What element are ALL 4 macromolecules based on?

Avery's team repeated Griffith's experiments because they wanted to A. determine which molecule in the heat-killed bacteria was the transforming factor.

The transforming factor of the Avery experiment was a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). instead of proteins and thus Avery showed that DNA is the genetic material transmitted across generations in all life forms.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that the transforming factor of the Avery experiment was DNA instead of proteins, which is a fundamental discovery to show how biomolecules are generated.

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Hormones are classified into two categories based on their chemical composition: steroid hormones and non-steroid hormones.

Steroid hormones are a class of hormones that are derived from cholesterol. These hormones include testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone and are produced by the gonads (testes and ovaries) and the adrenal glands. Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, which means they can easily diffuse through cell membranes. They bind to intracellular receptors, which are found inside the cells, and then can travel into the nucleus of the cell to influence gene expression.

Non-steroid hormones are a class of hormones that are not derived from cholesterol. These hormones include thyroid hormones, insulin, and growth hormone and are produced by glands such as the thyroid gland, pancreas, and pituitary gland. Non-steroid hormones are water-soluble, which means they cannot diffuse through cell membranes. They bind to receptors on the cell membrane, which then activate intracellular signaling pathways that lead to physiological changes.

Overall, steroid hormones and non-steroid hormones have different chemical compositions and they activate different intracellular pathways to produce their effects, but both play a crucial role in maintaining the body's homeostasis.

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Hormones are classified into two categories based on their chemical composition: steroid hormones and non-steroid hormones. This statement is true.

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and are lipid-soluble. They include hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone. These hormones can easily diffuse through cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors, which then activate specific genes in the cell.

Non-steroid hormones, also known as small molecule hormones, are not derived from cholesterol. They include hormones such as thyroid hormones, catecholamines, and insulin.

These hormones are water-soluble and cannot diffuse through cell membranes, so they bind to receptors on the cell surface. This leads to a cascade of intracellular events, resulting in the activation of specific genes in the cell.

Complete question:

Hormones are classified into two categories based on their chemical structure, hormones, and non-hormones. It's true or false.

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What is bacteria unicellular, prokaryotic, bacteria, blue-green algae, spirochetes archaea unicellular, prokaryotic, halophiles, thermophiles

protista unicellular/multicellular, eukaryotic, dinoflagellates, golden, brown and yellow-green algae, diatoms, amoeba plantae multicellular, eukaryotic, all plants fungi unicellular/multicellular, eukaryotic, molds, yeasts, mushrooms animalia multicellular, eukaryotic, all animals.

This refers to a large group of single-cell microorganisms. They can cause infections and diseases in animals and humans.

What is protista?

This refers to simple eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants nor animals or fungi. Protists are unicellular (one cell) in nature but can also be found as a colony of cells. Most protists can be found in water, damp terrestrial environments, or even as parasites.

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Stratified columnar epithelium is epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients .

In general ,Simple columnar epithelium is the epithelium that is often specialized for absorption and it consists of apical cilia or microvilli. these epithelial cells also line your stomach and intestines. hence , lining of the stomach and intestines in the gastrointestinal tract are formed of simple columnar epithelial cells.

In intestines , Absorptive cells are most predominant epithelial cell present in the lining of lumen in the small intestine and colon. They mostly works in  absorption of nutrients across the layers of plasma membrane and also export same nutrients across the basal plasma membrane.

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Stratified columnar epithelium is epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients .

Simple columnar epithelium is the epithelium that is often specialized for absorption and it consists of cilia or microvilli. These epithelial cells also line your stomach and intestines. Hence , lining of the stomach and intestines in the gastrointestinal tract are formed of simple columnar epithelial cells.

In intestines , Absorptive cells are the most predominant epithelial cell present in the lining of lumen in the small intestine and colon. They mostly work in  absorption of nutrients across the layers of plasma membrane and also export the same nutrients across the basal plasma membrane.

