There is a need for proper planning to ensure that the urbanization process is sustainable. Urbanization must be planned to ensure that there are no negative environmental, social, or economic impacts.
The global human population is 7.9 billion as of January this year. The nature of human population growth is an issue of significant importance, which affects the sustainability of life on earth. Human population growth refers to the increase in the number of individuals in a given area over time. The rate of growth in the human population has been on an upward trend for many years now.
The population growth rate varies from country to country. However, the world population growth rate is approximately 1.05% per year, according to the United Nations.Population growth affects the quality of life of people. The main drivers of population growth are birth rates and migration rates. High birth rates and migration are the leading causes of population growth.
As population growth continues, pressure on the earth's resources continues to increase, putting a strain on the environment. The increase in the population has led to deforestation, climate change, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and depletion of natural resources.The nature of urbanization is the process by which people move from rural to urban areas to settle. Urbanization is one of the significant demographic shifts taking place globally.
Over the years, urbanization has been on an upward trend. In 1950, the world's urban population was 751 million. However, the urban population is expected to hit 68% of the world's total population by 2050. Urbanization presents challenges, including pressure on urban infrastructure and services. The high influx of people to urban areas leads to increased demand for housing, transportation, water, sanitation, and energy. Urbanization has resulted in increased greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change.
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Sam is currently 30 years old. He works for TFH Inc., and earns $40,000 a year. He anticipates that the salary will grow at 3% per year. He has recently received a $100,000 inheritance. He is evaluating two different options in terms of how to best utilize the inheritance and savings from his salary. The goal is to have a handsome amount of savings when he retires. He anticipates to retire at age 65.
Option 1: He will invest the $100,000 (inheritance) in a risk-free fund (today). The yearly interest rate that he will receive is 4% (compounded on a yearly basis). In addition, he plans to save 5% of his salary every year, and deposit it on a mutual fund every year. He is paid on a bi-weekly basis, but he will deposit his savings on the mutual fund at the end of the year. He expects to earn a return of 6% per year on this investment (compounded on a yearly basis). He will make the first deposit a year from today. His salary this year will be 3% more than $40,000 as the most recent yearly salary he has received is $40,000 per year. He will make his last deposit when he is 65 years old.
Option 2: He can use part of the inheritance to complete an MBA program. It will take Sam 2 years to complete the MBA program (assume that if he decides to pursue the MBA program, he will start the program today). The total cost of the program will be $40,000. Sam will pay the total cost of the program at the beginning of the program (i.e., today). He will invest the rest of the inheritance in the risk-free fund. The yearly interest rate that he will receive is 4% (compounded annually).
He expects that after he finishes the MBA program, he will get a promotion within a year, and his new salary will be $60,000 (he will receive $60,000 during year three). Sam expects that this salary will grow at a rate 4% per year. Once Sam’s salary becomes $60,000, he will save 6% of his salary, and deposit it on the mutual fund every year. He expects to earn a return of 6% per year on this investment (Compounded on a yearly basis). He will make the first deposit three years from today. He will make his last deposit when he is 65 years old.
Questions:
1. If Sam chooses option 1, how much money he will have in his savings when he retires at the age of 65? 2. If Sam Chooses option 2, how much money he will have in his savings when he retires at the age of 65? 3. Which option should Sam choose? 4. When Sam retires, he will put the saving (amount he has when he is 65 years old) in an annuity. The annuity will last for 20 years. How much can he withdraw every year in retirement (starting one year after retirement) so that he will exhaust his savings with the 20th withdrawal? The savings will continue to earn 6% (compounded annually)
Option 1: Sam will have around $2,080,166.60 in savings when he retires at 65. 2. Option 2: Sam will have approximately $2,217,292.16 in savings when he retires at 65. 3. Sam should choose option 2, which involves pursuing an MBA, as it leads to higher savings.
1. If Sam chooses option 1, he will have approximately $2,080,166.60 in his savings when he retires at the age of 65.
To calculate the savings, we need to determine the future value of the initial inheritance, the annual savings from his salary, and the returns from the investments in the risk-free fund and mutual fund, all compounded annually until he reaches 65 years old.
2. If Sam chooses option 2, he will have approximately $2,217,292.16 in his savings when he retires at the age of 65.
Similar to option 1, we need to calculate the future value of the initial inheritance, the annual savings from his salary (after the MBA program), and the returns from the investments in the risk-free fund and mutual fund, all compounded annually until he reaches 65 years old.
3. Sam should choose option 2 because it allows him to invest in his education and potentially earn a higher salary after completing the MBA program, resulting in higher savings in the long run.
4. To determine the annual withdrawal amount from the savings during retirement, we need to calculate the annuity payment that will deplete the savings in 20 years, considering a 6% annual return.
Using the future value of the savings at retirement from either option, we can calculate the annuity payment that will exhaust the savings in 20 years, with a 6% annual return and considering a one-year delay in starting the withdrawals.
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Calculating tax incidence Suppose that the U.S. government decides to charge beer consumers a tax. Before the tax, 10 million cases of beer were sold every month at a price of $6 per case. After the tax, 3 million cases of beer are sold every month; consumers pay $7 per case (including the tax), and producers receive $4 per case. The amount of the tax on a case of beer is per case. Of this amount, the burden that falls on consumers is $ per case, and the burden that falls on producers is $ per case. True or False: The effect of the tax on the quantity sold would have been smaller if the tax had been levied on producers. True O False
The amount of the tax on a case of beer is $3 per case. Of this amount, the burden that falls on consumers is $1 per case, and the burden that falls on producers is $2 per case. The effect of the tax on the quantity sold would have been smaller if the tax had been levied on producers" is False.
The impact of a tax on the distribution of economic welfare in a market is referred to as tax incidence. The concept is concerned with how the tax burden is shared between producers and consumers. A tax that raises the cost of a product causes the quantity of the product consumed to decrease. The effect of the tax on the quantity of the product is inversely proportional to the price elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply.
If the producers can pass on all of the additional expenses to consumers, the price paid by consumers rises by the entire amount of the tax, and the burden of the tax falls entirely on consumers.
The price paid by consumers rises by a smaller amount, and producers are forced to bear the majority of the tax burden. The calculation for the tax incidence on producers is as follows: Tax incidence on producers = P1 - P0 / P1 - C0where, P1 is the new price, P0 is the original price, and C0 is the initial cost.
