what common stress state would you expect to exist in a blown-up baloon? hydrostatic compression biaxial tension simple compression torsion simple tension

The total degree of a tree with n vertices is (n - 1).

In a tree, each vertex (except for the root, if defined) is connected to exactly one parent vertex through a single edge. Therefore, each vertex, except for the root, has a degree of 1 (one incoming edge). Additionally, each vertex can have multiple children, but since it is a tree, there are no cycles or loops.

Considering this, we can calculate the total degree of a tree by summing up the degrees of all the vertices. The degree of the root vertex is 0 (no incoming edges), and for the remaining (n - 1) vertices, the degree is 1. Hence, the total degree of a tree with n vertices is (n - 1).

This relationship holds true for any tree, regardless of its specific structure or shape, as long as it satisfies the properties of being acyclic and connected.

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A cutting edge with a larger included angle will lead to a larger shear angle in orthogonal cutting experiments.

In orthogonal cutting experiments, the cutting edge with the largest included angle (the angle between the main cutting edge and the cutting edge closest to the feed direction) will result in the largest shear angle. This is because a larger included angle leads to a greater amount of material being removed from the workpiece, which in turn results in a larger shear angle. The shear angle is the angle between the direction of the cutting force and the direction of the resultant force on the chip. A larger shear angle indicates a greater amount of deformation and plastic flow in the material being cut. Therefore, the choice of cutting edge can significantly impact the resulting shear angle and the material behavior during cutting.

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During the design phase of a project, there are several waste management activities that can be identified and implemented to ensure a sustainable and efficient waste management process. Here are four waste management activities that can be determined during the design phase:

1. Source reduction: This involves designing products and processes that reduce the amount of waste generated. It can include designing products with fewer components, using less packaging materials, and designing processes that generate less waste. 2. Recycling and reuse: Designers can determine ways to recycle and reuse materials to reduce waste. This can involve designing products with materials that are easily recyclable or designing processes that allow for easy separation and recycling of waste.

3. Composting: Composting is the process of turning organic waste into nutrient-rich soil. Designers can determine ways to incorporate composting into the design phase by designing products and processes that produce organic waste that can be composted. 4. Waste management infrastructure: Designers can also determine the necessary infrastructure needed to manage waste. This can include designing waste collection systems, sorting facilities, and disposal sites. By considering these waste management activities during the design phase, designers can ensure that waste is managed in an effective, efficient, and sustainable way. This will not only benefit the environment but can also reduce costs associated with waste management.

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Because it can be dangerous to leave action queries in the Navigation Pane, you can hide an action query you want to run again. Therefore, the correct option is (d) Hide.

Because it can be dangerous to leave action queries in the Navigation Pane, you can choose to "hide" an action query you want to run again.

By hiding the query, you can prevent accidental execution and minimize the risk of unintended consequences.

Hiding an action query removes it from the view in the Navigation Pane, making it less accessible and reducing the likelihood of accidental execution.

This precautionary measure is especially important when dealing with queries that modify data or perform irreversible actions.

By hiding the query, you can ensure that it remains in the database for future use but is not readily visible or prone to accidental execution, providing an extra layer of safety.

Therefore, the correct option is (d) Hide.

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Rivets made of a 2017 aluminum alloy are refrigerated before use to prevent the rivets from aging and losing their mechanical properties.

The 2017 aluminum alloy is a heat-treatable alloy, which means it can be strengthened by a process called precipitation hardening. This process involves heating the alloy to a specific temperature and then rapidly cooling it.

Refrigerating the rivets helps maintain their desired properties by slowing down the aging process. Aging occurs when the alloy is exposed to elevated temperatures over time, leading to changes in its microstructure and mechanical properties. By refrigerating the rivets, the temperature is kept low, which helps to delay or minimize the aging process.

Preserving the mechanical properties of the rivets is important for ensuring their strength and reliability when used in structural applications. By refrigerating the rivets, the manufacturer can ensure that the rivets retain their optimal properties until they are ready to be installed, providing secure and durable connections in the assembled structure.

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Answer:

15000 KN.m

Explanation:

To design the transfer girder using the STM (Simplified Theory of Moments) method, we need to follow the steps outlined below:

Step 1: Calculate the factored load (P):

Given: P = 5000 + 200N KN

Let's substitute N = 3 into the equation:

P = 5000 + 200(3) = 5000 + 600 = 5600 KN

Step 2: Calculate the factored moment (Mu):

Mu = P x L^2 / 8

= 5600 KN x (6m)^2 / 8

= 15000 KN.m

Step 3: Calculate the design moment (Md):

Md = Mu / γm

(where γm is the partial safety factor for moment)

The value of γm depends on the design code or standard being used. For example, in Eurocode 2, the value of γm for reinforced concrete beams is typically taken as 1.35. However, since the specific code or standard is not provided in the question, we cannot calculate the design moment without this information.