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The bones appear similar in structure while being different mammals because mammals lived in a similar environments.

Everything in our immediate surroundings, including both living and nonliving entities like soil, water, animals, and plants that adapt to their environment, is referred to as the environment. Nature's bounty contributes to supporting life on Earth.

The existence of life on Earth is significantly influenced by the environment. The French term "Environ," which means "surrounding," is where the word "environment" originates. An ecosystem is defined as all living and non-living objects found in an area. It is the basis of the biosphere, which governs the wellbeing of the entire planet.

The study of organisms and how they interact with one another and with their environment is the main focus of the life science fields of ecology and environmental science.

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True, in terrestrial ecosystems, most energy flow passes through detritus  as it serves as a primary source of food for decomposers such as bacteria, fungi, and invertebrates which in turn releases nutrients and energy that can be used by other organisms in the ecosystem

Detritus is the dead organic matter such as fallen leaves, twigs, and dead animals that accumulates on the forest floor. It is broken down by decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, into simpler compounds that can be used by plants as a source of energy and nutrients. This broken-down detritus is then consumed by herbivores, which are in turn consumed by carnivores. This process is called the detritus food web, and it is the primary way that energy and nutrients are cycled through terrestrial ecosystems.

It's worth noting that detritus is not the only energy source in terrestrial ecosystems. Photosynthesis is also a source of energy. However, the energy that flows through detritus is an important part of the ecosystem's energy budget.

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The term "evolution" refers to a change in the genetic makeup of a population over many generations. Natural selection, Genetic drift, and the Gene flow mechanism of evolution are at work.

Genetic drift is when a population's allele frequencies change from one generation to the next due to chance events or sampling errors in selecting alleles from the current generation's gene pool for the next generation. In small populations, genetic drift has a significant impact.

Gene flow refers to the movement of genes or genetic material within a population. Gene flow occurs when individual organisms or their reproductive cells move from one generation to the next. Evolution is strongly influenced by gene flow. Natural selection occurs when an allele or allele combination makes an organism to be the fittest of the population as it survives on the fittest product. The organism selected through natural selection can able to withstand stress and can reproduce in the environment to inherit the desirable traits to the next generation. The two populations will possess equal allele frequencies if the rate of gene flow is high. As a result, it is referred to as a single effective population.

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Populations evolve for many reasons. Suppose there is a population of plants that have either purple flowers or white flowers, and the allele for purple flowers is dominant. This means that plants with two purple alleles have purple flowers. Plants with one purple allele and one white allele also have purple flowers. Only plants with two white alleles have white flowers. For each event or condition described below, answer the following questions. Which mechanism of evolution is at work? • How does this event affect the population's gene pool? Do the frequencies of the two alleles change, and if so, how?

The term "evolution" describes a shift in a population's genetic make-up over many generations. The mechanisms of natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow are in operation.

Genetic drift is the process through which the allele frequencies of a population shift from one generation to the next as a result of random occurrences or sampling errors while choosing alleles from the gene pool of the current generation for the following generation. Genetic drift has a large effect in tiny populations.

The movement of genes or other genetic components within a population is referred to as gene flow. When reproductive cells or individual organisms pass from one generation to the next, this is known as gene flow. Gene flow has a big effect on evolution. Natural selection happens when one allele, or an allele combination, makes an organism the fittest member of the community because it feeds on the products of the fittest individuals. Natural selection favours organisms that can reproduce in their environment and resist stress while passing on the desired features to offspring. If the rate of gene flow is high, the two populations will have the same distribution of allele frequencies. It is referred to as a single effective population as a result.

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The most likely explanation for these observations is that the disease is dominant and is seen in both homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals.

This means that if both parents are carriers of the recessive gene, then the daughter has a 25% chance of having the disease. If one parent is a carrier and the other is not, then the daughter has a 50% chance of having the disease. If both parents are carriers, then the daughter has a 75% chance of having the disease.

