Answer:
d. Fluoride becomes incorporated into the crystalline structure of teeth, making them less susceptible to decay
Explanation:
Dental caries results when cariogenic (caries-causing) bacteria metabolize carbohydrates or sugars present in the mouth for their energy needs, producing organic acids as byproducts, thus lowering the pH of the plaque biofilm.
The hydroxyapatite of tooth enamel is composed mainly of phosphate ions (PO₄³⁻) and calcium ions (Ca⁺). Under normal conditions, there is a stable equilibrium between the calcium and phosphate ions in saliva and the crystalline hydroxyapatite. At low pH (acidic conditions), there is a shift in equilibrium resulting in the dissolution of hydroxyapatite from tooth enamel, a process known as demineralization. A reverse process called remineralization (the process of incorporation of minerals in tooth enamel) occurs when the saliva, acting as a buffer elevates pH. When equilibrium is shifted to favor continued demineralization, dental caries results.
However, when fluoride is present in saliva, fluorapatite, rather than hydroxyapatite, forms during the remineralization process as fluoride ions replace hydroxyl groups in the formation of the apatite crystal lattice.
Fluorapatite is less soluble than hydroxyapatite making it more resistant to demineralization, even under conditions of low pH. Thus, fluoride acts as an effective anticaries agent.
Which of the following does not provide new genetic combinations?
what are the the four main categories of organic macromolecules ?
Answer:
There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions.
Four main categories of organic macromolecules are as follow:
carbohydratelipidsproteinsnucleic acidWhat are macromolecules?Macromolecules are polymers containing long chains of molecular sub-units known as monomers. These play an important role in biophysical processes and composed of thousands of atoms that are covalently bonded.
Carbohydrate is a biomolecule having carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atom.It is the main source of energy of the body.
Lipids are macromolecules that are insoluble in water and the main function is to serve as structural component of cell membrane.
Proteins are macromolecules that are extremely complex in structure and made up of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds.
Nucleic acids are biopolymer macromolecules and composed of nucleotide. The function is to carry genetic information which helps to make RNA.
Therefore,Four main categories of organic macromolecules are as follow:
carbohydratelipidsproteinsnucleic acidLearn more about macromolecules here:
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When you flex your knee, where are the fulcrum and the load? Where is the muscle that provides the effort located?
Explanation:
the fulcrum is the knee joint
the load is probably the radius and ulna with the muscle on it
while the effort could be tendons and the muscle on the femur
What conclusion can you draw from the results shown?
A)The amount of the drug was decreased to achieve the same effect.
B) The mouse is in a state of tolerance.
C) The mouse is suffering from withdrawal symptoms.
D) The amount of drug injected was the same throughout the 7 weeks.
Answer and I will give you brainiliest
Answer:
B) The mouse is in a state of tolerance.
Which term indicates that a single gene has two or more alleles present in a population?
A. Genotype
B. Point mutation
C. Polymorphism
D. Pleiotrophy
Genetic polymorphism is the existence of multiple alleles of a single gene.
What are genes?Genes are regions of DNA which code for a particular protein or any other gene product.
Genes can exists as a single copy or as multiple copies.
Alleles are alternate forms of a particular gene.
A single gene that has two or more alleles present in a population is known as genetic polymorphism.
Therefore, multiple alleles of a single gene is known as genetic polymorphism.
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After the pocket of magma slowly cools, what does the magma become?
A. Intrusive igneous rock
B. Extrusive igneous rock
C. Sedimentary rock
D. Metamorphic rock
Answer:
When magma slowly cools,it becomes an igneous Rock
Explanation:
An intrusive igneous rock is when magma is trapped far down in earth.
Extrusive igneous rock is formed when exits and cools above the surface of earth.
PLEASE HELP!!!!
Explain what causes a muscle to go into rigor mortis. Your answer should include the circumstances which cause it, as well as why those circumstances cause the effect (what is happening in the muscle at a molecular level which causes the stiffness).
Explanation:
Rigor mortis develops as the body's energy source (adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) is depleted. Muscle fibers require ATP for relaxation; once depleted, actin and myosin proteins remain complexed, resulting in stiffening of the muscles..
Thanks my answer and vote it 5 star and Mark it in brainliest answers please please please please please please please please please please please please please please please please please please please please please please
the dna structures
Answer:
Each DNA strand is composed of nucleotides—units made up of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Each strand of DNA is a polynucleotide composed of units called nucleotides. A nucleotide has three components: a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Explanation:
Answer:
are you c a biologist or what
Explanation:
why do you want this answer
What unit of time on Earth is based on the revolution of the Moon around the Earth?