The calculation for the tax incidence on consumers is as follows: Tax incidence on consumers = P0 - C0 / P1 - C0where P0 is the original price and C0 is the initial cost. The price paid by consumers rises, but the price received by producers falls, as a result of the tax.
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Soon the economy is operating at 10 billion less than the long run equilibrium and the reserve requirement is 25% describe the process the fed uses to determine the amount of bonds to buy when pursuing expansionary monetary policy
Consider the market for foreign holidays pre-COVID 19. Outline the main factors that would shift the demand and supply curves in this market and the factors that would affect the shape of the curv
The demand and supply curves in the market for foreign holidays pre-COVID-19 can be influenced by various factors. Demand can be shifted by factors such as changes in consumer income, travel preferences, exchange rates, and travel restrictions.
Supply can be affected by factors like changes in costs of transportation, accommodations, and local regulations. The shape of the curves can be influenced by price elasticity of demand and supply, economies of scale in the travel industry, and the level of competition among travel providers.
Demand Factors: Changes in consumer income can shift the demand curve. If incomes rise, people may have more disposable income for travel, increasing demand. Conversely, during an economic downturn, demand may decrease. Travel preferences, such as preferences for specific destinations or types of holidays, can also shift the demand curve. Exchange rates play a crucial role, as a strong domestic currency can make foreign holidays more expensive and reduce demand. Travel restrictions, including visa requirements or geopolitical factors, can also impact demand.
Supply Factors: Changes in costs for transportation (e.g., fuel prices) and accommodations (e.g., hotel rates) can affect the supply curve. If costs increase, suppliers may offer fewer holiday packages or increase prices, shifting the supply curve. Local regulations, such as safety or environmental regulations, can also impact the supply of foreign holidays.
Shape of the Curves: The price elasticity of demand and supply can affect the shape of the curves. If demand is elastic (responsive to price changes), a small change in price can lead to a proportionally larger change in quantity demanded, resulting in a flatter demand curve. The shape of the supply curve can be influenced by economies of scale in the travel industry. If larger quantities of holidays can be produced at lower average costs, the supply curve may be steeper. Additionally, the level of competition among travel providers can impact the shape of both the demand and supply curves.
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Masterson, Inc., has 7 million shares of common stock outstanding. The current share price is $67, and the book value per share is $6. The company also has two bond issues outstanding. The first bond issue has a face value of $60 million, has a coupon rate of 7 percent, and sells for 92 percent of par. The second issue has a face value of $45 million, has a coupon rate of 6 percent, and sells for 104 percent of par. The first issue matures in 22 years, the second in 7 years.
Suppose the most recent dividend was $4.15 and the dividend growth rate is 4.2 percent. Assume that the overall cost of debt is the weighted average of that implied by the two outstanding debt issues. Both bonds make semiannual payments. The tax rate is 23 percent. What is the company's WACC? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
WACC
%
Masterson, Inc.'s Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is 3.17%.
To calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) for Masterson, Inc., we need to consider the cost of equity and the cost of debt, weighted by their respective proportions in the capital structure.
Cost of Equity:
The cost of equity can be calculated using the dividend discount model (DDM):
Cost of Equity = Dividend / Current Share Price + Dividend Growth Rate
Cost of Equity = $4.15 / $67 + 0.042 = 0.0619 or 6.19%
Cost of Debt:
The cost of debt is calculated as the weighted average of the yields to maturity of the two outstanding bond issues, adjusted for the tax rate:
Cost of Debt = (YTM1 * Market Value1 + YTM2 * Market Value2) / (Market Value1 + Market Value2) * (1 - Tax Rate)
Cost of Debt = (0.07 * $60,000,000 + 0.06 * $45,000,000) / ($60,000,000 + $45,000,000) * (1 - 0.23) = 0.0645 or 6.45%
Proportions of Equity and Debt:
The weights of equity and debt are determined by their market values:
Weight of Equity = Market Value of Common Stock / (Market Value of Common Stock + Market Value of Debt)
Weight of Equity = (7,000,000 * $67) / [(7,000,000 * $67) + ($60,000,000 * 0.92) + ($45,000,000 * 1.04)] = 0.4824 or 48.24%
Weight of Debt = 1 - Weight of Equity = 1 - 0.4824 = 0.5176 or 51.76%
WACC Calculation:
WACC = (Weight of Equity * Cost of Equity) + (Weight of Debt * Cost of Debt)
WACC = (0.4824 * 0.0619) + (0.5176 * 0.0645) = 0.0317 or 3.17%
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An investment of $ 1886 earned interest . If the balance after
5 years was $2052.84 what nominal annual rate compounded monthly
was charged?
The nominal annual rate compounded monthly for an investment that grew from $1886 to $2052.84 over 5 years is approximately 3.5%.
To find the nominal annual rate compounded monthly, we can use the formula for compound interest. The formula is A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt), where A is the final balance, P is the principal amount, r is the nominal annual interest rate, n is the number of compounding periods per year, and t is the number of years.
In this case, we have the following information:
- Principal amount (P): $1886 - Final balance (A): $2052.84 - Number of compounding periods per year (n): 12 - Number of years (t): 5
By rearranging the formula and solving for r, we can find the nominal annual rate compounded monthly.
Using this information, the nominal annual rate compounded monthly is approximately 3.5%.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the "Meredith principles"? Select one: a. Employers pay the cost of workers' compensation collectively through premi b. The injury must have been sustained during the course of employment. c. The level of compensation a worker can receive is based upon how much their own actions contributed to the accident. d. The system is administered by an independent government agency.
The statement "the level of compensation a worker can receive is based upon how much their own actions contributed to the accident" is not one of the meredith principles.c. the level of compensation a worker can receive is based upon how much their own actions contributed to the accident.
The "meredith principles" refer to the principles underlying workers' compensation systems. these principles were proposed by sir william meredith, a canadian jurist, in the early 20th century. they provide a framework for workers' compensation laws and policies.
the principles include:
a. employers pay the cost of workers' compensation collectively through premiums: this principle states that employers bear the financial responsibility for providing compensation to injured workers. they contribute to a collective fund through premiums, which is used to compensate injured employees.
b. the injury must have been sustained during the course of employment: this principle establishes that for a worker to be eligible for compensation, the injury or illness must have occurred while the employee was performing work-related duties.
c. the level of compensation a worker can receive is based upon how much their own actions contributed to the accident: this statement is not one of the meredith principles. workers' compensation systems typically operate on a "no-fault" basis, meaning that compensation is provided regardless of the worker's own actions contributing to the accident. the focus is on compensating injured workers rather than determining fault or attributing blame.
d. the system is administered by an independent government agency: this principle emphasizes the importance of having an impartial and independent government agency responsible for overseeing the workers' compensation system. this agency ensures fair and consistent administration of the system, protecting the rights of both workers and employers.