This is also likely if cousins with the same disease can be found, since it is likely that their parents are related and thus both carriers of the same recessive gene.

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If this disease is controlled by a single gene, then the most likely explanation for these observations is the disease is (option B) recessive and only seen in homozygous recessive individuals such as the daughter.

If the disease you are observing in the European royal family is controlled by a single gene, and it appears in a female child of two healthy parents, it is most likely a recessive disease. In a recessive disorder, a person must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, in order to develop the disease.

If the parents are both healthy, they must be carriers of the gene, meaning they each have one copy of the mutated gene but do not have the disease themselves because they have a normal copy of the gene that masks the effect of the mutant gene. When two carriers have a child, there is a 25% chance that the child will inherit two copies of the mutated gene and develop the disease.

Also, the fact that there are cousins with the same genetic disease supports the idea that this is a recessive disorder. If the disorder were dominant, it would likely have appeared in the parents or previous generations.

It's important to note that this is just one possible explanation, a thorough genetic analysis must be done to confirm the mode of inheritance of the disease.

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Formation of a tetraploid plant from two different diploid parent species of plants is an example of allopolyploid.

Allopolyploidy is a form of polyploidy, which is the presence of multiple sets of chromosomes in a cell or organism. It occurs when two different species of plants hybridize and produce a new organism with multiple sets of chromosomes from both parent species. These organisms are referred to as allopolyploids and they can have advantages over their diploid parents, such as increased genetic diversity, increased stress tolerance, and increased fertility. This is because allopolyploids have a greater number of genes, which can allow for greater adaptability to different environmental conditions. Allopolyploids are also often fertile, which can enable them to establish new populations and potentially become new species. The formation of a tetraploid plant from two different diploid parent species is an example of allopolyploidy, as it results in a plant with four sets of chromosomes, two from each parent species.

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Answer:

a copy error in the chromosomes

a mistake in the DNA "ladder"

Explanation:

"After Dr. Alvarez published his study demonstrating high iridium levels near the K-T barrier, the whole scientific world embraced the asteroid idea."

7. (Key Idea J) (Key Concept J) Identify the reasons behind the scientific community's sluggish acceptance of the asteroid impact theory. Geologists at the time thought that Earth changes gradually and without big disasters, therefore the asteroid idea as that of the cause of a K-T extinction event was not readily accepted.

There is a tonne of evidence that the asteroid impact scenario is correct. For instance, the fossil record demonstrates how quickly dinosaurs vanished. This is more in line with a catastrophic event like an asteroid strike as opposed to a slow-moving shift in the climate or an increase in volcanic activity.

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The net charge of a glycine molecule in the human blood at pH = 7.4 is equal to zero (0).

Glycine is one of the amino acids which are present in our body and consists of a single hydrogen (H) atom as its side chain. It is the simplest amino acid.

At a pH lesser then 2 both the oxygen and the nitrogen will be protonated, so the charge on glycine will be +1. Above the pH 9, both oxygen and nitrogen will be deprotonated to give a net charge of -1 .

At pH value between 3 and 9 the oxygen on the molecule will be deprotonated but the nitrogen will still be protonated to give it a neutral charge or we can say the net charge is 0.  Therefore, at pH = 7.4 the net charge on glycine will be zero.

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The net charge of a glycine particle in the human blood at pH = 7.4 is equivalent to nothing (0).

Glycine is one of the amino acids which are available in our body and comprises a solitary hydrogen (H) particle as its side chain. It is the most straightforward amino corrosive.

At a pH lesser than 2 both the oxygen and the nitrogen will be protonated, so the charge on glycine will be +1. Over pH 9, the two oxygen and nitrogen will be deprotonated to give a net charge of - 1.

At pH esteem somewhere in the range of 3 and 9 the oxygen on the particle will be deprotonated however the nitrogen will, in any case, be protonated to give it a nonpartisan charge or we can say the net charge is 0. In this manner, at pH = 7.4, the net charge on glycine will be zero.

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The genotype of the woman with AB negative blood is IAi.

The genotype of the man with O positive blood is ii.

The genotype of the man's mother with A negative blood is IAi.

This man and woman could expect to have children with blood types A, B, AB, or O, but all of them would be Rh negative as the negative allele is recessive. The genotypes of their children could be IAi, IBi, IAi/IBi (AB), or ii (O) and the phenotypes would be A negative, B negative, AB negative and O negative respectively.

A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, or the specific combination of alleles that an organism carries for a particular gene or genes.

A genotype can also be defined as the genetic makeup of an individual, specifically the combination of alleles that an individual inherits from their parents for a particular gene or group of genes.

It describes the genetic instructions that determine the characteristics of an organism. It can be represented by letters, such as A, B, C, etc. to represent different versions of a gene and different genotype combinations are represented by different letter combinations (e.g. AA, Aa, aa).

Therefore, the correct answer is as given above

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One major environmental benefit a town might experience if it switches from a coal-fired power plant to a wind farm as its primary source of energy is a reduction in air pollution. Coal-fired power plants are a major source of air pollution, emitting harmful pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These pollutants can cause respiratory problems, heart disease, and other health issues, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and people with pre-existing health conditions.

On the other hand, wind farms do not produce any air pollution. They are a clean and renewable source of energy that generates electricity without the need for fossil fuels. This means that by switching to a wind farm, the town would be able to reduce its air pollution and improve the health of its residents.

Additionally, wind energy does not emit any greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming. It also does not require water for cooling, reducing the strain on water resources. It also does not generate waste and does not need to be transported or stored, reducing the risk of oil spills or other accidents.

Answer:

well I do

Explanation:

so Yass

Two key components of leading a healthy lifestyle are participating in football and eating well. A fantastic method to keep in shape and receive physical activity is to play football.

Running, jumping, and kicking frequently while playing this sport can assist to build stronger muscles and enhance cardiovascular health. It can also aid in improving your coordination and agility. A healthy lifestyle can only be achieved with proper nutrition.

Your body can acquire the nutrients it needs to stay healthy by eating a balanced diet with lots of fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins. Additionally, it can aid in lowering your chance of developing chronic illnesses like diabetes and heart disease.

Maintaining a healthy diet can also assist with reducing your weight can improve your health in general. Therefore, maintaining a healthy lifestyle requires both eating healthily and playing football.

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Arctic tundra herbivores are adapted to their ecosystem because c.  They have extra fur to protect against the cold and b. They can survive on short plants, mosses, and lichens.

Adaptations in tundra herbivores include thick fur coats to protect them from the cold temperatures, large hooves to provide traction on the icy ground, and a diet that consists of low-energy food such as grasses, mosses, and lichens or the ability to store fat.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that adaptations in Arctic tundra herbivores are based on fur.

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Answer:

No the measures taken by my local authority is not adequate. I would like to suggest an improvement of using new cleaning trucks and making better sewage cannal system throughout my town.

As a family we can produce less solid wastage and keep the recyclable and non recyclable wastes separately for safe decomposition.

Reproduction characteristic of living things can be seen in both viruses and bacteria

virus and bacteria show many more similarities like, they both are microscopic and are pathogens, some bacteria are also pathogenic and may cause diseases like virus. The virus depends on bacteria for replication machinery.

Bacteria and virus reproduces by division of parent cells into many offspring's.

both virus and bacteria consist of nucleic acid and they both contain enzymes.

both virus and bacteria have immunity against some viruses and bacteria, and there are vaccines for diseases caused by both of them.

some of  viruses and bacteria are beneficial and are used in genetic engineering and  bacteria is used in the food industry.

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The correct option is  A;  Restricted range, narrow habitat tolerances, and small local populations ,

Net reproductive rate (r) is computed as r = (births-deaths)/population size, or simply multiply by 100. Because the population is so much larger, many more people are added.