To proceed with the design, we need to know the value of γm as specified in the relevant design code. Once that value is known, we can calculate the design moment and continue with the design process.

It is advisable to consult a structural engineer or refer to the appropriate design code or standard to obtain the required values and ensure accurate calculations for the design of the transfer girder.

Mesh analysis involves identifying mesh loops, applying KVL to each loop, and solving linear equations to find the mesh currents. Once these currents are known, il(t) can be calculated. This explanation, in 130 words, outlines the procedure to determine il(t) using mesh analysis.

To determine il(t) in the given circuit using mesh analysis, follow these steps:
1. Identify the mesh loops in the circuit and assign current variables (e.g., i1, i2) to each loop.
2. Apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) around each loop, summing the voltage drops across the components.
3. For each loop, write down an equation representing KVL. Include passive elements, like resistors and inductors, with their respective impedance values.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear equations for the mesh current variables.
5. Determine il(t) using the obtained mesh current values.

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The amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) that could realistically be diverted from the landfill if recycling were maximized is dependent on various factors such as the recycling infrastructure, government policies, consumer behavior, and technological advancements.

However, based on current trends and estimates, it is believed that recycling could divert a significant amount of MSW from landfills. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2018, the U.S. generated about 292.4 million tons of MSW, and only about 32% of it was recycled or composted. If recycling were maximized, it is possible that a significant amount of the remaining 68% could be diverted from landfills.

Various studies have estimated the potential amount of MSW that could be recycled. For instance, a study by the Tellus Institute found that up to 80% of MSW could be recycled or composted with existing technology and infrastructure. Another study by the Natural Resources Defense Council estimated that up to 75% of MSW could be recycled, which could significantly reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills. Therefore, it is clear that maximizing recycling efforts has the potential to significantly reduce the amount of MSW sent to landfills. However, achieving this goal requires collective efforts from individuals, businesses, and policymakers to create a more sustainable waste management system.

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From the given information, we have the voltage across the circuit element as v(t) = 5te^(-100t) + cos(1000t) V and the current through the element as i(t) = 2.5te^(-100t)cos(1000t) μA.

To determine the element, its value, and initial condition, we can compare the form of the voltage and current equations with the general expressions for a circuit element.

The general expression for a circuit element voltage is v(t) = V0e^(-αt)cos(ωt + φ), where V0 represents the element value, α is the decay constant, ω is the angular frequency, and φ is the phase angle.

Comparing the given voltage equation with the general expression, we can identify the following values:

Element: It is not specified in the given information, so we cannot determine the specific element.

Element value (V0): The coefficient of the exponential term represents the element value. In this case, V0 = 5 V.

Initial condition: The initial condition of the element refers to the voltage or current value at t = 0. In this case, the initial condition is 0 since there is no constant term in the voltage equation.

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To determine the system curve equation for the proposed pumping system, we need to consider the total head loss that will occur as the water is lifted and flows through the pipeline.

First, we can calculate the total dynamic head by adding the elevation difference between the two storage facilities (2170 ft - 2030 ft = 140 ft) to the frictional losses that will occur in the pipeline.

The frictional losses can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation:

h_f = (f * L/D) * (V^2/2g)

Where:
h_f = frictional head loss
f = friction factor (0.029, as given in the question)
L = length of pipeline (1620 ft)
D = diameter of pipeline (14 in = 1.17 ft)
V = velocity of water in pipeline (unknown)
g = acceleration due to gravity (32.2 ft/s^2)

To find the velocity of water, we can use the flow rate, which is not given in the question. Therefore, we cannot solve for the velocity and the system curve equation cannot be determined.

In order to determine the system curve equation, we would need additional information such as the flow rate or pump curve data.

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Bacterial defense systems, particularly the CRISPR-Cas system, have become valuable tools for manipulating DNA in molecular biology research.

This is because bacteria have evolved the ability to recognize and cut foreign DNA as a defense mechanism against invading viruses or plasmids. The CRISPR-Cas system uses an RNA guide molecule to target and cut specific DNA sequences, which can be used to add, delete or modify genes in a genome.Bacteria also have the ability to replicate both their plasmid and chromosomal DNA, which has made them useful for the production of recombinant DNA and genetic engineering. Plasmids, small circular pieces of DNA that can replicate independently from the bacterial chromosome, can be manipulated and inserted into bacteria to produce desired proteins or to study gene expression. Chromosomal DNA can also be modified using bacterial transformation techniques, where foreign DNA is introduced into a bacterium and incorporated into its genome.

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The shaded region in the s-plane where the poles could be placed so that the system will meet the given time-domain specifications is a horizontal band defined by the boundaries of the following lines: t_r = 1.2 sec (real axis), M_p = 17% (damping ratio ζ ≈ 0.44), and t_s = 4.6 sec .

To find the specific locations that will have the smallest rise time and also meet the settling time estimate exactly, we need to locate the poles on the left-hand side of the s-plane (since the system is causal) and adjust their location to minimize the rise time while maintaining the settling time constraint. One way to do this is to place the poles close to the imaginary axis, since this will result in the fastest possible rise time. However, we need to make sure that the poles do not violate the settling time constraint, which implies that their real part should be at least 3/T.

Therefore, we can locate the poles at a distance of σ_d + jω from the origin, where ω is chosen to satisfy the damping ratio constraint. This will result in the smallest possible rise time while still meeting the settling time constraint.

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To determine the spacing between the gear centers, we need to consider the pitch diameters of the gears involved in the gear pair. The pitch diameter is the diameter of the imaginary pitch circle upon which the gear teeth are designed.

For a gear pair with a 3:1 speed reduction ratio, where a 12-tooth pinion is driving a 36-tooth gear, we can calculate the pitch diameters as follows:Pitch diameter of pinion = Number of teeth / Diametral pitch

Pitch diameter of pinion = 12 / 12 DP = 1 inchPitch diameter of gear = Number of teeth / Diametral pitcPitch diameter of gear = 36 / 12 DP = 3 inchesThe spacing between the gear centers is the sum of the pitch diameters of the pinion and the gear:Spacing between gear centers = Pitch diameter of pinion + Pitch diameter of geaSpacing between gear centers = 1 inch + 3 inches = 4 incheTherefore, the spacing between the gear centers in this design is 4 inches.

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Yes, there are many services that specialize in installing dishwashers in kitchens that are not already set up for them.

These services typically include the installation of plumbing and electrical hookups, as well as the installation of the dishwasher itself. It is important to choose a reputable service provider with experience in this type of installation to ensure that everything is done correctly and safely. It is also a good idea to get multiple quotes and compare prices and services to find the best option for your needs and budget. With the help of a professional installation service, you can enjoy the convenience of a dishwasher in your kitchen without the hassle of trying to install it yourself.

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The proper way to start cutting material with a circular saw may vary depending on the type of material being cut. However, in general, it is recommended to rev the saw to full speed and slowly move it forward into the material.

This allows the blade to gain momentum and smoothly cut through the material without getting stuck or causing any damage.

When doing delicate work on thin materials, it is important to use a saw blade with fine teeth to prevent any tearing or splintering of the material. In addition, it is advisable to use a guide or fence to ensure a straight and accurate cut.

It is also essential to make sure that the saw blade runs in one direction around guides, rather than going back and forth. This helps to prevent any kickback and ensures a smooth and safe cut.

In summary, to start cutting material with a circular saw, rev the saw to full speed and slowly move it forward into the material. Use a fine-toothed blade for delicate work on thin materials and ensure that the blade runs in one direction around guides. By following these guidelines, you can achieve precise and safe cuts with your circular saw.

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The vane of a stall warning system with a flapper switch is activated by the change of the centre of pressure.

As an aircraft approaches a stall, the centre of pressure moves aft, causing a change in airflow over the vane. The flapper switch responds to this change in airflow by triggering an audible and/or visual warning to the pilot. It is important for pilots to pay attention to stall warning systems as stalls can be dangerous, especially at low altitudes or during takeoff and landing. Therefore, stall warning systems are a crucial safety feature that helps pilots prevent stalls and maintain control of their aircraft.

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By transitioning from state 1001 to state 0011, the motor will move one step in the counter-clockwise direction.

To progress a stepper motor counter-clockwise from the current state 1001, the next state would be 0011. In a stepper motor, the winding coils are energized in a specific sequence to achieve rotation. The state sequence for a four-wire stepper motor is typically as follows:

State 1001 (energizing winding A)

State 0101 (energizing winding B)

State 0110 (energizing winding C)

State 0011 (energizing winding D)

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Engineering nucleic acid structures for programmable molecular circuitry and intracellular biocomputation is an exciting and rapidly evolving field in synthetic biology and nanotechnology.

Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, possess unique properties that make them ideal for constructing programmable molecular circuits and computational devices within living cells.

By utilizing the principles of DNA and RNA base pairing, researchers can design and engineer nucleic acid structures with specific sequences and interactions. These structures can act as switches, logic gates, amplifiers, and other functional components, allowing for the construction of complex molecular circuits. Programmable nucleic acid structures can be designed to respond to specific cellular cues, such as the presence of specific molecules or changes in environmental conditions, enabling precise control of cellular processes.

Intracellular biocomputation involves the use of nucleic acid structures to perform computational tasks within living cells. This can include implementing algorithms, performing data processing, and making decisions based on input signals. By programming nucleic acid circuits, researchers can harness the power of biological systems for computation and information processing, opening up new possibilities for medical diagnostics, biosensing, and targeted therapeutics.

Engineering nucleic acid structures for programmable molecular circuitry and intracellular biocomputation requires expertise in molecular biology, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology. Researchers employ computational tools and experimental techniques to design, synthesize, and characterize nucleic acid-based circuits. Ongoing advancements in this field hold great promise for the development of sophisticated and adaptable molecular systems that can interact with and control cellular processes.

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If the Mach number of an aeroplane in supersonic flight is increased, the shock wave angles will initially decrease.

However, beyond a certain Mach number, the shock wave angles will start increasing again. This is because at low Mach numbers, the shock wave angle is determined by the local slope of the aircraft surface. As the Mach number increases, the shock wave angle decreases due to the compression of air in front of the aircraft. However, at higher Mach numbers, the shock wave angle is also affected by the strength of the shock wave itself. As the strength of the shock wave increases, the shock wave angle will start to increase again. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is D) decrease and beyond a certain Mach number start increasing again.

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Technician A is correct that the compressor clutch may still turn on normally even if someone has removed the voltage suppression diode from the air conditioning compressor clutch circuit.

However, Technician B is also correct in stating that without the diode, other components in the car, such as a computer, could be damaged when the compressor turns off. This is because the diode's function is to suppress voltage spikes that can occur during the turning off process, protecting other sensitive electronics in the vehicle. Therefore, both technicians are partially correct in their statements, highlighting the importance of having the voltage suppression diode in the circuit.

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To determine the reactions at points A, B, and C, we will first need to analyze the forces and moments acting on the beam. Given that F1 = 450 N and F2 = 720 N, we can use the following steps:

1. Calculate the sum of the vertical forces, which should be equal to zero for static equilibrium:

ΣFy = Ay + By + Cy - F1 - F2 = 0

2. Calculate the sum of the moments about point A, which should also be equal to zero for static equilibrium:

ΣMA = (F1 * d1) + (F2 * d2) - (Cy * d3) = 0

Here, d1, d2, and d3 are the distances from point A to the points where the forces F1, F2, and Cy are applied.

3. Solve for the unknown reactions Ay, By, and Cy using the above equations.

Note that without the distances (d1, d2, and d3) or a diagram (Figure 1), it is not possible to provide specific numerical values for the reactions at A, B, and C.

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Both technicians have valid points, but their statements are not complete. Vehicles equipped with diesel engines do use two batteries connected in parallel, which allows for additional current at the same voltage.

However, to successfully test the batteries, both should be tested together while still connected to ensure they are providing equal power. This is because if one battery is weaker, it will drain the other battery faster and cause damage to both batteries over time.

Regarding the fault in one battery, Technician B is incorrect. If one battery has a fault, it can affect the other battery as well. This is because they are connected in parallel, so the current flows through both batteries equally. Therefore, if one battery has a fault, it will cause an imbalance in the current flow and put additional strain on the other battery.

In summary, to successfully test the batteries in a diesel engine vehicle, they should be tested together while still connected to ensure equal power. And if one battery has a fault, it can affect the other battery, so it's important to address any issues promptly to prevent damage to both batteries.

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The strength of the electric field between the 3 V and 1 V equipotential lines at a separation of 20 cm is 10 V/m

The strength of the electric field between two equipotential lines can be determined by calculating the potential difference (ΔV) between the lines and dividing it by the distance (d) separating them. In this case, the potential difference is given as 3 V - 1 V = 2 V, and the separation distance is 20 cm = 0.2 m.

The formula to calculate the electric field strength (E) is:

E = ΔV / d

Substituting the values:

E = 2 V / 0.2 m = 10 V/m

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.

In the displacement-based finite element method, both nodal displacements and element stresses are important results that provide valuable information about the behavior of a structure. However, in terms of accuracy, nodal displacements are generally considered to be more reliable and accurate compared to element stresses.

The main reason for this is that the displacement field is typically smoother and easier to interpolate accurately compared to stress distributions within finite elements. Nodal displacements are continuous across elements, allowing for smooth interpolation within the elements and accurate representation of the overall deformation of the structure.

On the other hand, element stresses can exhibit stress concentrations and irregular variations within individual elements, especially near discontinuities or areas of localized stress concentrations. Interpolating these stress distributions accurately across the elements can be challenging and may lead to less accurate results.

Additionally, nodal displacements are directly related to the primary unknowns in the finite element method, which are the degrees of freedom (DOFs) at the nodes. These displacements can be directly used for post-processing and engineering analysis, such as calculating strains, stresses, and other relevant quantities.

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True. The top-down design process is indeed sometimes called stepwise refinement.

In this approach, the overall task or problem is broken down into a series of subtasks or smaller components. Each subtask is examined to determine if it can be further broken down into more detailed subtasks. This process continues until the subtasks are small enough to be written in code or implemented in a specific programming language. The stepwise refinement approach allows for a systematic and structured way of designing and implementing complex systems or programs.

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The torque M which must be applied to the crank at O when the crank angle = 30° is 0.5 Nm.

Taking moments about O, the torque is given byτ = (AB x BC) sin(θ) x a

Here θ is the angle between AB and the horizontal and a is the tangential acceleration of B.θ is 180° - 2α and sin(θ) = sin(2α), where α is the angle between the coupler and AB.

Angle α is given byα = cos⁻¹((BC² - AC² - AB²) / (-2AC x AB))

The tangential acceleration of B is given by

a = (BC x AB x ω²) / (2 x BD)

where BD is the perpendicular distance from O to AB.

Calculating angle α

α = cos⁻¹((BC² - AC² - AB²) / (-2AC x AB))

α = cos⁻¹((1.5² - 0.8² - 0.9²) / (-2x0.8x0.9))

α = cos⁻¹(-0.263)α = 104.33°

Calculating θ

θ = 180° - 2α

θ = 180° - 2(104.33°)

θ = - 16.67°

We can take sinθ = sin(-16.67°) = -0.29.

Using τ = (AB x BC) sin(θ) x aτ = (0.9 x 1.5) x -0.29 x ((1.5 x 0.9 x 2π / 60)² / 2 x 0.8)τ = - 0.5 Nm

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None of the options a, b, c, d accurately represent the dimensions of voids in a No. 4 sieve. The correct answer is e. none of the above.

The No. 4 sieve refers to a standard sieve size used in particle size analysis. It indicates that the sieve has openings with a specific size that allows particles of a certain size range to pass through. The exact dimensions of the voids in a No. 4 sieve are standardized and do not correspond to the options provided.

In the case of a No. 4 sieve, the opening size is typically 4.75 mm or 0.187 inches. The dimensions of the voids would correspond to the opening size, not the options provided in the question.

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MIDI utilizes a serial interface, meaning that information is sent down the cable one bit at a time.

In the context of MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), data is transmitted using a serial communication protocol. Serial communication involves sending data one bit at a time sequentially over a single wire or channel. MIDI messages, which include commands for musical events such as note on/off, pitch, and control changes, are transmitted using a specific format that allows devices to communicate with each other. The serial nature of MIDI allows for efficient data transmission and synchronization between multiple MIDI devices. Each MIDI message is composed of a start bit, followed by eight data bits, and ends with a stop bit, forming a continuous stream of serial data. This enables accurate and precise timing for musical events and control signals in MIDI systems.

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The logic circuit below is supposed to implement the truth table provided. To identify the defective component, compare the actual output of the circuit with the expected output from the truth table.

By analyzing the differences, you can deduce which component is malfunctioning. One of the components is producing the opposite of its specified output, causing an inconsistency in the overall circuit behavior. Carefully examine each component's input and output, and determine which one contradicts its designated function in the truth table. This will help you identify the defective component in the logic circuit.

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The purpose of identifying the natural, forced, transient, and steady-state components of a response is to better understand the behavior of a system and to be able to analyze its response to different inputs.

However, in general, when analyzing a response to a dynamic system, the natural component is the free response that occurs without any external forcing.

The forced component is the response that occurs due to an external forcing function.

The transient component is the initial response of the system that occurs when the forcing is first applied, and it decays over time.

The steady-state component is the long-term response of the system after the transient has died out, and the system has reached a stable state due to the forcing.

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