In an acid-base titration, an indicator is typically used to indicate the endpoint of the titration.
An indicator is a chemical that changes color when a certain pH is reached, usually near the equivalence point of the titration. Common indicators used in acid-base titrations include phenolphthalein, methyl orange, and bromophenol blue.
The indicator is typically added to the analyte solution at the beginning of the titration. When the titrant is added to the analyte, the pH of the solution will gradually increase.
When the amount of titrant added is equal to the amount of analyte, the solution will be neutralized, and the endpoint of the titration (the equivalence point) will be reached. At this point, the indicator will change color, indicating that the titration is complete.
The color change indicates the end point of the titration, and the amount of titrant added is equal to the amount of analyte.
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The half-life of iodine-123 is 13. 3 hours. How much of a 25. 0 mg sample will remain after 39. 9 hours?.
Iodine-123, which has a 13.3-hour half-life and a 25 mg initial concentration, will have 3.09 mg after 39.9 hours.
Using a first-order kinetics equation,
log C = logC0-Kt/2.302
An arrangement of chemical reactions where the rate of the reaction is proportional to the amount of the reactant and is dependent on the concentration of just one reactant.
The half-life of idodine- 123 is 13.3 hours.
from the formula of half-life K can be calculated.
The period of time it takes for a sample's ingredient to decrease by half in your body is known as the half-life.
T1/2 = 0.693/ K
13.3 hours= 0.693/K
K= 0.052 [tex]hour^{-}[/tex]
Substituting the value of K, C0, and t in the equation of first-order kinetics
logC= log(25) - 0.052 × 39.9/ 2.303
logC = 1.39-0.90
logC= 0.49
C= antilog (0.49)
C= 3.09 mg
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in the titration of 94.0 ml of 0.400 m hcooh with 0.150 m lioh, how many ml of lioh are required to reach the equivalence point?
To reach the create an object with symmetry, 184 mL of base, LiOH have been needed.
What is base, exactly?Chemicals that react with hydrogen atoms to neutralize acids are known as bases. The bulk of bases are composed of minerals, which react with acids to form water and salts. As examples of bases, consider the metal oxides, hydroxides, and calcite. The soluble bases are the alkalis.
What is a base unit?One of the core units that can be used to create other units in a measurement system that relies on a phenomena or accepted norm. The metre, kilogram, second, ampere, farenheit, mole, and candela are the foundational elements of the World System of Units.
Briefing:Acid volume, HCOOH (Vi) = 69.0 mL
Acid molarity is HCOOH (Milliamperes) = 0.4 M.
LiOH (Mb) has a molarity of 0.150 M.
MaVa / MbVb = nA / nB
(0.4 × 69) / (0.150 × Vb) = 1
27.6 / (0.150 × Vb) = 1
0.150 × Vb = 27.6
Divide both side by 0.150
Vb = 27.6 / 0.150
Vb = 184 mL
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The image shows a week-old chick embryo. What can you conclude about its current stage of development?
My conclusion about the current stage of development of embryo's image shown above simply is that:
A spinal column is present.
The correct answer choice is option a.
What is meant by the spinal column?The spinal column simply refers to the bones and other structural substances in the central axis of the skeleton which runs from the base of the skull and extends down to the the tailbone. The spinal column is also known as the vertebral column.
That being said this vertebral or spinal column is found in all animals which possess an axial stiffening known as notochords and in all vertebrate animals ( animals with backbones ). However, this spinal column is well observed and confirmed to be present in the development of the embryo above.
In conclusion, we can now confirm from all said and done above that the spinal column gives protection to the spinal cord.
The image is attached.
Complete question:
The image shows a week-old chick embryo. What can you conclude about its current stage of development?
a. A spinal column is present.
b. The chick will develop four limbs and a beak.
c. It’s an invertebrate.
d. It’s sexually mature.
e. It’s about to undergo a metamorphosis
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select the correct order of steps during rcr. group of answer choices annealing, initiation, termination denaturation, extension, termination initiation, extension, termination initiation, denaturation, extension
The correct steps in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are as follows: denaturation, annealing, and extension. Hence, the answer is C.
What are the steps in PCR?Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) requires 3 steps for any DNA synthesis reaction, which are:
Denaturation. Its double-stranded DNA template is heated until it becomes two single strands.Annealing. The temperature is lower and the DNA primers attach to the DNA template.Extending. The temperature is raised again, then the Taq polymerase enzyme will make the new strand of the DNA.By the steps described above, we can conclude that the correct answer is C. Denaturation, annealing, extending.