The second type. A Type II survivorship curve can be found in many bird species. Organisms die more or less evenly at each age interval in a Type II curve. Organisms with this type of survivorship curve may also have a small number of offspring and require a lot of parental care.

A habitat is the broad location in which an organism lives, whereas a niche is the set of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives, as well as the means by which the species obtains what it requires to survive and reproduce.

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If a particular flower is yellow in color and has a long, dark lines which running from the tip of a petal to the base, near the pistil attachment, then the preferred mode of pollination for this plant should be animal-based called zoophily.

Zoophily, which is also known as zoogamy, is basically a form of pollination in which the pollen is basically transferred by animals, by either invertebrates or vertebrates, which is in most cases birds and bats, but also by other animals.

Animals and insects get attracted to flowers which are bright in color, have patterns and contain nectar. The given plant has a yellow color with black lines running in the petals. The flower will be able to attract insects like bees and butterflies which will help it in pollination.

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There is a lag phase in the in vitro polymerization of F-actin from its G-actin subunits. F-actin nucleates during this lag phase.

G-actin or globular actin is the globular and monomer form of actin that forms the actin filament. F-actin or fibrous actin is the fibrous actin and a linear polymer that forms the contractile apparatus and cytoskeleton apparatus of the muscle cells.

Actin nucleation is the first stage in the development of an actin filament. Polarized filaments, or F-actin, are created by the assembly of actin monomers, or G-actin. This filament will have a pointed end that grows more slowly and a barbed end that grows quickly. Therefore, at this stage, a complex of three actin monomers, or an actin nucleus, is formed, from which an actin filament extends. Therefore, the time needed by the actin for nucleation is the lag phase. Here, option a is the correct statement.

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Respiratory system , the system through which living things absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide to meet their energy needs.

What Constitutes the Respiratory System's Components?

The lungs, voice box, windpipe, nose, mouth, and throat are all parts of the respiratory system.

Through the mouth or nose, air enters the respiratory system. The air gets warmed and humidified if it enters the nostrils (also known as the nares). The nasal passageways and other areas of the respiratory tract are shielded by tiny hairs known as cilia, which filter out dust and other particles that enter the nose through inhaled air.

Our bodies' cells require oxygen to remain alive. In our bodies, carbon dioxide is created while cells function.

The respiratory system, which includes the lungs, allows the body to breathe in oxygen from the surrounding air and expel carbon dioxide.

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A medical job requires memorizing where important nerves and blood vessels are located, so based on this requirement, a women would be likely to excel at this job because they have better memory than men.

In middle age, women's memory is superior to men's, but it deteriorates more quickly. Women in their middle age have superior memories to men. They also have faster information processing than men. But in the years that follow, both cognitive abilities in women deteriorate more quickly. Because their emotional emotions are more intense than the normal male reaction, which aids in the memory trace's easier recording, they exhibit greater memory function.

The activity in a woman's brain was consistently more closely organised in her left hemisphere, whereas a man's was more firmly coordinated.

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A clinical occupation requires remembering where significant nerves and veins are found, so in light of this prerequisite, ladies would probably succeed at this special job since they have preferable memory over men.

In moderately aged, ladies' memory is better than men's, however, it disintegrates all the more rapidly. Ladies in their middle age have better recollections than men. They additionally have quicker data handling than men. In any case, in the years that follow, both mental capacities in ladies disintegrate all the more rapidly. Since their close-to-home feelings are more extraordinary than the ordinary male response, which helps with the memory follow's simpler recording, they display more noteworthy memory capability.

The movement in a lady's cerebrum was reliably more firmly coordinated in her left side of the equator, though a man was all the more immovably organized.

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Answer: Period

Explanation:

This is the time it takes for two crests to pass a given point. Should be memorised + in geography not biology.

The correct option is C ; vicariance, Geographical isolation (vicariance)  is the main reason for the evolution of either side mouse into new species.

