone exposed to it, on enemy positions in vietnam.

Answers

The US Chemical Warfare Service added rubber to the gasoline to produce a jelly mixture which would burn longer, would be harder to put out and would stick to the victim, causing fatal injuries during the vietnam war u.s. airplanes spread toxic chemicals to destroy forests and dropped napalm, a gelatinous form of gasoline that burns the skin of anyone exposed to it, on enemy positions in vietnam.

For internal combustion engines, gasoline made from crude oil is utilized as fuel. Gasoline is a fuel derivative of oil, which is the primary distinction between oil and gasoline. In the US, it is referred to as "gas," whereas in other countries throughout the world, it is referred to as "petrol," which is abbreviated from "petroleum spirits." The World History of Warfare textbook is intended for use in military history beginning college courses. Global military warfare history from antiquity to the present is covered in the text. In three thousand years of battle, it explores change and continuity, revolution and tradition.

Learn more about warfare here:

https://brainly.com/question/23216383

#SPJ4

Which method of interpreting the Constitution, “original intent” or “living document,” do you think is more valid? Use what you know about these methods to defend your opinion.

Answers

I think that the best way to interpret the Constitution is the method of  “original intent” because it best tell what the founding fathers had in mind.

How should the Constitution be interpreted?

The Supreme Court's earlier rulings on constitutional law issues are the most frequently acknowledged source of constitutional meaning. For the majority of Justices, if not all, judicial precedent offers potential guidelines, standards, or norms to direct court judgments in cases with presumably comparable facts in the future.

Therefore, The principle of originalism is used to interpret legal writings, including the Constitution. Originalists contend that the text of the Constitution should be interpreted in accordance with the original public understanding it would have had at the time it was enacted.

Learn more about Constitution from

https://brainly.com/question/8651972
#SPJ1

Other Questions
which of the following agencies were created by congress to give them information independent of the information it gets from the executive branch? Given the table below, write a linear equation that defines thedependent variable, c, in terms of the independent variable, a.No need for steps only answer someone help please brainliest It is not appropriate to introduce solid foods into an infant's diet before 4-6 months of age for the following reason(s):A) Kidney function is limitedB) Starch-digesting enzymes are not very activeC) Head and neck control are not establishedD) All of the above compare and contrast the views of either martin delany and frederick douglass or martin luther king and malcolm x on the question of assimilation versus separatism. what leads each to adopt the position he adopts? how does cornell west think we should resolve this issue? the nurse is providing client education for the parents of an obese child diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. what treatment measures would the nurse explain during the education session? select all that apply. In the league, the Leos play 8 games. Their win to loss ratio is 5:3. The Tigers play 11 games. Their win to loss ratio is 7:4. a) Which team has the better record? Explain. 17/-2n=-8.5 (with steps please) Work out 2.151 x 10 The sum of two numbers is always greater than the larger of the two numbers? define motivation as psychologists use the term today, and describe four perspectives useful for studying motivated behavior. a rock specimen contains 12 mmol(millimoles) of potassium and 12 mmol(millimoles) of argon. how old is the rock specimen? students in the school band are selling calendars. They earn $0.40 on each calendar they sell. Their goal is to earn more than $327. Write and solve an inequality to find the fewest number of calendars they can sell and still reach each goal. suppose a 2d system has a stable equilibrium point that is located somewhere outside a limit cycle. can a trajectory starting inside the limit cycle reach this point? justify your answer what is the net force on the block at this time 0.89 s? (a negative force is to the left; a positive force is to the right) budget evaluations offer opportunities to explain differences between actual and budgeted amounts. true false for a client with a major burn, which evaluation criterion identified by the nurse best indicates that fluid resuscitation has been effective during the first 24 hours of care? an obese adult has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. the nurse knows that the most likely treatment plan for this client will include which topics? Although geometry is difficult for Mark, he studies very diligently. use information provided in the animation to help you think about what the data show. which statement must be true about the atmospheres on these three planets? Which of the following best completes the graphic organizer to show thecauses of the War of 1812?Causes of the War of 1812Impressment of American sailors by the British navyBritish aid to Indigenous groups?(Correct)A. British refusal to acknowledge American neutralityB. American claims to territory near the Canadian borderC. British claims to territory in the western United StatesD. American refusal to trade with British merchants