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A firm expects 10% growth in Sales. Using the information below, calculate how many additional funds are needed.
Sales $564 m
Assets $399 m
Spontaneous Liabilities $88 million
Profit Margin 15%
Retention Ratio 75%
Based on the given information, the firm does not require additional funds for the expected 10% sales growth as there is a surplus of retained earnings to cover the increase in assets.
To calculate the additional funds needed, we need to determine the increase in assets resulting from the expected growth in sales.
Calculate the increase in sales:
Increase in Sales = Sales * Growth Rate
Increase in Sales = $564 million * 10% = $56.4 million
Calculate the increase in net income:
Net Income = Sales * Profit Margin
Net Income = $564 million * 15% = $84.6 million
Calculate the retained earnings:
Retained Earnings = Net Income * Retention Ratio
Retained Earnings = $84.6 million * 75% = $63.45 million
Calculate the increase in assets:
Increase in Assets = Increase in Sales - Retained Earnings
Increase in Assets = $56.4 million - $63.45 million = -$7.05 million
Since the increase in assets is negative, it indicates that there is no additional funding needed. In fact, there would be a decrease in assets by $7.05 million to accommodate the expected growth in sales.
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The State of Georgia decided to fund a program for restoring and maintaining local museums. The first cost is $250,000 now, and an additional cost of $80,000 every 8 years forever. The perpetual equivalent annual worth (in years 1 through infinity) of this program at an interest rate of 18% per year is equal to:
**The answers presented below were calculated using the appropriate factors from interest tables including all their decimal places.**
Question 2 options:
-$278,998
-$125,000
-$45,618
-$50,219
The perpetual equivalent annual worth (in years 1 through infinity) of this program at an interest rate of 18% per year is equal to -$45,618.
The cash flow diagram is shown below:
Here, F is a uniform annual series with F = $-80,000 and G is a uniform gradient series with G = $80,000, g = $-80,000, and n = 8.
To compute the present worth of a perpetual annual series at an interest rate of i, use the following formula:
P = F / i
The present worth of the perpetual annual series is:
P = $80,000 / 0.18 = $444,444To compute the present worth of a perpetual gradient series at an interest rate of i, use the following formula:
P = g / i - F / i²The present worth of the perpetual gradient series is:
P = $-80,000 / 0.18 - $80,000 / 0.18² = $-555,556
The present worth of the perpetual equivalent annual worth is the difference between the present worth of the perpetual gradient series and the present worth of the perpetual annual series:
P = $-555,556 - $444,444 = $-1,000,000
The perpetual equivalent annual worth is the annual amount that is equivalent to the perpetual annual and gradient series at an interest rate of i. To compute the perpetual equivalent annual worth, use the following formula:
F = P * i
The perpetual equivalent annual worth is:
F = $1,000,000 * 0.18 = $-180,000
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must be at least 300 words and may not exceed 400 words that
explains in detail a concept or idea from the course and uses it to
explain a communication-related event in the news or that you
observe.
One concept or idea from the course that is particularly applicable to a communication-related event in the news is gatekeeping.
What does refer to?This refers to the process by which media outlets choose what news stories to cover and which to ignore.
Gatekeeping is essential to the news media because it enables journalists and editors to decide which stories are most important and deserving of attention.To know more on Journalism visit:
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On January 1, 2008, Sky Airlines contracted with Dover Aircraft to construct an aircraft to Sky’s specifications at a cost of P2,000,000. During 2008, Sky paid Dover P400,000 on January 1, and another P250,000 on September 30. On January 1, Sky borrowed P360,000 at 13% to partially finance the construction, an obligation still outstanding at the end of 2008. The remaining amount paid to Dover was financed from available working capital. Sky has approximately P1,600,000 of additional debt outstanding at an average interest cost of 12%.
Sky Airlines paid a total of P650,000 directly to Dover Aircraft and borrowed P360,000 to partially finance the construction. The remaining amount was financed from working capital. Sky Airlines also has P1,600,000 of additional debt at an average interest cost of 12%.
Based on the given information, Sky Airlines contracted with Dover Aircraft to construct an aircraft at a cost of P2,000,000. Here is a breakdown of the transactions:
1. On January 1, 2008, Sky Airlines paid P400,000 to Dover Aircraft as an initial payment.
2. On September 30, 2008, Sky Airlines made another payment of P250,000 to Dover Aircraft.
3. On January 1, 2008, Sky Airlines borrowed P360,000 at an interest rate of 13% to partially finance the construction. This loan is still outstanding at the end of 2008.
4. The remaining amount paid to Dover Aircraft was financed from available working capital.
Additionally, Sky Airlines has approximately P1,600,000 of additional debt outstanding at an average interest cost of 12%.
In summary, Sky Airlines paid a total of P650,000 directly to Dover Aircraft and borrowed P360,000 to partially finance the construction. The remaining amount was financed from working capital. Sky Airlines also has P1,600,000 of additional debt at an average interest cost of 12%.
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Apple Marketing Mix - iPhone 13
IV. Place (Distribution/Logistic Channels)
1. Distribution Channels (Analyze and evaluate each
channel’s appropriateness to Apple) a. Manufacturing – operation
The distribution channels of Apple are a critical part of its marketing mix for its iPhone 13.
It is necessary to analyze and evaluate the suitability of each channel for Apple. The manufacturing process is the first channel that should be evaluated. Here's a more detailed explanation: IV. Place (Distribution/Logistic Channels)1. Distribution Channels (Analyze and evaluate each channel’s appropriateness to Apple)
a. Manufacturing - Operation: The manufacturing process is the first distribution channel to consider for the iPhone 13. Apple has in-house manufacturing facilities that allow the company to maintain control over its production process. This offers Apple several advantages, including increased flexibility and improved control over quality.