Two populations of the same species are geographically separated by a barrier, they will eventually become genetically distinct from one another. Even when they are exposed to the same kinds of environmental selection forces and are living in the same region, two populations of the same species can yet become genetically distinct from one another.

A new river cuts through a land mass, separating populations of mice on either side. these mice then evolve into new species on the two sides of the land mass, the separation of a group of organisms by a geographic barrier, resulting in the differentiation of the original group into new varieties or species.

Hence, vicariance is a kind of evolution caused by geographical isolation.

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The separation of homologous chromosomes occurs in Anaphase 1 and Anaphase 2. Here options A and C are the correct answer.

During the process of cell division, the chromosomes in a cell replicate, and then the cell divides into two daughter cells, each with a complete set of chromosomes. The process of cell division is divided into two main stages: meiosis and mitosis.

In mitosis, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, and then the homologous chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and each daughter cell receives one complete set of chromosomes. This process of separation of homologous chromosomes occurs in Anaphase 1.

In meiosis, the process is a bit different, the cell undergoes two rounds of cell division, Meiosis I, and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes separate and go to different daughter cells, this process of separation of homologous chromosomes occurs in Anaphase 1.

In Meiosis II, the sister chromatids separate and go to different daughter cells, this process of separation of sister chromatids occurs in Anaphase 2.

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The separation of homologous chromosomes occurs during Anaphase I.

It  states that Anaphase I is the stage where homologous chromosomes separate and migrate towards opposite poles of the cell, it is the stage where the chromosomes are separated from one another and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. This is also supported  where it states that during Anaphase I, homologous chromosomes separate and migrate towards opposite poles.

It  confirms that during anaphase 1, the chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles. So it's Anaphase 1 where the separation of homologous chromosomes occurs.

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Answer:

Option A

Explanation:

Answer:

The phenotypic ratio of a cross between two heterozygotes is 9:3:3:1

Explanation:

where 9/16 of the individuals possess the dominant phenotype for both traits, 3/16 of the individuals possess the dominant phenotype for one trait, 3/16 of the individuals possess the dominant phenotype for the other trait, and 1/16 are recessive for for both traits.

CO2 fixations drive increasing temperatures and fermentation. The rising centralization of carbon dioxide in the environment is driving up sea surface temperatures and causing sea fermentation.

As a result of human-driven expanded degrees of carbon dioxide in the environment, there is more CO2 dissolving into the sea. The sea's typical pH is currently around 8.1, which is fundamental (or antacid), however as the sea keeps on engrossing more CO2, the pH diminishes and the sea turns out to be more acidic.

Numerous marine organic entities that produce calcium carbonate shells or skeletons are adversely affected by expanding CO2 levels and diminishing pH in seawater. For instance, expanding sea fermentation has been displayed to fundamentally diminish the capacity of reef-building corals to deliver their skeletons.

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Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the oceans makes them acidic. this change affects the ability of marine organisms to form protective shells made up of carbonate (b). more calcium is correct option.

Human actions like the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and others are causing the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to rise. Ocean acidification is a result of carbon dioxide emissions. It happens when a high rate of readily absorbed carbon dioxide into the water. Water and carbon dioxide combine to generate carbonic acid. Bicarbonate and a hydrogen ion (H+) are the products of carbonic acid breakdown (HCO3-). All of these hydrogen ions cause the pH of the water to fall, which results in acidity.

This process has a negative impact on marine species' quality of life because acidic water dissolves their calcium carbonate skeletons and shells.

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A scientist is studying rock formations. She notices some unusual rocks like those pictured here therefore what she can conclude about this area is that It was part of a slow underwater eruption. which is therefore denoted as option A.

These are the characteristic of the rift zones where crustal plates are being formed by hydrothermal vents which are often associated with undersea volcanoes.

The vents are created and sustained by the heat of volcanic activity at tectonic plate boundaries, found throughout the earth and is therefore the reason why option A was chosen in this context.

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