The question seems incomplete. The complete query is as follows:
“The correct order of steps in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is:
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The two dry sand samples are examined by changing one parameter. The independent variable, the one that is intentionally manipulated between the two samples, is the. Besides the amount of material, there is also another variable that is manipulated within each of the two mass groups and represented as three types. This independent variable is the. In each case, the dependent variable, the one that you measure the response in, is the.
The independent variable, the one that is intentionally manipulated between the two samples, is the mass of the each sample. there is also another variable that is manipulated This independent variable is the type of material used. In each case, the dependent variable, temperature.
Two dry sand sample are examined by changing one parameter. so, the independent variable, the one that is intentially changed between two samples is the mass of the each sample.
Besides the amount of material, there is also another variable that is manipulated within each of the two mass groups and represented as three types. This independent variable is the type of the material used.
In each case, the dependent variable, the one that you measure the response in, is the temperature over the time.
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Answer:
a. mass of each sample
b. type of material used
c. temperature over time
Explanation:
edge 2022!! i got it right ;)
a mixture of neon and helium gases, at a total pressure of 798 mm hg, contains 3.93 grams of neon and 0.228 grams of helium. what is the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture?
The partial pressure of each gas in the mixture is 39.75 mm of hg and 179.43 mm of hg respectively.
In a combination of gases, each constituent fuel has a partial stress that is the notional strain of that constituent gas as if it alone occupied the whole volume of the original aggregate on the same temperature.
Calculation:-
Total pressure pressure = 798 mm hg
mass of neon gas = 3.93
molar mass = 20 g
moles = 3.93/20
= 0.1965 moles
mass of neon gas = 0.228 grams
molar mass = 4 g
moles = 0.228 / 4
= 0.057 moles
total moles = 0.2535
partial pressure of neon = moles of neon / total moles × total pressure
= 0.1965 moles/ 0.2535 × 798 mm hg
= 39.75 mm of hg
partial pressure of helium = moles of helium / total moles × total pressure
=0.057 moles / 0.2535 × 798 mm hg
= 179.43 mm of hg
The stress exerted by means of an person gasoline in a mixture is called its partial pressure. Assuming we've a combination of perfect gases, we are able to use the suitable gasoline regulation to solve problems concerning gases in a combination.The term partial stress is used whilst we've got a combination of two or numerous gases inside the identical extent, and it expresses the strain this is caused by every of the induvidual gases inside the mixture.
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the flavors of frozen desserts are more pronounced when they are very cold. question content area bottom part 1 true false
False, the flavors of frozen desserts are more pronounced when they are very cold. It is False because it is against of weather. It will not suit to our health. So nobody will prefer it.
What is the Weather?
Weather is the phase of the atmosphere, describing for example the measure to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or hazy.
What is Health?
WHO describes health as a state of overall physical, mental and social goodness and not merely the default of disease or weakness.
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Partial bonding, for example, as part of a resonance hybrid, often results in structures with _____.
Partial bonding, for example, as part of a resonance hybrid, often results in structures with fractional bond orders.
What is Partial bonding?
When a pi electron is distributed among three or more atoms, a partial pi bond results. Two parallel lines—one solid and one dashed—like a typical double bond are used to represent a partial double bond. A partial triple bond can result from a partial pi bond as well.
Due to the unequal distribution of electrons in bonds, partial charges differ from negatively charged ions, whereas total negative charges are caused by an excess of electrons in comparison to protons.
Therefore, Partial bonding, for example, as part of a resonance hybrid, often results in structures with fractional bond orders.
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a bomb calorimeter has a heat capacity of 600 j/oc and contains 500 g of water (specific heat capacity 4.184 j/g.oc). if a 5.00 g sample of a carbohydrate is combusted in the calorimeter and the change in temperature is 20 oc, what is the approximate value of qrxn?
The amount of heat evolved by a reaction is, 53.84 kJ
Heat released by the reaction = Heat absorbed by the calorimeter + Heat absorbed by the water
q = [q1 + q2]
q = [c1× ∆T]+[m2×c2×∆T]
where,
q = heat released by the reaction
q1 = heat absorbed by the calorimeter
q2 = heat absorbed by the water
c1 = specific heat of calorimeter = 600 j/g°c
c2 = specific heat of water = 4.184 j/g°c
m2 = mass of water = 500 g
∆T = change in temperature = 20°c
Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get:
q = (600×20) + (500×4.184×20)
q = 12000 + 41840
q = 53840 J
q = 53.84 kJ
Therefore, the amount of heat evolved by a reaction is, 53.84 kJ
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What are the positive impacts of studying venom
Answer:
Explanation:
The knowledge of venom composition as well as structure and properties of its components on the one hand may give the clue for better treatment of bites and stings on the other hand it may lead to the discovery of new medicines.
a certain weak base has a Kb of 7.10×10−7. what concentration of this base will produce a ph of 10.04? concentration:
The Concentration is 0.055 M
Solution:
pOH = 1/2(pKb - logC)
pOH = 14-pH = 14-10.31 = 3.69
pKb = -log kb = -log 7.100 x 10-7 = 64
3.69 = 1/2(6.12-log C)
Concentration = 0.055 M
Solution concentration is defined as the amount of solute present in a given volume of solution. It can be expressed as mass x mass percent of solution = mass of solute mass in solution × 100. mass x volume percent of solution = mass of solute mass in solution × 100.
By focusing, you can make better use of your resources and tackle problems more efficiently. When you concentrate, you are less likely to miss important information. Staying focused makes it easier to remember things. Focus means control of attention. It is the ability to focus the mind on a subject or an object.
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what product(s) is/are obtained when ethyne is treated with kmno/h ? question 7 options: aldehyde and ketone 2 moles of co2 ketone and ether two carboxylic acids
When ethyne or acetylene reacts with cold KMnO₄, the triple bond gains 4 OH. Oxalic acid is produced when it is oxidized by a diluted dilute solution of potassium permanganate.
What results from burning ethyne?Incomplete combustion of ethanol produces carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water vapor. Ethyne (acetylene) now emits a sooty flame when burned in air. This is because there isn't enough oxygen in the air to melting metals for metals, which leads to incomplete combustion.
Is acetylene the same as ethyne?Acetylene, also known as ethyne, is the most basic and well-known constituent of the hydrocarbons series known as the acetylenic sequence, or alkynes, which has zero maybe more pairs of carbons joined by triple bonds.
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Draw the following five compounds and compile them in a Microsoft Word document or PDF. Make sure to label each drawing clearly. Once done, upload your finished file.
2-butene
2-hexyne
2-pentene
1-pentene
1-heptyne
The discrete interactions in a system are conceptually represented by finite state machines (FSM) and petri nets (PN).
What are the isomers of 2-butene?Isomeric forms are 1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, and isobutylene. The butyne chemical formula is C4H6 C 4 H 6 .Butyne has two structural isomers, which are compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas. The C4H6 C 4 H 6 isomers are: 1-Butyne, which is an isomer whose C≡C C ≡ C bond is initiating at carbon 1.1-Hexyne is used in the preparation of tricyclic is indolinone scaffold by undergoing hydrozirconation and ring-closing metathesis. It is used to prepare trans-1,2-bis(5-thianthreniumyl)alkene tetrafluoroborate by reacting with thianthrene cation radical tetrafluoroborate.C4H8
One of the mathematical modeling languages for the description of distributed systems is the Petri net, often known as a place/transition (PT) net. It belongs to the discrete event dynamic system class. A Petri net is a directed bipartite graph with locations and transitions as its two types of members. White circles are used to represent place elements, whereas rectangles are used to represent transition elements.Tokens, which are represented as black circles, can be found anywhere. If at least one token is present at every site connected to a transition as an input, the transition is enabled. According to some sources[1], Carl Adam Petri created Petri nets in August 1939 when he was just 13 years old in order to describe chemical reactions.To learn more about Microsoft word document refer to:
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sodium chlorate is used as an oxidizer in the manufacture of dyes, explosives, and matches. calculate the mass of solute needed to prepare 1.575 l of 0.00250 m naclo3 (ℳ
The mass of solute needed to prepare 1.575 l of 0.00250 m naclo3 is 0.419g.
1.575 L x 0.00250 mols / L x 106.45 g / mol = 0.419 g.
Sodium chlorate is used as an oxidizer in the manufacture of dyes, explosives, and matches. mass of solute= volume of solution× concentration of solution. Mass of solute plus mass of solvent equals mass of solution. Calculating the mass/mass percent is simple if you are able to measure the masses of the solute and the solution. To calculate the correct concentration, all masses must be stated in the same units. Another type of % concentration is known as mass/volume percent, which compares the volume of the solution to the mass or weight of the solute in grams (for example) (e.g., in mL).
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if 45.1 mlml of 0.104 mm hclhcl solution is needed to neutralize a solution of kohkoh , how many grams of kohkoh must be present in the solutio
45.1 ml of 0.104 mm hcl solution is needed to neutralize a solution of koh , 0.294 grams of koh must be present in the solution
MHCl*VHCl = MKOH*VKOH = moles of KOH
moles of KOH = 0.116 M x (45.2/1000) L = 5.24 x 10^-3 mol
molar mass of KOH = 56.1 g/mol
mass of KOH = molar mass x moles = 56.1 x 5.24 x 10^-3 = 0.294 g
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What is the volume of 2.5 moles of a gas at 0.6 atm and 17 °C? (R = 0.082 L atm/mol K)
identify variables:
Equation used:
Substitution into equation:
Answer (include units):
To Find:
Volume of gasFormula used:
PV = nRT [ideal gas equation]0°C = 273 K
So, 17°C = 290 K
Let the volume of gas be V
Using the formula, we get
0.6 x V = 2.5x0.082x290
V = 2.5x0.82x290/6
V = 99.08 Litres
So, volume of gas will be 99 litres approx.
A 0.296 g piece of solid magnesium reacts with gaseous oxygen from the atmosphere to form solid magnesiumoxade. In the laboratory a student weighs the mass of the magnesium acide collected from this reaction as 0.224 g The 0.296 g solid magnesium is the Choose one: O A actual yield o B theoretical yield o excess reagent • D. percent yield O E limiting reagen
If the mass of the magnesium oxide collected is 0.224 g then the 0.296g solid magnesium is Limiting reagent.
Magnesium is found naturally in the form of periclase, a white hygroscopic solid mineral known as magnesium oxide or magnesia. Its empirical formula is MgO, and it is made up of a lattice of Mg2+ and O2 ions that are kept together by ionic bonding. Different applications for magnesium oxide exist. As an antacid, some people take it to treat acid indigestion, sour stomach, and heartburn. For quick, short-term bowel emptying, magnesium oxide may also be used as a laxative.
A reactant that is completely consumed at the conclusion of a chemical reaction is known as the limiting reagent. The limiting reactant, also known as the limiting reagent, is the reactant that is used first in a chemical reaction, hence restricting the amount of product that can be produced.
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identify whether each change represents an oxidation or reduction. then determine how many electrons were involved and which side of the reaction they should appear on in the half-reaction. oxidation or reduction?
• Al --> Al3+ is an oxidation and 3 electrons on right side are needed.
Cu2+ --> Cu is a reduction and 2 electrons on left side are needed.
• 2 F- --> F₂ is an oxidation and 2 electrons on right side are needed.
In redox reaction, we can identify 2 kinds of half-reactions:
Oxidation: the oxidation number increases.Reduction: the oxidation number decreases.Let's consider following half-reactions.
• AI⇒ Al 3+
This is an oxidation because oxidation number increases from 0 to 3+. To balance it, we need 3 electrons on the right side.
Cu²+⇒ Cu
This is a reduction because oxidation number decreases from 2+ to 0. To balance it, we need 2 electrons on the right side.
• 2 F- ⇒ F₂
This is an oxidation because oxidation number increases from -1 to 0. To balance it, we need 2 electrons on the right side.
Al --> Al3+ is an oxidation and 3 electrons on the right side are needed.
Cu2+ --> Cu is a reduction and 2 electrons on the left side are needed.
2 F- ---> F2 is an oxidation and 2 electrons on the right side are needed.
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hydrogen gas is produced by the reaction between metallic aluminum and aqueous hydrochloric acid. 2al(s) 6hcl(aq)⟶2alcl3(aq) 3h2(g) the hydrogen gas produced by this reaction is typically collected via water displacement. during this process, the hydrogen gas becomes saturated with water vapor. if 292.6 ml of gas with a total pressure of 1.44 atm is collected via water displacement at 29.4 ∘c , what is the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas in the sample? the vapor pressure of water at 29.4 ∘c is 30.75 torr. Ph2
(a) - 1.39 atm is the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas in the sample
(b) - 0.219 g many grams of aluminum must have reached to produce this quantity of hydrogen gas.
What exactly is the partial pressure law?According to Dalton's Law, often known as the Legislation of Partial Pressures, the combined pressure of a mix of gas is equal to the product of their individual partial pressures.
Briefing:(a)The partial pressure of hydrogen gas and the vapour pressure of water are added to determine the total pressure of the gas mixture.
PT = Pw + PH
Water has a vapour pressure of atm.
Pw = (30.75 torr)(1.00 atm) / 760 torr
Pw = 0.0405 atm
The hydrogen gas pressure is
PH = PT - Pw
PH = 1.44 atm - 0.0405 atm
PH = 1.39 atm
(b) The amount of hydrogen gas in moles is
n = PV / RT
n = (1.39 atm) (0.2384 L) / 0.82057 atm L / mol K (302.6 K)
n=0.0122 mol
Aluminum metal and hydrogen gas have a 3:2 molar ratio. The required amount of aluminum metal in moles is
n=0.0122 mol * 2 / 3
n = 0.00813 mol
Aluminum has a molar mass of 26.981538 g/mol. The quantity of aluminum needed is
m = 0.00813 * 26.981538 g/mol
m = 0.219 g
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The complete question is -
Hydrogen gas is produced by the reaction between metallic aluminum and aqueous hydrochloric acid. 2al(s) 6hcl(aq)⟶2alcl3(aq) 3h2(g)
(a)the hydrogen gas produced by this reaction is typically collected via water displacement. during this process, the hydrogen gas becomes saturated with water vapor. if 292.6 ml of gas with a total pressure of 1.44 atm is collected via water displacement at 29.4 ∘c , what is the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas in the sample?
(b)How many grams of aluminum must have reached to produce this quantity of hydrogen gas ? The vapor pressure of water at 29.4 ∘c is 30.75 torr.
nitric acid (63 g) and sodium hydroxide (60 g) are mixed. determine how many grams of water will form.
The water of 17.99 g forms when 63g of HNO₃ mixes with60g of NaOH
When nitric acid and sodium hydroxide are mixed, a neutralization reaction takes place, with the salt created by the two substances and water serving as the reaction result. The chemical reaction to the statement in this instance is:
HNO₃ + Na(OH) ⇒ NaNO₃ + H₂O
It is determined whether there is one limiting reagent and one in excess, or if both react entirely, by calculating the molar masses of the reagents and using the masses provided by the statement to compute the ratio in which these compounds are combined.
• The formula for HNO₃'s molar mass is 3xmO + mH + mN, or 3x15.99g + 1g + 14g = 62.97 g/mol.
• The formula for Na(OHmolar )'s mass is: mO + mH + mNa = 15.99g + 1.00g + 22.99g = 39.98 g / mol.
Nitric acid is immediately apparent to be the limiting reagent.
Since there are initially 60 g of hydroxide, some of it will stay unreacted because the balanced equation's stoichiometric ratio states that 1 mole of acid reacts with 1 mole of hydroxide. As a result, 63 g of HNO3 react with 40 g of hydroxide. This proves that acid is the limiting reagent, and calculations to determine how much water will form must be based on this substance.
For 63g of HNO₃ 18g of water is formed. Then,
for 62.97 g of HNO₃,
= 18 g x 63 g equals/62.97 g
= 17.99 g of water.
As a result, the correct response is that 17.99 g of water will form.
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1. Find the elements sodium, oxygen, and phosphorus on the periodic table. Describe the monoatomic ions each would form. Then, given what you know about chemical bonding, describe and give the formulas for the types of ionic compounds they would produce with each other. Use the periodic table in the chemistry: problems and solutions book to help with your answers.
Sodium, oxygen, with phosphorus combine to generate the monoatomic substances Na2O (sodium oxide), Na3P (sodium phosphide), Na3PO3 (sodium phosphite), and Na3PO4 (sodium phosphate).
What does phosphorus do in the human body?All tissues and cells require phosphorus for their growth, upkeep, and repair, as well as for the creation of DNA or RNA, the genetic building blocks. Additionally, other minerals and vitamins like vitamin D, thyroid, magnesium, and zinc need phosphorus to be balanced and used.
What does phosphorus do in the human body?Extra phosphorus alters the body in ways that cause calcium to be drawn from your bones, weakening them. Additionally, harmful calcium deposits in the heart, lungs, eyes, and blood vessels are caused by elevated phosphorus and calcium levels. With time
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given your proposed electron pushing mechanism, list as many factors that could play a role in the success or failure of the reaction:
The factors that play the role in success is solvent, concentration of nucleophile and the substrate.
What is [tex]S_{N}2[/tex] reaction ?
When [tex]sp^{3}[/tex] hybridized carbon containing a leaving group and nucleophile attack from the remote side of the leaving group then the reaction is known as [tex]S_{N}2[/tex] reaction.
Factors depending on [tex]S_{N}2[/tex] reaction:
Solvent: Polar aprotic solvents are very useful for this reaction as they increase the intermediate concentration and also solvate the nucleophile. Nucleophile: More strong the nucleophile more is the rate of reaction.Substrate:1° substrate react faster than 2° than 3°Read more about [tex]S_{N}2[/tex] reaction:
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Describe how solar radiation and convection currents work together to form weather patterns and help plants grow.
MAN I ACTUALLY DO NOT KNOW THIS SH
Solar radiation and convection currents work together to form weather patterns because the plants need sun, water, and damp soil for photosynthesis.
What is Photosynthesis?This is referred to as the process in which green plants manufacture their food in the presence of sunlight. The green pigment in plants which is known as chlorophyll is responsible fir the trapping of sunlight which helps provide the energy needed for the reaction.
Solar radiation and convection currents help in the formation of weather patterns because the area which is facing the sun is said to be experiencing summer and vice versa.
They also help plants grow by providing the plants with resource such as the sun, water, and damp soil etc which are needed for photosynthesis.
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a 6.0 g 6.0 g sample of carbon is burned to produce carbon dioxide. the yield from the reaction is only 60 % 60%. how much carbon dioxide was actually produced?
Carbon dioxide is created by burning a 6.0 g sample of carbon. The reaction only produces a 60% yield. Actual carbon dioxide production was 13.2g.
C + O2 = CO2
Moles of C in 6.0g = 6.0/12 = 0.5 moles
as 1 moles of C gives 1 mole of CO₂
Thus 0.5 moles of C will give 0.5 moles of CO₂
As, CO₂ produce is 60%
Thus, moles of CO₂ produced=(0.5x60)/100 = 0.3 moles of CO₂
Amount of CO2 produced= Moles x Molecular mass
= 0.3 × 44
= 13.2g
Thus, 13.2g of CO₂ will be produced.
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a drop in water temperature is observed when 0.873 g of ammonium nitrate is added. the enthalpy change for this reaction is 0.280 kj. which of the statements is accurate?
The most accurate statement to explain the phenomena would be that the enthalpy change being positive means that the reaction is endothermic.
What are endothermic reactions?Endothermic reactions are reactions in which the energy level of the reactants is lower than the energy level of the products of the reaction. In other words, exothermic reactions take energy from the surroundings rather than releasing energy to the surroundings.
Reactions that release energy to the surroundings are otherwise known as exothermic reactions. Here, the reactants are usually at a higher energy level than the products.
When it comes to enthalpy change, since endothermic reactions consume energy from the surroundings and the products are usually at a higher energy level, the enthalpy change is positive.
This is unlike exothermic reactions in which the enthalpy change is negative because heat is released into the surroundings instead.
Thus, the dissolution of ammonium nitrate in water is said to be endothermic because the enthalpy change is positive.
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Solution A (pH 11); Solution B (pH 13)
Which one has more OH- ions?
Which one has less H+ ions?
Which one is more basic?
Which one is more acidic?
Answer:babb
Explanation:
refrigerant-134a at 800 kpa and 25°c is throttled to a temperature of -20°c. determine the pressure and the internal energy of the refrigerant at the final state.
The pressure and the internal energy of the refrigerant at the final state
Known data:80.74kJ/kg.
[tex]$$\begin{aligned}& \mathrm{R}-134 \mathrm{a} \\& P_1=800 \mathrm{kPa} \\& T_1=25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\end{aligned}$$[/tex]
Unknowns:
[tex]$$\begin{aligned}& T_2=? \\& u_2=?\end{aligned}$$[/tex]
The pressure of the refrigerant in the final state is equal to the saturation pressure at -20 degrees Celsius.
[tex]$$\begin{aligned}& P_2=P_{\text {sat }, \text { at }-20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}=132.82 \mathrm{kPa} \\& P_2=132.82 \mathrm{kPa}\end{aligned}$$[/tex]
State 1 is compressed liquid. Then the enthalpy is that of the saturated liquid at 25 degrees Celsius.
[tex]\h_1=h_{f, \text { at } 25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}=86.405 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}$$[/tex]
The throttling process of the refrigerant is isentalpic. The state 2 of the refrigerant is in the phase mixing region, so we have to calculate the quality 2.
[tex]x_2=\left(h_2-h_f\right) /\left(h_g-h_f\right)$$[/tex]
Where:
[tex]$$\begin{aligned}h_2 & =h_1=86.405 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \\h_f & =25.49 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \\h_g & =238.4 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}\end{aligned}$$[/tex][tex]$$\begin{aligned}h_2 & =h_1=86.405 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \\h_f & =25.49 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \\h_g & =238.4 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}\end{aligned}$$[/tex]
Substituting:
[tex]x_2=(86.405-25.49) /(238.4-25.49)=0.2861$$[/tex]
Now let's calculate the final internal energy of the refrigerant, remembering that the temperature is -[tex]$20 \mathrm{C}$[/tex].
[tex]u_2=u_f+x_2\left(u_g-u_f\right)$$[/tex]
Where :
[tex]$$\begin{aligned}& u_f=25.39 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \\& u_g=218.34 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}\end{aligned}$$[/tex]
Substituting :
[tex]$$u_2=25.39+0.2861(218.84-25.39)=80.74 k J / k g$$[/tex]
[tex]$$u_2=80.74 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}$$[/tex]
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a species that contains a lone (unpaired) electron is referred to as . select the best answer. multiple choice question. a free radical an exception being electron deficient having an extended valence
A species that contains a lone (unpaired) electron is referred to as a radical.
A radical is also known as a free radical which can be any atom, ion or molecule having atleast one unpaired valence electron.
When homolysis of a weak covalent bond takes place in presence of heat or sunlight (because breaking a bond requires energy) , two new radicals are formed. Also, in an ionic bond due to electron transfer between two atoms of different valencies and electronegativity, the respective atoms involved in that particular bond dissociates to form radicals. Radicals are also formed in reactions like addition, substution and elimination.
for example : The homolysis of the Br₂ bond forms two Br° radicals
Br-Br + hν → Br° + Br°
In the dissociation of the ionic bond NaCl, Na is the basic radical or cation and Cl is the acid radical or anion
NaCl → Na° + Cl°
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sodium bromate is used in a mixture which dissolves gold from its ores. calculate the mass in grams of 4.68 mol of sodium bromate.
Step 1: Calculate the molar mass of sodium bromate.
The molar mass of sodium bromate (NaBrO3) is 150.89 g/mol.
Step 2: Calculate the mass in grams of 4.68 mol of sodium bromate.
To calculate the mass in grams of 4.68 mol of sodium bromate, we need to multiply the molar mass of sodium bromate (150.89 g/mol) by the number of moles (4.68 mol):
Mass = Molar mass x Number of moles
Mass = 150.89 g/mol x 4.68 mol
Mass = 706.30 g
What is Sodium bromate?
Sodium bromate is an inorganic compound of sodium and bromate, with the formula NaBrO3. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid. Sodium bromate is used as an oxidizing agent in a variety of industrial and laboratory processes. It is also used in bleaching and dyeing textiles, and in the manufacture of certain pharmaceuticals. Sodium bromate is toxic, and exposure can cause adverse effects on the skin, eyes, and respiratory system.
What are Ores?
Ores are rocks or minerals from which useful elements or minerals can be extracted. They usually contain significant concentrations of metals such as copper, iron, gold, lead, and zinc. Ores are extracted through mining and processed to obtain the valuable elements.
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The SO3 molecule has a central S atom with the three O atoms bonded to the S, as shown in the figure. When a single Lewis structure is written for SO3 that obeys the octet rule for all the atoms, which of the following statements is or are true? I. The Lewis structure has one double bond. II. The three oxygen atoms do not all have the same formal charge. III. The formal charge on the S atom is +1.
Only one of the statements is true.
I and II are true.
I and III are true.
All three statements are true.
option b. is correct Only I and II are true
A Lewis structure is a structural representation of a molecule in which dots represent electron locations surrounding the atoms and lines/dot pairs represent covalent interactions between atoms. For any covalently bound molecule or coordination complex, a Lewis structure can be drawn. As a result, the proper statements in this problem are:
I. The formal charge on all atoms should be zero, or as close to zero as possible.
II. The charge on the molecule or ion should be equal to the sum of the formal charges on all the atoms.
Only options e. I and II are available.
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