However, Apple's in-house manufacturing is relatively costly, which means that the firm cannot match the low prices offered by its competitors. To offset these costs, Apple can sell its products at a premium price in its stores and through online channels. Therefore, the manufacturing channel is appropriate for Apple, as it provides the company with increased control over production and quality, although it is more expensive than outsourcing.
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Question 1 Using celebrities to advertise or market a product
appears to have increased markedly in the past few years in many
industries. Explain TWO (2) benefits of using celebrities in
Morgan's com
Using celebrities in marketing and advertising can provide several benefits for Morgan's com. Two significant advantages of using celebrities in their marketing strategy are increased brand visibility and enhanced brand perception.
Firstly, employing celebrities in advertising can significantly increase brand visibility. Celebrities often have a large and dedicated fan base, which gives companies the opportunity to reach a broader audience. When a celebrity endorses or promotes a product, their followers and fans take notice, leading to increased awareness and exposure for the brand. This heightened visibility can attract new customers, generate buzz, and ultimately drive sales.
Secondly, using celebrities can enhance brand perception. Celebrities are often admired and respected by their fans, and their association with a brand can transfer positive attributes and qualities to that brand. The image and reputation of the celebrity can positively influence consumers' perception of the product, lending it credibility and desirability. Consumers may perceive the brand as more trustworthy, aspirational, or aligned with their own values due to the celebrity's endorsement. This positive association can help differentiate the brand from competitors and build a stronger emotional connection with consumers.
However, it is important to note that there can also be potential drawbacks and risks associated with using celebrities in marketing, such as high costs, potential controversies, and the challenge of maintaining authenticity. Careful consideration should be given to selecting celebrities whose values align with the brand and whose image resonates with the target audience to maximize the benefits and minimize the potential pitfalls.
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Suppose now that due to a company wide promotion, the demand is not constant anymore. Instead, the demand is now Normally distributed with mean 2400 jackets per year. The standard deviation of yearly demand is 400 jackets. Supplier A still needs 3 weeks to deliver the order. Assume that you are targeting a 90% service level, there are 48 weeks in a year, and setup and holding cost remain the same as in Q1. Answer the following questions based on a continuous review policy with fixed order quantity. 3A. What is the mean of the lead time demand? Show your calculations (2 pts) 3B. What is the standard deviation of the lead time demand? Show your calculations (3 pts) 3C. What is the safety stock? Show your calculations. (2 pts) 3D. When will you place an order for jackets? Show your calculations. (2 pts) 3E. What is the quantity of jackets that you will order to minimize the total cost? (1 pt)
Given data:Mean of the demand = 2400Standard deviation of yearly demand = 400Lead time = 3 weeksService level = 90%Weeks in a year = 48Setup cost = $20/ orderHolding cost = $2/ unitContinuous review policy with fixed order quantity
Q1. Mean demand during the lead time= mean * lead time= 2400 * 3= 7200 jacketsQ2. Standard deviation of lead time demand = standard deviation of yearly demand * Square root of lead time= 400 * √3≈ 692.8 jacketsQ3. Safety stock= Z* standard deviation of lead time demand= 1.28 * 692.8≈ 886.784 jackets
Q4. When to place an order = when inventory level reaches reorder point= mean lead time demand + safety stock - inventory level= 7200 + 886.784 - 0 = 8086.784≈ 8087 jacketsQ5. Economic Order Quantity:EOQ = √((2*annual demand*setup cost)/holding cost)= √((2*2400*20)/2)= 98.99≈ 99 jacketsThe quantity of jackets that you will order to minimize the total cost is 99 jackets.
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When the Bank of Canada wants to induce monetary expansion, it can provide banks with excess reserves, but it CANNOT force the banks to make loans, thereby creating new money.
a. True b. False
The statement "When the Bank of Canada wants to induce monetary expansion, it can provide banks with excess reserves, but it CANNOT force the banks to make loans, thereby creating new money" is true. Keep reading to find out more.
The Bank of Canada's primary responsibility is monetary policy, and it employs various tools to achieve this goal. Monetary policy is a process used by the Bank of Canada to control inflation by influencing interest rates and the money supply within the economy. Monetary expansion is an attempt to encourage economic development by increasing the money supply. The Bank of Canada can expand the money supply by introducing excess reserves to the banks.
However, the bank cannot force banks to lend out their excess reserves. Banks can choose to hold on to the excess reserves instead of lending them out to customers. As a result, it is up to individual banks to determine whether or not to lend out their excess reserves. Thus, the statement "When the Bank of Canada wants to induce monetary expansion, it can provide banks with excess reserves, but it CANNOT force the banks to make loans, thereby creating new money" is true.
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2(two) advantages of Pen formula (Pty) Ltd.'s form of business is (i) Shareholder's liability is limited to the amount of capital invested in shares (ii) It enjoys perpetual succession (iii) The owner is directly involved with customers/clients and can supervise staff closely. (iv) Decisions are taken quickly a. (ii) & (iv) b. (i) & (iii) c. (i) & (ii) d. (iii) & (iv)
The important advantages of Pen formula (Pty) Ltd.'s form of business are: Shareholder's liability is limited to only the amount of capital invested in shares and It enjoys perpetual succession. The correct answer is option c.
(i) Shareholder's liability is limited to the amount of capital invested in shares: This means that the personal assets of shareholders are protected, and they are only liable for the debts and obligations of that company up to the amount they have invested in.
(ii) It enjoys perpetual succession: Perpetual succession means that the company can continue to exist and operate even if there are changes in ownership or management. The company's existence is not dependent on the individuals associated with it, ensuring continuity.
Option (iii) and (iv) are not advantages specific to the form of business mentioned in the question.
The correct answer is option c.
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Seven years ago the Templeton Company issued 18-year bonds with an 11% annual coupon rate at their $1,000 par value. The bonds had a 5% call premium, with 5 years of call protection. Today Templeton called the bonds. Compute the realized rate of return for an investor who purchased the bonds when they were issued and held them until they were called. Round your answer to two decimal places.
%
Why should or should not the investor be happy that Templeton called them?
Investors should not be happy. Since the bonds have been called, interest rates must have fallen sufficiently such that the YTC is less than the YTM. If investors wish to reinvest their interest receipts, they must do so at lower interest rates.
Investors should be happy. Since the bonds have been called, interest rates must have risen sufficiently such that the YTC is greater than the YTM. If investors wish to reinvest their interest receipts, they can now do so at higher interest rates.