A. day
B. year
C. hour
D. month
Answer: I think it’s months
Because I found this information... The Moon appears to move completely around the celestial sphere once in about 27.3 days as observed from the Earth. This is called a sidereal month
If u looked at a SA cells and cardiac muscle cells under a microscope, do u think they would look the same or different from each other? Explain ur reasoning HELP MEE PLSSSSS
Answer:
They look a little bit different. SA cells contain fewer mitochondria, fewer myofibers, and a smaller sarcoplasmic reticulum. This means that the SA node cells are less equipped to contract compared to the atrial and ventricular cells.
The text box below contains facts about salmon:
Facts about salmon. baby salmon migrate from freshwater streams and rivers to the ocean.
in the ocean, baby salmon d/r/i//n/k salt water.
Special cells on the salmon's gills called c/h//l/o//r/i/d//e cells help the salmon to e/x/c/r//e/t//e/ salt.
How do populations of baby salmon respond to changes in s/a//l/i//n/i//t/y as they migrate?
The baby salmon u/t/i/l/i//z/e// special structures but do not a/l/te/r/ their behavior.
The baby salmon al/t/e/r/ their behavior and u/t//i/l//i/z/e special structures.
The baby salmon u/t/i//l//i//z/e special structures to a/l/t/e//r their behavior.
The baby sa.l.m.on a/l/t/e/r their behavior but do not u/t/i/l//i/z/e special structures.
Answer:
what even is the question i am so cunfuzzles
A cluster of cases of legionellosis have occurred in your neighborhood. People with the illness have cough, fever, shortness of breath, chest pain and sometimes diarrhea. The illness is caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila, a facultative intracellular parasite that survives in certain ameba. The organism has an absolute requirement for L-cysteine. Typically, the organism is grown on buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar. In some labs, samples containing suspected L. pneumophila are cultured on traditional BCYE medium as well as BCYE medium lacking L-cysteine. How would L. pneumohila be identified in this situation
Answer:
The correct answer is - comparing the presence of an essential component of the L. pneumophila that is cysteine.
Explanation:
As we know that L-cysteine is essential for the organism L. pneumophila to grow its colonies. The identification is easy in this situation by comparing the two cultured on the traditional BCYE medium and BCYE medicum without L-cysteine.
Colonies that grow on traditional BYCE medium are likely L. pneumophila as they required L-cysteine but not on BYCE medium lacking cysteine.
What structures have parasite worms lost? What structures/organs are expanded?
Explanation:
Something that is lacking, is a circulatory system. Instead of a typical circulatory system flatworms exchange oxygen with the air outside through diffusion. This is the process by which gases will pass through a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
-2 In a pasture ecosystem a large portion of the biomass is represented
pasture vegetation compared to animals that feed on these grasses.
illustrated by such a pasture ecosystem is called alan...
A food chain.
B food web.
с ecological pyramid.
D energy flow.
a
Explanation:
im not really sure about the answer i chosed but maybe yes
What percent of energy is transferred from the sun to the level indicated? (3 points)
50 percent
100 percent
90 percent
10 percent
Answer:
It can
be explained with the help of ten percent law which
states that only 10 percent of the total energy available
at any trophic level is passed on the higher trophic level .
Most of the energy is lost as heat or is used in the
process of cellular respiration.
Explanation:
Pls someone help its a very easy question also don’t worry about the dot I accidentally did that
competition a type symbiotic relationship is where
Answer:
they r ecological, not symbiotic
You have been studying two Hippogriff traits as a senior graduation project at Hogwarts (because you are magical), beak size (big beaks, B, are dominant to small beaks, b) and feather color (brown feathers, F, are dominant to white feathers, f). You mate two brown, big-beaked Hippogriffs and obtain the following results: 15 of the baby Griffs are brown and big-beaked; 4 of the baby Griffs are white are big-beaked; and 1 of the baby Griffs is white and small-beaked. What are the genotypes of the parent Hippogriffs
Answer:
BbFf is the genotype of parent Hippogriffs
Explanation:
Given -
Big beaks, B, are dominant to small beaks, b.
Brown feathers, F, are dominant to white feathers, f.
Two brown, big-beaked Hippogriffs are mated to produce 15 brown and big-beaked; 4 white and big-beaked; and 1 white and small-beaked offspring
The genotype of parents is BbFf
How do diet and weigh loss companies use bias to sell their products
Helppppppppppppppppppppppppp
Answer:
agriculture
Explanation:
Slash-and-burn agriculture, method of cultivation in which forests are burned and cleared for planting. Slash-and-burn agriculture is often used by tropical-forest root-crop farmers in various parts of the world and by dry-rice cultivators of the forested hill country of Southeast Asia
Some people's earlobes dangle or flap unattached, while others don't. This trait is genetically determined. Use the genetics simulation to explore the genes that determine whether earlobes are attached or unattached. One trait is dominant and the other is recessive. See what happens when you cross parents with different genetic combinations. Follow the specific instructions for each trial.