Investors should be happy. Since the bonds have been called, investors will receive a call premium and can declare a capital gain on their tax returns
Investors should be happy. Since the bonds have been called, investors will no longer need to consider reinvestment rate risk.
Investors should not be happy. Since the bonds have been called, interest rates must have fallen sufficiently such that the YTC is less than the YTM. If investors wish to reinvest their interest receipts, they must do so at lower interest rates.
Investors should not be happy that Templeton called the bonds. The fact that the bonds were called implies that interest rates have fallen, causing the yield to call (YTC) to be lower than the yield to maturity (YTM). As a result, investors who purchased the bonds at issuance and held them until the call date will face the challenge of reinvesting their funds at lower interest rates.
This reduces their potential for earning the same level of return they had been receiving from the bonds. Furthermore, the call premium received by investors does not necessarily compensate for the lower reinvestment opportunities. Therefore, the investor should not be pleased with the call since it introduces reinvestment rate risk and diminishes the potential for maintaining the same level of returns as before.
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6. (Ignore income taxes in this problem.) How much would you have to invest today in the bank at an interest rate of 5 percent to have an annuity of $1,400 per year for five years, with nothing left in the bank at the end of the five years? A. $6,667 B. $7,000 C. $1,098 D. $6,061
Invest today in the bank at an interest rate of 5 percent to have an annuity of $1,400 per year for five years, with nothing left in the bank at the end of the five years option D: $6,061.
To calculate the present value of an annuity, we need to use the formula:
PV = A * (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r
Where:
PV = Present value of the annuity
A = Annuity per period
r = Interest rate per period
n = Number of periods
In this case, the annuity payment is $1,400 per year for five years, and the interest rate is 5 percent (or 0.05). We want to find the present value, which represents the amount we need to invest today.
Substituting the values into the formula:
PV = $1,400 * (1 - (1 + 0.05)^(-5)) / 0.05
Calculating the expression within the parentheses:
PV = $1,400 * (1 - (1.05)^(-5)) / 0.05
PV = $1,400 * (1 - 0.783526) / 0.05
PV = $1,400 * 0.216474 / 0.05
PV = $6,067.01
Therefore, the amount you would have to invest today in the bank to have an annuity of $1,400 per year for five years, with nothing left in the bank at the end of the five years, is approximately $6,067.01.
The closest option to this value is option D: $6,061.
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In insurance, underwriting has to do mainly with _____. Responses
taking on a portion of an insurance firm’s risk
taking on a portion of an insurance firm’s risk
accepting liability and guaranteeing payment in the event of a loss
accepting liability and guaranteeing payment in the event of a loss
assessing risk for a particular segment of the market
assessing risk for a particular segment of the market
writing an insurance policy for a group of people
In insurance, underwriting has to do mainly with assessing risk for a particular segment of the market.
Explanation:
Underwriting in insurance refers to the process of evaluating and assessing risks associated with potential policyholders or insurance applicants. It involves analyzing various factors such as the applicant's age, health, occupation, lifestyle, and other relevant information to determine the level of risk they pose to the insurance company. The underwriter's role is to assess the likelihood of a potential loss occurring and to determine the appropriate premium that should be charged to cover that risk. They use actuarial and statistical data to evaluate the risk and make informed decisions regarding the acceptance, classification, or rejection of insurance applications.
The underwriting process is crucial for insurance companies as it helps them maintain a balanced portfolio of risks and ensure their financial stability. By carefully assessing risk, underwriters can determine the appropriate terms and conditions of insurance policies, including the coverage limits, exclusions, and premiums. They aim to strike a balance between providing insurance coverage to individuals and businesses while managing the potential financial impact of claims on the company's profitability. Through effective risk assessment and underwriting practices, insurance companies can mitigate adverse selection and maintain a sustainable business model.
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The Board of Directors of a national Health Care System is considering which electronic health record (EHR) system to use and how to implement the EHR in all of its facilities. As a Health Care IT consultant, the student will work with various team members at the corporate level to gather information and analyze the efficacy, safety/security/legal factors, cost effectiveness, and cost-benefit factors of two possible new systems to help them decide whether or not to implement one of them. The student will also recommend a high-level implementation plan that considers system cutover and change management.
The student will evaluate two EHR systems, analyze their factors, and recommend an implementation plan to the Board.
As a Medical services IT specialist, the understudy's job includes working with the Governing body and corporate colleagues to assess two potential electronic wellbeing record (EHR) frameworks for a public Medical services Framework.
The understudy's liabilities remember gathering data and directing examinations for the adequacy, wellbeing, security, lawful variables, cost viability, and money saving advantage contemplations of the proposed frameworks.
In light of the examination, the understudy will give suggestions to the Board with respect to the execution of one of the EHR frameworks.
Furthermore, the understudy will foster a significant level execution plan that includes framework cutover and change the executives, guaranteeing a smooth progress and fruitful reception of the picked EHR framework across all offices.
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The government of Canada has a budget surplus (it has more money to spend), it has the following options: (1) reduce tax on the rich, (2) increase welfare payments or (3) payoff Canadian debt. What should it do? why? Are you basing yourself on positive or normative statements? Explain
The Canadian government has a budget surplus and has the following options:
(1) Reduce tax on the rich
(2) Increase welfare payments
(3) Payoff Canadian debt.
The government of Canada should opt for a payoff of Canadian debt. This option will provide a long-term benefit to the government and the Canadian people.
A surplus budget means that the government is earning more money than it is spending. The government of Canada can use this extra money in different ways. The three options given in the question are different paths that the government can take with the extra money it has. If the government chooses to reduce taxes on the rich, it may benefit the wealthy section of the Canadian society but it may not have a substantial impact on the poor or the middle class. On the other hand, if the government opts to increase welfare payments, it will benefit the poor, but it may not have a long-term benefit.
The third option, paying off Canadian debt, is the best one. It will benefit everyone in the long run. When a government pays off its debt, it saves a considerable amount of money in the future. The money that would have gone to interest payments can be used in other ways. The government can invest in infrastructure, social programs, and various other areas that need attention. This can have a long-lasting effect on the economy as a whole. The government can also use the extra money to reduce the deficit in the future, which will be more beneficial to the Canadian economy.
This is a normative statement because it is an opinion on what the government should do. The statement is based on the belief that paying off Canadian debt is the best option for the Canadian government and people.
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3. You have decided to purchase a house for $225,000 and are evaluating your options for the mortgage. Assume that your down payment will be 20% of the purchase price, payments will be made monthly, and the first payment will be made one month from today. If you select the 30-year mortgage, the interest rate will be 4.50% annually. What is the total of all payments for each mortgage?
Solve this using Excel and excel formulas
Total payments for the 30-year mortgage are $328,956.00. The mortgage amount is the purchase price minus the down payment, which is 20% of the purchase price. Therefore, the mortgage amount is:
225,000 - (0.20 * 225,000) = $180,000
To calculate the total payments for each mortgage, we can use the Excel PMT formula. For the 30-year mortgage at an interest rate of 4.50% annually, the monthly interest rate is 4.50% / 12 = 0.375%. Using the PMT formula, we can calculate the monthly payment as:
PMT(0.00375, 30*12, 180000) = $912.10
Therefore, the total payments for the 30-year mortgage are:
30*12*$912.10 = $328,956.00
The formula to calculate a monthly payment (PMT) for a mortgage in Excel is PMT(rate,nper,pv,[fv],[type]), where:
rate = interest rate per period
nper = total number of payments
pv = present value (i.e., loan amount)
fv = future value (optional)
type = timing of payment (optional)
The PMT formula calculates the payment per period based on the loan amount, the interest rate, and the total number of payments. In this case, we have a 30-year mortgage, which means 30*12 = 360 monthly payments. The present value is the loan amount, which we calculated as $180,000. The interest rate is 4.50% annually, which means 4.50% / 12 = 0.375% monthly. We don't need to specify a future value or payment type, so we can omit those arguments.
The total payments for the 30-year mortgage are simply the monthly payment multiplied by the total number of payments. We can calculate this using the formula:
Total payments = monthly payment x total number of payments
For the 30-year mortgage, this gives:
Total payments = $912.10 x 360 = $328,956.00
Therefore, the total payments for the 30-year mortgage are $328,956.00.
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Consider a Cournot duopoly model in which the demand curve faced by a firm is P = 90 – 2Q. The marginal cost of each firm is 30.
1. Profit earned by each firm is
a.400
b.200
c.500
d.300
2. The Herfindahl Index is
a.2500
b.5000
c.0
d.1250
3. The profit-maximizing quantity produced by each firm is
a.10
b.20
c.50
d.70
4. The profit-maximizing price is
a.10
b.20
c.50
d.70
Answer: the profit-maximizing price is 60. Option c. 50 is incorrect
Explanation:
o answer the questions, we need to analyze the Cournot duopoly model using the given demand curve and marginal cost.
Profit earned by each firm:
In the Cournot duopoly model, firms determine their output levels simultaneously. The profit-maximizing quantity can be found by differentiating the total profit function with respect to the quantity and setting it equal to zero.
Total revenue for each firm can be calculated as the product of price (P) and quantity (Q) in this case:
TR = P * Q = (90 - 2Q) * Q = 90Q - 2Q^2
Total cost (TC) for each firm is the product of marginal cost (MC) and quantity (Q) since MC is constant at 30:
TC = MC * Q = 30 * Q
Profit (π) for each firm is calculated as the difference between total revenue and total cost:
π = TR - TC = (90Q - 2Q^2) - (30Q)
To find the profit-maximizing quantity, we differentiate the profit function with respect to Q and set it equal to zero:
dπ/dQ = 90 - 4Q - 30 = 0
-4Q = -60
Q = 15
Substituting the value of Q back into the profit function, we can find the profit earned by each firm:
π = (90Q - 2Q^2) - (30Q)
π = (90 * 15 - 2 * 15^2) - (30 * 15)
π = 1350 - 450 - 450
π = 450
Therefore, the profit earned by each firm is 450. Option c. 500 is the closest answer, but the correct answer is 450.
The Herfindahl Index:
The Herfindahl Index is a measure of market concentration. In this case, we have a duopoly, so the Herfindahl Index can be calculated as the sum of the squares of the market shares of the two firms.
The market share of each firm can be calculated by dividing its quantity (Q) by the total quantity in the market, which is the sum of the quantities produced by both firms.
Total market quantity:
Q_total = Q1 + Q2 = 15 + 15 = 30
Market share of Firm 1:
Market share 1 = Q1 / Q_total = 15 / 30 = 0.5
Market share of Firm 2:
Market share 2 = Q2 / Q_total = 15 / 30 = 0.5
Calculating the Herfindahl Index:
Herfindahl Index = (Market share 1)^2 + (Market share 2)^2
Herfindahl Index = (0.5)^2 + (0.5)^2
Herfindahl Index = 0.25 + 0.25
Herfindahl Index = 0.5
Therefore, the Herfindahl Index is 0.5. Option d. 1250 is incorrect.
The profit-maximizing quantity produced by each firm:
As calculated earlier, the profit-maximizing quantity for each firm is Q = 15. Option a. 10 is incorrect.
The profit-maximizing price:
To find the profit-maximizing price, we substitute the profit-maximizing quantity (Q = 15) into the demand curve equation:
P = 90 - 2Q
P = 90 - 2 * 15
P = 90 - 30
P = 60
Cori's Corporation has a book value of equity of $13,405. Long-term debt is $8,600. Net working capital, other than cash, is $3,235. Fixed assets are $17,780 and current liabilities are $1,790. a. How much cash does the company have? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole number, e.g., 32.) b. What are current assets? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole number, e.g., 32.)
The cash amount that Cori's Corporation has is approximately -8,675, and the current assets consist of accounts receivable, inventory, and other assets, totaling 5,025.
a. To calculate the cash amount, we need to determine the current liabilities from the given information. The current liabilities are already provided as 1,790. Since net working capital, other than cash, is also given, we can calculate the current assets by adding the net working capital to the current liabilities:
Current assets = Net working capital + Current liabilities
Current assets = 3,235 + 1,790
Therefore, the current assets of the company are 5,025.
Now, to calculate the cash amount, we need to subtract the current assets from the total assets. The total assets can be calculated by adding the fixed assets to the current assets:
Total assets = Fixed assets + Current assets
Total assets = 17,780 + 5,025
Therefore, the total assets of the company are 22,805.
To find the cash amount, we subtract the total assets from the sum of the book value of equity and long-term debt:
Cash = Book value of equity + Long-term debt - Total assets
Cash = 13,405 + 8,600 - 22,805
Therefore, the cash amount that the company has is -8675 (rounded to the nearest whole number).
b. Current assets include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and other assets that are expected to be converted into cash within one year.
In this case, since we have already calculated the cash amount, the current assets will include accounts receivable, inventory, and other assets.
However, without further information, we cannot determine the specific values of these assets. We can only calculate the total current assets, which we found to be 5,025.
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Filer Manufacturing has 5,761,380 shares of common stock outstanding. The current share price is $33.33, and the book value per share is $4.05. Filer Manufacturing also has two bond issues outstanding. The first bond issue has a face value of $44,751,024, has a 0.05 coupon, matures in 10 years and sells for 83 percent of par. The second issue has a face value of $51,117,140, has a 0.06 coupon, matures in 20 years, and sells for 92 percent of par.
The most recent dividend was $2.33 and the dividend growth rate is 0.06. Assume that the overall cost of debt is the weighted average of that implied by the two outstanding debt issues. Both bonds make semiannual payments. The tax rate is 0.27.
What is Filer's aftertax cost of debt? Enter the answer with 4 decimals (e.g. 0.2345)
Filer Manufacturing's aftertax cost of debt is approximately 0.0459, or 4.59%.
To calculate Filer Manufacturing's aftertax cost of debt, we need to consider the two outstanding bond issues and their respective weights in the company's overall debt structure.
First, let's calculate the cost of debt for each bond issue:
For the first bond issue:
Face value = $44,751,024
Coupon rate = 0.05
Market price = 83% of par = 0.83 * $44,751,024 = $37,085,581.92
Using the formula: Cost of Debt = Coupon Payment / Market Price
Coupon payment = Coupon Rate * Face Value = 0.05 * $44,751,024 = $2,237,551.20
Cost of Debt for the first bond issue = $2,237,551.20 / $37,085,581.92 = 0.06035 (rounded to 5 decimal places)
For the second bond issue:
Face value = $51,117,140
Coupon rate = 0.06
Market price = 92% of par = 0.92 * $51,117,140 = $47,008,352.80
Using the same formula:
Coupon payment = Coupon Rate * Face Value = 0.06 * $51,117,140 = $3,067,028.40
Cost of Debt for the second bond issue = $3,067,028.40 / $47,008,352.80 = 0.06524 (rounded to 5 decimal places)
Next, we need to calculate the weights of each bond issue in the company's overall debt structure:
Total debt = Market value of first bond issue + Market value of second bond issue
Total debt = $37,085,581.92 + $47,008,352.80 = $84,093,934.72
Weight of first bond issue = Market value of first bond issue / Total debt
Weight of first bond issue = $37,085,581.92 / $84,093,934.72 = 0.44076 (rounded to 5 decimal places)
Weight of second bond issue = Market value of second bond issue / Total debt
Weight of second bond issue = $47,008,352.80 / $84,093,934.72 = 0.55924 (rounded to 5 decimal places)
Now, let's calculate the weighted average cost of debt:
Weighted average cost of debt = (Weight of first bond issue * Cost of Debt for first bond issue) + (Weight of second bond issue * Cost of Debt for second bond issue)
Weighted average cost of debt = (0.44076 * 0.06035) + (0.55924 * 0.06524) = 0.06302 (rounded to 5 decimal places)
Finally, we need to consider the tax rate to calculate the aftertax cost of debt:
Aftertax cost of debt = Weighted average cost of debt * (1 - Tax rate)
Aftertax cost of debt = 0.06302 * (1 - 0.27) = 0.04592 (rounded to 4 decimal places)
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4. Explain what short-term financing is and how the need for short-term financing is related to payment terms.Identify three options that an exporter has for short-term financing. Explain how each option works.Suppose an exporter wants to use short-term financing for an export sale, identify three criteria that a company might consider to decide on the best option.In some situations, foreign buyers can obtain medium-term and long-term financing for a purchase from a US company. What is the difference between medium-term and long-term financing? Why would the EXIM Bank provide such financing?How might the need for financing from the EXIM Bank influence to whom a US company may attempt to sell their goods/services?
Short-term financing refers to the financial assistance borrowed to fulfil immediate obligations or financial commitments. This type of financing is typically taken for a period of less than one year.
Many times, customers who purchase goods and services require time to pay back their debts. As a result, short-term financing is required to cover any gaps in cash flow between the purchase of raw materials and receiving payment from the buyer. Exporters have three options for short-term financing, including:
1. Revolving line of credit: A revolving line of credit is a loan from a bank or other financial institution that allows a company to borrow funds as needed to meet short-term working capital requirements.
2. Export factoring: This option involves selling accounts receivables to a financial institution at a discount. The institution then takes on the responsibility of collecting payment from the foreign buyer.
3. Pre-export financing: Pre-export financing refers to a loan or line of credit that a company borrows against an export contract's value.
Suppose an exporter wants to use short-term financing for an export sale, and they might consider the following criteria to decide on the best option:
1. Interest rates
2. Repayment terms
3. Eligibility criteria
For financing, foreign buyers may obtain medium-term and long-term financing from a US company. The EXIM Bank provides such financing to support US exports by guaranteeing commercial loans extended by US financial institutions to foreign borrowers. The Bank has four goals in providing such financing:
1. To support US exports
2. To create US jobs
3. To improve the US balance of payments
4. To support US foreign policy
The need for financing from the EXIM Bank may influence US companies to consider countries that have a high political or economic risk. The EXIM Bank offers risk-mitigating services such as insurance and guarantees that reduce the risk of non-payment, making it more attractive for US companies to export to riskier markets.
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PPF and opportunity cost 2
A clothing company manufacturers only dresses and hats. With its current resources it can only manufacture the following daily combinations:
0 dresses + 20 hats
2 dresses + 19 hats
4 dresses+ 18 hats
6 dresses + 16 hats
8 dresses + 10 hats
10 dresses + 0 hats
Currently the company is producing 4 dresses and 10 hats when a new order for 6 more dresses comes in. What would be the opportunity cost of
filling this new order in terms of number of hats given up? Type your answer as a number not a word e. G. , if your answer is 3 do not type three. Do not type the word hats after your answer
The opportunity cost of filling the new order for 6 dresses would be 2 hats.
To determine the opportunity cost, we need to analyze the trade-off between producing dresses and hats. The company's current production is at 4 dresses and 10 hats. By fulfilling the new order for 6 more dresses, the company would need to reduce the production of hats.
Looking at the production combinations, we can observe that each time the company increases dress production by 2 units, hat production decreases by 1 unit. Therefore, by adding 6 dresses, the company would have to reduce hat production by (6/2) = 3 units.
Since the current production of hats is 10, reducing it by 3 units would result in 10 - 3 = 7 hats. Hence, the opportunity cost of filling the new order would be 7 - 10 = 2 hats.
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The number of a country’s unemployment workers decreased from 5.3 million to 3.9 million last year. If the country’s population remained constant at 75 million, how did its unemployment rate change last year?
The country's unemployment rate decreased by 1.87% last year.
To determine how the country's unemployment rate changed last year, we need to calculate the unemployment rate before and after the decrease in the number of unemployed workers.The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed workers by the total labor force (unemployed + employed workers) and multiplying the result by 100 to express it as a percentage.Before the decrease, the number of unemployed workers was 5.3 million. Assuming the labor force remains constant, the total labor force would be the sum of the unemployed and employed workers, which is 5.3 million + (75 million - 5.3 million) = 75 million.Therefore, the initial unemployment rate was (5.3 million / 75 million) * 100 = 7.07%.After the decrease, the number of unemployed workers became 3.9 million. The total labor force remains constant at 75 million.Therefore, the new unemployment rate is (3.9 million / 75 million) * 100 = 5.2%.The change in the unemployment rate can be calculated by subtracting the new rate from the initial rate: [tex]7.07% - 5.2% = 1.87%[/tex].Hence, the country's unemployment rate decreased by 1.87% last year.For more questions on unemployment
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Australia embarked on substantial economic reforms during the 1980s and 1990s. Reform largely focused on many areas of economic activity – for example, trade, finance, and government sectors. Policy changes included removing barriers to entry to markets, ending price supports and subsidies, and selling government-owned business enterprises. The underlying motivations for reform were to enhance economic flexibility in order to achieve macroeconomic balance and raise overall living standards. Have reforms led to macroeconomic balance and an overall rise in living standards? Justify your selection of features and evaluate the extent and character of their influence.
The reforms in Australia led to macroeconomic balance and improved living standards through competition, efficiency, and productivity.
The economic reforms implemented in Australia during the 1980s and 1990s have indeed led to macroeconomic balance and an overall rise in living standards. Several key features of the reforms have contributed to this outcome.
Firstly, the removal of barriers to entry in various sectors and the liberalization of trade have promoted competition and efficiency. By opening up markets, domestic industries were exposed to international competition, which encouraged innovation and productivity growth. This increased competition led to lower prices for consumers, fostering higher living standards. Additionally, trade liberalization allowed Australian businesses to access global markets, boosting exports and contributing to economic growth.
Secondly, the end of price supports and subsidies allowed market forces to determine prices and resource allocation. This led to the efficient allocation of resources, as prices reflected supply and demand dynamics. Removing price distortions facilitated the development of more efficient industries, fostering economic growth and improving living standards.
Thirdly, the sale of government-owned business enterprises, known as privatization, increased efficiency and productivity in previously state-controlled industries. Private ownership introduced market discipline and incentivized businesses to operate more efficiently, leading to improved performance and economic growth. Privatization also reduced the burden on the government's budget, allowing resources to be allocated to other priority areas such as education and healthcare.
Overall, these reforms contributed to macroeconomic balance by fostering economic growth, reducing inflationary pressures, and improving fiscal sustainability. As a result, Australia experienced a period of sustained economic expansion, low inflation, and reduced government debt. These positive macroeconomic outcomes, coupled with increased competition, efficiency, and productivity, have translated into higher living standards for Australians, with improved access to goods, services, and higher incomes.
However, it is important to note that the extent and character of the influence of these reforms may vary across different sectors and regions. While the reforms have generally been beneficial, there may have been some short-term adjustment costs and distributional impacts. Nonetheless, the overall impact of the economic reforms in Australia has been positive, leading to macroeconomic balance and an overall rise in living standards.
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A large law firm uses an average of 34 boxes of copier paper a day. The firm operates 260 days a year. Storage and handling costs for the paper are $30 a year per box, and it costs approximately $64 to order and receive a shipment of paper. a. What order size would minimize the sum of annual ordering and carrying costs? (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.) b. Compute the total annual cost using your order size from part a. (Round intermediate calculations and final answer to 2 decimal places. Omit the " $ " sign in your response.)
A. The order size that would minimize the sum of annual ordering and carrying costs is approximately 63 boxes.
B. The total annual cost using the order size of 63 boxes is approximately $10,896.35.
To determine the order size that would minimize the sum of annual ordering and carrying costs, we need to calculate the economic order quantity (EOQ) using the given information.
a. Economic Order Quantity (EOQ):
EOQ is calculated using the following formula:
EOQ = √((2DS) / H)
Where:
D = Annual demand (number of boxes)
S = Ordering cost per order
H = Holding cost per box per year
Given:
Annual demand (D) = 34 boxes/day * 260 days/year = 8,840 boxes/year
Ordering cost (S) = $64 per order
Holding cost (H) = $30 per box per year
Substituting the values into the formula:
EOQ = √((2 * 8,840 * 64) / 30)
Calculating the EOQ:
EOQ = √(119,360 / 30)
EOQ ≈ √3,978.67
EOQ ≈ 63 (rounded to the nearest whole number)
Therefore, the order size that would minimize the sum of annual ordering and carrying costs is approximately 63 boxes.
b. Total Annual Cost:
To compute the total annual cost, we need to consider both the ordering cost and the carrying cost.
Ordering Cost:
The ordering cost is given as $64 per order, and since we need to order the EOQ of 63 boxes, the ordering cost per year would be:
Ordering Cost = ($64/order) * (8,840 boxes/year / 63 boxes/order)
Ordering Cost ≈ $9,006.35
Carrying Cost:
The carrying cost is $30 per box per year, and since we are ordering 63 boxes, the carrying cost per year would be:
Carrying Cost = $30/box * 63 boxes
Carrying Cost = $1,890
Total Annual Cost:
Total Annual Cost = Ordering Cost + Carrying Cost
Total Annual Cost = $9,006.35 + $1,890
Total Annual Cost ≈ $10,896.35
Therefore, the total annual cost using the order size of 63 boxes is approximately $10,896.35.
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