Complete question, Answer, and Explanation:
Due to technical problems, you will find the complete question, answer, and explanation in the attached files
HELPPPOPPPPPPPPPpppppp
Answer:
SeA URCHINS (SOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO SURE ABOUT MY ANSWER) dont blame me if you get it wrong because i said im sure
Explanation:
Which of the following would be affected when a protein is denatured?
a.) amino groups
b.) primary structure
c.) side chains
d.) tertiary structure
"b" why because primary structure needs protein and if protein denatured,primary structure will affected instantly!
#followandheartallmyquestion
When a protein is denatured by chemical, heat or other substances, the primary structure remains intact. Hence, the correct answer would be the tertiary structure.
Denaturation of proteins generally causes the breakage of weak bonds on which the folding and the entire protein structure is built. When this happens:
the peptide bonds between the component amino acids remain intact. Hence, the primary structure is conservedthe destruction of other bonds means that the secondary and tertiary structures are affected.Agents that are capable of denaturing proteins include high temperature, changes in acidity/basicity, UV radiation, high concentration of salts, and so on.
The correct answer as to which would be affected when a protein is denatured in this case would, therefore, be the tertiary structure.
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PLEASSEEE HELP ASAP THANKS
Answer:
1,3 and 5.............
I NEED HELP ON BOTH ANSWER AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE!!
Bc
Answer:
What do you need help with?
In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to white fur (b) A purebred black furred male is bred with a female that had the recessive white fur
Answer:
BB x bb
Bb
Bb
Explanation: When a purebred dominant trait is bred with a purebred recessive trait then the offspring will always have the dominant and recessive trait.
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Which animal will use a hollowed-out tree stump as a home?
O A) a beaver
OB) a bear
OC) an eagle
OD) a rabbit
In a separate study, 68 rock pocket mice were collected from four different, widely separated areas of dark lava rock. One collecting site was in Sonora, Mexico. The other three were in Chihuahua, Mexico. Dr. Nachman and colleagues observed no significant differences in the color of the rocks in the four locations sampled. However, the dark-colored mice from the three Chihuahua locations were slightly darker than the dark-colored mice from the Sonora population. The entire Mc1r gene was sequenced in all 68 of the mice collected. The mutations responsible for the dark fur color in the Sonora mice were absent from the three different populations of Chihuahua mice. No Mc1r mutations were associated with dark fur color in the Chihuahua populations. These findings suggest that adaptive dark coloration has occurred at least twice in the rock pocket mouse and that these similar phenotypic changes have different genetic bases.
Complete question:
In a separate study, 68 rock pocket mice were collected from four different, widely separated areas of dark lava rock. One collecting site was in Sonora, Mexico. The other three were in Chihuahua, Mexico. Dr. Nachman and colleagues observed no significant differences in the color of the rocks in the four locations sampled. However, the dark-colored mice from the three Chihuahua locations were slightly darker than the dark-colored mice from the Sonora population. The entire Mc1r gene was sequenced in all 68 of the mice collected. The mutations responsible for the dark fur color in the Sonora mice were absent from the three different populations of Chihuahua mice. No Mc1r mutations were associated with dark fur color in the Chihuahua populations. These findings suggest that adaptive dark coloration has occurred at least twice in the rock pocket mouse and that these similar phenotypic changes have different genetic bases.
How does this study support the concept that natural selection is not random?
Answer:
The study supports the concept that natural selection is not random because in different areas with the same or very similar environmental characteristics, the same phenotype was produced by different types of mutations.
Explanation:
All of the sampled animals are inhabiting dark substrate. Probably animals needed to camouflage to survive. Natural selection must have driven them to produce dark color, similar to the substrate color. So animals from the different regions suffered different mutations that drove them to have almost the same dark fur color. The environmental condition is favoring the same phenotype.
HELP URGENT!!!!!!!!!!!
Answer:
dominant trait
Explanation:
Recessive alleles can only show up when there is no dominant allele present to suppress them.
Answer: Dominant traits
Explanation:
Recessive traits only show up when there are no dominant alleles
Extraterrestrial traits are not a thing
Do natural hazards always become natural disasters? What are some things that people can do that might influence whether or not a natural hazard will become a natural disaster?
Answer:
SLLLW
Explanation: