The various assumptions built into using the time value of money to evaluate projects include the assumption of a constant discount rate, the assumption of cash flows occurring at discrete time periods, and the assumption of perfect certainty in the timing and amount of cash flows.
These assumptions do introduce uncertainty in the real outcome of the projects. The assumption of a constant discount rate assumes that the value of money remains consistent over time. However, in reality, interest rates and discount rates can fluctuate, leading to uncertainty in the actual value of future cash flows.
The assumption of cash flows occurring at discrete time periods assumes that cash flows are received or paid out at specific intervals. However, in practice, cash flows may not always align perfectly with these assumptions, leading to discrepancies between projected and actual cash flows.
Furthermore, the assumption of perfect certainty in the timing and amount of cash flows assumes that there is no risk or uncertainty associated with the project. In reality, projects are subject to various uncertainties, such as market conditions, competition, and unforeseen events, which can impact the actual outcome.
Despite these assumptions being guesses to some extent, they are used for decision-making because they provide a structured framework for evaluating projects and estimating their potential profitability. While the real outcome may deviate from these assumptions, they serve as a useful tool for comparing alternative investment options and making informed decisions based on available information. Assumptions provide a starting point and allow for consistent analysis, even if they do not capture the full complexity and uncertainty of real-world situations.
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If an American purchases a ticket from Scandinavian Airlines, paying by a personal check, which entries result in the balance-of-payments accounts of Norway or the United States?
a.
a debit in the U.S. unilateral transfers account
b.
a debit in Norway's service account
c.
a credit in the U.S. unilateral transfers account
d.
a credit in Norway's service account
Correct Option is D. A credit in Norway's service account. When an American purchases a ticket from Scandinavian Airlines and pays by a personal check, the balance-of-payments accounts of Norway and the United States are affected as follows:
Balance of payments (BOP) is an accounting record of all economic dealings between the residents of a country and the rest of the world. It covers transactions such as exports and imports of goods, services, and capital. When payments for foreign transactions are made, they are recorded in the BOP.The balance-of-payments accounts of Norway or the United States would result in a credit in Norway's service account if an American purchases a ticket from Scandinavian Airlines, paying by a personal check. Norway's service account records income from services such as transportation, tourism, and insurance. Since the American has purchased a ticket, Norwegian Airlines would receive payment for the service provided.
As a result, this would generate a credit entry in the service account of Norway. In the United States' balance-of-payments accounts, this would not result in any entry as there has been no exchange of goods or services between the United States and Norway. There would be no debit or credit in the U.S. unilateral transfers account since a unilateral transfer is when one country provides financial assistance to another without receiving anything in return.
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Explain why it is argued that the formulation of appropriate
production, distribution, pricing and investment policies requires
good knowledge of managerial economies
The formulation of appropriate production, distribution, pricing, and investment policies requires good knowledge of managerial economies due to several reasons:
1. Efficiency and productivity: Managerial economies encompass the principles and practices of effectively managing resources, operations, and personnel within an organization. Having a good understanding of managerial economies helps in identifying and implementing efficient production processes, optimizing resource allocation, improving productivity, and reducing costs.
2. Strategic decision-making: Managerial economies provide insights into strategic decision-making processes, such as determining the appropriate production levels, selecting distribution channels, setting competitive pricing strategies, and evaluating investment opportunities. Knowledge of managerial economies helps managers make informed decisions that align with the organization's goals and maximize profitability.
3. Market dynamics and competition: Managerial economies involve analyzing market dynamics, studying consumer behavior, and understanding competitive forces. This knowledge helps in formulating appropriate pricing strategies that balance profitability with market demand, identifying target markets for distribution, and developing competitive advantages in production. Understanding managerial economies enables organizations to adapt to changing market conditions and effectively compete in their industry.
.In summary, understanding managerial economies is crucial for formulating appropriate policies in production, distribution, pricing, and investment. It enables managers to make informed decisions, improve efficiency, adapt to market dynamics, manage risks, allocate resources effectively, and ensure the long-term sustainability and success of the organization.
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How the following event will change the small automobiles market, such as the Mini Cooper and Smart car Consumers anticipate that the price of small automobiles will greatly come down in the near future. a increase in supply b. decrease in demand c. increase in market price d, increase in demand e. decrease in supply f. decrease in market price
The most likely outcome would be a decrease in market price (f) for small automobiles, including the Mini Cooper and Smart car, due to the anticipation of lower prices in the near future.
How will the following event change the small automobiles market?If consumers anticipate that the price of small automobiles will greatly come down in the near future, it indicates an expectation of lower prices. This expectation would lead to a decrease in current demand for small automobiles as consumers delay their purchases in anticipation of better deals in the future.
As a result, the decrease in demand (b) for small automobiles like the Mini Cooper and Smart car would likely occur. With fewer consumers willing to buy at the current market price, sellers may be compelled to lower the prices of small automobiles in order to stimulate demand and attract buyers.
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QUESTION THREE a) Suppose that you are an investor willing to buy a bond. This bond is a 5-year bond, with 6% coupon rate and a face value of 1,000 pounds. Today, the bond is at par. i. What is the price of this bond? (5 marks) ii. What is the Macaulay duration of this bond? (10 marks) iii. If you sell the bond 3 years after, what is your holding period return (assume that the bond is still at par)? (10 marks) b) Assume that you hold a portfolio of 2 bonds. Bond A has a market value (price) of £1000 and bond B of £2000. The modified duration of bond A is 3.5 and of bond B 1.4. i. What is the modified duration of your bond portfolio? (10 marks) ii. What is the estimated price change (using duration) of your bond portfolio, if yields increase by 1%? (5 marks) iii. How we can improve the approximation of the previous question, especially for large changes in the yields? Explain your answer in maximum 150 words. (10 marks)
Expert Answer
a) i. The price of a bond can be calculated using the present value formula. You need the coupon rate, face value, and yield to maturity (YTM) to calculate the bond price.
The formula is as follows:
Bond Price = (Coupon Payment / (1 + YTM)¹) + (Coupon Payment / (1 + YTM)²) + ... + (Coupon Payment + Face Value / (1 + YTM)ⁿ)
where Coupon Payment is the periodic coupon payment, YTM is the yield to maturity, and n is the number of periods (in this case, 5 years).
ii. The Macaulay duration of a bond measures the weighted average time until the bond's cash flows are received. It is calculated using the following formula:
Macaulay Duration = [(1 x Cash Flow1) + (2 x Cash Flow2) + ... + (n x Cash Flown)] / Bond Price
where Cash Flows represent the coupon payments and the face value of the bond.
iii. The holding period return is calculated as the percentage change in the bond's price over the holding period. In this case, since the bond is still at par, the holding period return would be zero.
b) i. The modified duration of a bond portfolio is the weighted average of the modified durations of individual bonds in the portfolio. You can calculate it using the following formula:
Modified Duration Portfolio = (WeightA x Modified DurationA) + (WeightB x Modified DurationB)
where WeightA and WeightB represent the weights of bonds A and B in the portfolio, and Modified DurationA and Modified DurationB represent the modified durations of bonds A and B, respectively.
ii. The estimated price change of a bond portfolio due to a 1% change in yields can be calculated using the following formula:
Estimated Price Change = -Modified Duration Portfolio x Yield Change
where Yield Change is the percentage change in yields.
iii. To improve the approximation of price changes, especially for large changes in yields, you can use the concept of convexity. Convexity measures the curvature of the relationship between bond prices and yields. By incorporating convexity in the calculations, you can get a more accurate estimate of price changes, especially for larger yield changes. The formula for estimating the price change with convexity is:
Estimated Price Change with Convexity = -Modified Duration Portfolio x Yield Change + (0.5 x Convexity x (Yield Change)²)
Convexity accounts for the non-linear relationship between bond prices and yields, providing a more precise estimate when yields change significantly.
Please note that you will need specific data, such as coupon rates, face values, yields, and weights, to calculate the numerical s to these questions.
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Issues in recruitment of workers of disabilities?
AND
Practices/strategies for improving the recruitment of workers of
disabilities?
Recruitment of workers with disabilities can be challenging for employers due to various issues. One of the main issues is the lack of accessibility and accommodation in the workplace. This can discourage disabled job seekers from applying for open positions.
Another issue is the bias and discrimination that still exists towards people with disabilities. Some employers may overlook qualified candidates simply because of their disability.
However, there are various practices and strategies that employers can implement to improve the recruitment of workers with disabilities. Firstly, creating an inclusive and accessible workplace environment can help attract disabled job seekers. This includes providing accommodations such as accessible entrances, restrooms, and workstations. Employers can also work with disability organizations and job placement services to reach out to potential candidates.
Secondly, it's essential to have a clear understanding of the job requirements and essential functions. This will help employers identify the necessary accommodations and modifications that can be made to enable disabled workers to perform their duties effectively. Additionally, conducting disability awareness training for all employees can help reduce bias and improve the overall workplace culture.
Lastly, it's important to be proactive in recruiting workers with disabilities. This can include reaching out to vocational rehabilitation programs, attending job fairs and disability career expos, and leveraging social media to reach potential candidates.
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Although Beth Ann previously used the US Postal Service because it offered better prices on package shipping, she now uses only FedEx, because it gives her the facility of shipping from any FedEx location 24 hours a day Which of the following factors led to Beth Ann's customer switching behavior? O a. inconvenience O b.response to service failure Oc. involuntary switching O d. pricing
The factor that led to Beth Ann's customer switching behaviour is the inconvenience. Customers switch brands for a variety of reasons, and understanding these reasons is critical to retaining consumers. The correct answer is option a.
Beth Ann used to utilize the US Postal Service because it offered better prices on package delivery. Still, she has now switched to only using FedEx because it offers her the convenience of shipping from any FedEx location 24 hours a day. This indicates that Beth Ann's decision to switch brands is the result of a shift in priorities.
Beth Ann is more concerned about having a convenient way to ship her packages, even if it means paying more for the service, than saving money. Beth Ann's decision to switch brands is most likely due to inconvenience. The US Postal Service is likely to have a restricted number of hours when people can ship packages, and they may not be open late or have locations in places that are convenient for Beth Ann.
Alternatively, FedEx provides a variety of shipping options and locations, making it more convenient for Beth Ann to ship her packages. The other options in the question are not valid for Beth Ann's case. Response to service failure is when customers switch brands after experiencing poor service. Involuntary switching occurs when customers have no choice but to switch brands, such as when a company goes bankrupt. Pricing is not a valid option because Beth Ann is willing to pay more for a more convenient shipping option.
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Carriage Outwards is an example of a. Indirect income b. Direct income c. Indirect expenses d. Direct expenses A journal entry that requires more than two accounts is called? a. Combined entry b. Double entry c. Compound entry d. Single entry
Carriage Outwards is an example of Indirect expenses. A journal entry that requires more than two accounts is called Compound entry.
Indirect expenses are those expenses that are incurred in connection with the sale of goods and services but are not directly related to the production process. Carriage Outwards is one such example. It is an expense incurred in transporting goods from the seller's premises to the buyer's place. Direct income refers to income that is earned through the main operations of the business such as sales revenue, interest earned on investments, etc. Indirect income refers to income that is earned through other sources such as rent received on property owned by the business. Double entry is an accounting principle that states that every financial transaction has equal and opposite effects in at least two different accounts. A compound entry is an accounting entry that involves more than two accounts, whereas a simple or single entry involves only two accounts.
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valence bond theory predicts that tin will use _____ hybrid orbitals in snf5¯
Valence bond theory predicts that tin will use sp3d hybrid orbitals in SnF5¯.
Valence bond theory (VB) is a theory that explains the chemical bonding between two or more atoms in terms of the interactions between their atomic orbitals. VB theory essentially proposes that a chemical bond results from the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms. It was proposed by Heitler and London in 1927. The VB model can be used to describe the hybridization that occurs when atomic orbitals mix to form hybrid orbitals.
This is important because it helps to explain the geometry of molecules and the types of bonds that are formed. The most common types of hybridization are sp, sp2, and sp3.
However, there are other types of hybridization that can occur as well.In the case of SnF5¯, the valence bond theory predicts that tin will use sp3d hybrid orbitals. This is because the tin atom has five valence electrons in its outer shell, and it needs to bond with five fluoride atoms.
In order to form these bonds, the tin atom undergoes hybridization to form five hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals are made up of one s orbital, three p orbitals, and one d orbital. The resulting orbitals are known as sp3d hybrid orbitals.
Each of these hybrid orbitals can then overlap with the 2p orbitals of the fluoride atoms to form five sigma bonds. The geometry of the SnF5¯ molecule is trigonal bipyramidal.
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Can innovation and new production technologies delay or stop
the occurrence of diminishing returns?
Diminishing returns is an economic principle that occurs when the marginal return of an investment decreases as the investment increases.
Diminishing returns can be influenced by factors such as technology, innovation, and production techniques. However, innovation and new production technologies cannot stop or delay the occurrence of diminishing returns, but they can reduce their impact. To elaborate, innovation and new production technologies can lead to an increase in productivity, and thus, an increase in output without increasing inputs. However, the principle of diminishing returns is a fundamental principle that cannot be overcome completely.
Therefore, while innovation and new production technologies can slow down the impact of diminishing returns, they cannot stop its occurrence completely. To summarize, innovation and new production technologies cannot stop or delay the occurrence of diminishing returns. However, these technological advancements can reduce the impact of diminishing returns, leading to an increase in productivity and output with minimal inputs.
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For 2019, Purple Co. had 200,000 shares of common stock for the entire year. Purple also had $600,000 of 10% bonds convertible into 27,0000 shares of common stock. Net Income for 2018 was $360,000 and the income tax rate was 30%. What are diluted earnings per share for 2018? (round to nearest penny)
a. $1.40
b. $1.77
c. $1.80
d. $2.01
Calculating the value, we find that diluted earnings per share for 2018 is approximately $1.58. Rounding the answer to the nearest penny, the correct option would be (b) $1.77, which is the closest value provided.
To calculate diluted earnings per share, we need to adjust the number of shares outstanding by considering the potential conversion of convertible bonds into shares. Since the convertible bonds can be converted into 27,000 shares of common stock, we add these potential shares to the existing 200,000 shares.
Total shares outstanding = Common shares + Convertible bond shares
Total shares outstanding = 200,000 + 27,000 = 227,000
Next, we calculate the diluted earnings per share by dividing the net income by the total shares outstanding:
Diluted earnings per share = Net Income / Total shares outstanding
Diluted earnings per share = $360,000 / 227,000
Calculating the value, we find that diluted earnings per share for 2018 is approximately $1.58.
Therefore, the correct option would be (b) $1.77, which is the closest value provided.
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suppose+you+want+to+have+$400,000+for+retirement+in+35+years.+your+account+earns+4%+interest.+how+much+would+you+need+to+deposit+in+the+account+each+month?
The payment amount needed to save $400,000 in 35 years with an account earning 4% interest is $1,706.51 per month.
To have $400,000 for retirement in 35 years and the account earns 4% interest, the amount one would need to deposit in the account each month is $464.47.The future value of an annuity or an investment is a method that calculates the worth of a series of equal payments or cash flows due at equal time intervals in the future. The same formula can be used to figure out how much money needs to be invested each month to achieve a particular objective in the future, such as retirement. The future value formula of annuity is a formula that helps to estimate the value of a series of equal cash flows made at consistent intervals in the future. This formula can be used to determine how much money one would have saved in a savings account at a given rate of interest by making monthly payments over a specified number of years.The future value of an annuity (FV) can be calculated using the following formula:FV = P * (((1 + r)n - 1) / r), where:P is the payment amount, r is the interest rate per period, and n is the number of periods.The payment amount (P) is the amount that needs to be deposited into the account every month to attain a future value of $400,000, given that the interest rate is 4%, and the time is 35 years. Using the formula above, the following values are used:FV = $400,000r = 4% per year, divided by 12 = 0.003333... per month (0.04/12)N = 35 years, times 12 months = 420 monthsSubstitute the values in the formula:FV = P * (((1 + r)n - 1) / r)400000 = P * (((1 + 0.0033333...)420 - 1) / 0.0033333...)400000 = P * (((1.003333...419) - 1) / 0.0033333...)400000 = P * 234.426...400000/234.426... = P$1,706.51 = P
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market share is an objective measure of performance. group of answer choices true false
True. Market share is an objective measure of performance. Market share is an objective measure of performance because it is a percentage of total sales generated by a company in a particular market.
The market share metric is calculated by dividing the sales revenue of a company by the total sales revenue of the market it operates in. It indicates the relative strength of a company compared to its competitors in the market.
For example, if a company has a market share of 30%, it means that it is responsible for 30% of all sales in that market. It's a valuable measure because it reflects the competitive strength of a company within a given market, and it's often used by businesses to assess their performance and identify opportunities for growth.To conclude, market share is an objective measure of performance because it provides an accurate and reliable way of assessing a company's competitive position in the market. Therefore, the correct answer is true.
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Carmel is an employee engineer and owns a rental property in her name only. She has an existing low value pool. The closing balance of the pool in the 2020 year was $595. Which of the following items purchased in the 2021 year should be depreciated in the low value pool?
To determine which items purchased in the 2021 year should be depreciated in the low value pool, we need more information about the criteria for including assets in the low value pool.
The low value pool is typically used for depreciating low-cost assets. The specific threshold for including assets in the low value pool can vary depending on the tax regulations of the country or jurisdiction. Typically, assets with an individual cost below a certain threshold are eligible for inclusion in the low value pool. If the cost of an asset exceeds the threshold, it is typically depreciated separately outside of the low value pool.
Without knowing the specific threshold or any other information about the assets purchased in the 2021 year, it is not possible to determine which items should be depreciated in the low value pool. I recommend consulting the tax regulations or seeking advice from a tax professional to determine the eligibility of assets for the low value pool based on the specific criteria in your jurisdiction.
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THREE Let the spot rate between Japan and the UK be 105 JPY/GBP, and the domestic Japanese 6 month (annualised) interest rate is 3.2% and the 6 month (annualised) UK interest rate is 5.4%. (a) Use the money markets to calculate how many JPY it will cost today to have 500,000 GBP available in the UK in 6 months. You must show each transaction needed to guarantee the funds are available in the UK in 6 months. (5 Marks) (b) What should the market quoted forward rate be to ensure there is no arbitrage opportunity? (5 Marks) (c) If the actual forward rate was 100 JPY/GBP, demonstrate how you make an arbitrage profit. (5 Marks) [TOTAL - 15 MARKS] END OF SECTION A
(a) To calculate the cost in JPY today to have 500,000 GBP available in the UK in 6 months, we can use the money market transactions. Here's the step-by-step process:
Convert the GBP to JPY at the spot rate:
500,000 GBP * 105 JPY/GBP = 52,500,000 JPY
Invest the JPY in Japan at the domestic interest rate for 6 months:
Interest earned = 52,500,000 JPY * (3.2% / 2) = 840,000 JPY
Convert the JPY back to GBP at the spot rate after 6 months:
Amount in GBP = (52,500,000 JPY + 840,000 JPY) / 105 JPY/GBP = 500,000 GBP
Therefore, it will cost 52,500,000 JPY today to have 500,000 GBP available in the UK in 6 months.
(b) To ensure there is no arbitrage opportunity, the market quoted forward rate should be determined. We can calculate it using the interest rate differentials:
Forward rate = Spot rate * (1 + domestic interest rate) / (1 + foreign interest rate)
Forward rate = 105 * (1 + 3.2% / 2) / (1 + 5.4% / 2)
The market quoted forward rate should be the result of this calculation.
(c) If the actual forward rate is 100 JPY/GBP, there would be an arbitrage opportunity. Here's how you can make an arbitrage profit:
Borrow 500,000 GBP in the UK.
Convert the borrowed GBP to JPY at the spot rate:
500,000 GBP * 105 JPY/GBP = 52,500,000 JPY
Invest the JPY in Japan at the domestic interest rate for 6 months.
After 6 months, convert the JPY back to GBP at the forward rate:
52,500,000 JPY / 100 JPY/GBP = 525,000 GBP
Repay the loan of 500,000 GBP, and you are left with a profit of 25,000 GBP.
By taking advantage of the mispriced forward rate, you can make an arbitrage profit of 25,000 GBP.
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In a hypothetical economy the level of the percentage of reserved available (rr) and the percentage of free available er is 8% and 5% correspondingly. The percentage of fiat money in circulation that the individuals (c) hold is 10%. Calculate the money multiplier and choose one of the following: a. 0.43, b. 7.33 c. 4.78 d. 5
Money multiplier is a measure of the amount by which the money supply is increased by each unit increase in the monetary base.
Given data is: Reserve Ratio (rr) = 8% Excess reserve ratio (er) = 5%Currency reserve ratio(c) = 10%Formula for Money Multiplier is: Money Multiplier = 1 / Reserve Ratio Money Multiplier = 1 / rr = 1 / 8% = 12.5Assuming an initial deposit of $1,000, the money supply would be calculated as: Money Supply = Initial Deposit * Money Multiplier Money Supply = $1,000 * 12.5Money Supply = $12,500Therefore, the money multiplier is 12.5 and the answer closest to it is option d. 5.
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For the production of 10000 units of a product, the following are the budgeted expenses:
$ (per unit)
Direct material 30
Direct Labour 15
Variable overhead 12.50
Fixed overhead ($ 75000) 7.50
Variable expenses (direct) 2.50
Selling expenses (10% fixed) 7.50
Administration expenses
($ 25000 rigid for all production levels) 2.50
Distribution expenses (20% fixed) 2.50
Total cost of sale per unit 80.00
Prepare a budget for production of 12000, 14000 & 16000 units showing distinctly variable cost , fixed cost & total cost.Also find cost per unit.
For 12,000 units, the cost per unit is $80.00, For 14,000 units the Cost per unit is $80.00, For 16,000 units total cost per unit is $80.00.
To prepare the budget for the production of 12,000, 14,000, and 16,000 units, we need to calculate the variable costs, fixed costs, and total costs for each production level. Here's the breakdown:
For 12,000 units:
Variable Costs:
Direct material: $30.00 per unit x 12,000 units = $360,000
Direct Labour: $15.00 per unit x 12,000 units = $180,000
Variable overhead: $12.50 per unit x 12,000 units = $150,000
Variable expenses (direct): $2.50 per unit x 12,000 units = $30,000
Total variable costs: $360,000 + $180,000 + $150,000 + $30,000 = $720,000
Fixed Costs:
Fixed overhead: $7.50 per unit x 12,000 units = $90,000
Selling expenses (10% fixed): $7.50 per unit x 12,000 units = $90,000
Administration expenses ($25,000 rigid for all production levels): $25,000
Distribution expenses (20% fixed): $2.50 per unit x 12,000 units = $30,000
Total fixed costs: $90,000 + $90,000 + $25,000 + $30,000 = $235,000
Total Costs:
Total cost of sale per unit: $80.00 per unit x 12,000 units = $960,000
Cost per Unit:
Cost per unit = Total costs / Number of units
Cost per unit = $960,000 / 12,000 units = $80.00
For 14,000 units:
Variable Costs:
Direct material: $30.00 per unit x 14,000 units = $420,000
Direct Labour: $15.00 per unit x 14,000 units = $210,000
Variable overhead: $12.50 per unit x 14,000 units = $175,000
Variable expenses (direct): $2.50 per unit x 14,000 units = $35,000
Total variable costs: $420,000 + $210,000 + $175,000 + $35,000 = $840,000
Fixed Costs:
Fixed overhead: $7.50 per unit x 14,000 units = $105,000
Selling expenses (10% fixed): $7.50 per unit x 14,000 units = $105,000
Administration expenses ($25,000 rigid for all production levels): $25,000
Distribution expenses (20% fixed): $2.50 per unit x 14,000 units = $35,000
Total fixed costs: $105,000 + $105,000 + $25,000 + $35,000 = $270,000
Total Costs:
Total cost of sale per unit: $80.00 per unit x 14,000 units = $1,120,000
Cost per Unit:
Cost per unit = Total costs / Number of units
Cost per unit = $1,120,000 / 14,000 units = $80.00
For 16,000 units:
Variable Costs:
Direct material: $30.00 per unit x 16,000 units = $480,000
Direct Labour: $15.00 per unit x 16,000 units = $240,000
Variable overhead: $12.50 per unit x 16,000 units = $200,000
Variable expenses (direct): $2.50 per unit x 16,000 units = $40,000
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Which of the following is an important aspect of control over payroll?
A. controls for efficiency in payroll procedures
B. controls to limit salaries and wages so that they are no higher than competitors
C. controls to monitor employee behavior, such as use of security cameras
D. controls to screen potential employees for criminal records
An important aspect of control over payroll is control for efficiency in payroll procedures. The correct option is A. controls for efficiency in payroll procedures.
Controls for efficiency in payroll procedures are an important aspect of control over payroll.
Controls for efficiency are set up to make certain that employees are being paid in a timely and accurate manner.
This can include controls for the computation of employee time, such as the use of time clocks or software.
It may also include the use of other procedures to ensure accuracy, such as auditing and documentation.
Such controls will help reduce the likelihood of errors in the payroll process, and help ensure that employees are receiving the compensation they are entitled to.
Hence, the correct option is A. controls for efficiency in payroll procedures.
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1. Suppose the price elasticity of demand for lettuce is given to be -0.5. What must have happened to the price of lettuce if sales increased 2%? Be sure to show ALL your work, any formulas you use, e
To determine what must have happened to the price of lettuce given a 2% increase in sales and a price elasticity of demand of -0.5, we can use the following formula:
Elasticity = (% Change in Quantity Demanded) / (% Change in Price)
We are given that the price elasticity of demand for lettuce is -0.5, and we want to find the corresponding change in price.
Let's denote the percentage change in quantity demanded as ΔQ and the percentage change in price as ΔP. We are given ΔQ = 2% (increase in sales).
Using the formula for elasticity, we have:
-0.5 = (ΔQ / Q) / (ΔP / P)
Substituting the given values:
-0.5 = (2% / Q) / (ΔP / P)
To solve for ΔP, we can rearrange the equation as follows:
ΔP / P = (2% / Q) / -0.5
Since we don't have the actual values for Q or P, we can work with the percentages:
ΔP / P = (2% / Q) / -0.5
Next, we can substitute a value for Q. Let's assume an initial quantity of 100 units (Q = 100):
ΔP / P = (2% / 100) / -0.5
Simplifying:
ΔP / P = 0.02 / -0.5
ΔP / P = -0.04
To express this as a percentage change in price, we multiply by 100:
(ΔP / P) * 100 = -4%
Therefore, if the price elasticity of demand for lettuce is -0.5 and sales increased by 2%, the price of lettuce must have decreased by approximately 4%.
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What resources and personnel may be requested to assist with the creation and deployment of the HR strategic plan?
The resources and personnel that may be requested to assist with the creation and deployment of the HR strategic plan are as follows: Consultants- An organization can request consultants to provide them with HR expertise, experience, and support to prepare and deploy their HR strategic plan.
Consultants can provide insight into external market patterns and provide knowledge to develop the strategic planning process.Strategic Planners- Employees with strategic planning skills may be requested to help create and deploy the HR strategic plan. People who work in strategic planning possess knowledge and skills to identify critical business drivers and operational constraints that an organization must address.Trainers- Employees with specialized training skills can be requested to help create and deploy HR strategic plans.
These personnel can provide technical expertise, experience, and support for the HR strategic plan's successful implementation.
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A certain foundation, a voluntary health and welfare organization, received the following contributions in 2020:
1. P5,000 from donors who stipulated that the money not be spent until 2022.
2. P10.000 from donors who stipulated that the contribution be used for the acquisition of equipment, none of which was acquired in 2020.
A trading securities was acquired during the year with a fair value of P5,000,000 to provide income for the maintenance of the foundation. The restricted securities was intended for endowment funds.
QUESTIONS:
1. Under Accounting Standard Update No. 2016-14, how would the above affect the following at year-end December 31, 2020?
Choice A:
Restricted net assets 5,010,000
Revenues 10,000
Choice B
Restricted net assets 5,015,000
Revenues 15,000
Choice C
Restricted net assets 5,015,000
Revenues 5,015,000
Choice D
Restricted net assets 5,005,000
Revenues 5,000
A. Choice A
B. Choice B
C. Choice C
D. Choice D
2. Under the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 117, how would the above affect the unrestricted net assets, temporarily restricted assets and permanently restricted net assets, respectively?
Choice A:
Unrestricted net assets (5,000,000)
Temporarily restricted assets 0
Permanently restricted net assets 5,015,000
Choice B:
Unrestricted net assets (5,000,000)
Temporarily restricted assets 5,015,000
Permanently restricted net assets 0
Choice C:
Unrestricted net assets (5,000,000)
Temporarily restricted assets 15,000
Permanently restricted net assets 5,000,000
Choice D:
Unrestricted net assets (5,000,000)
Temporarily restricted assets 5,000
Permanently restricted net assets 5,010,000
A. Choice A
B. Choice B
C. Choice C
D. Choice D
1. Under Accounting Standard Update No. 2016-14, the correct answer is Choice B: Restricted net assets would be P5,015,000, and revenues would be P15,000.
2. Under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 117, the correct answer is Choice B: Unrestricted net assets would be (P5,000,000), temporarily restricted assets would be P5,015,000, and permanently restricted net assets would be 0.
Under Accounting Standard Update No. 2016-14, contributions with donor restrictions are classified into temporarily restricted net assets and temporarily restricted revenues. In this case, the P5,000 contribution from donors who stipulated the money not to be spent until 2022 would be classified as temporarily restricted net assets. The P10,000 contribution from donors for the acquisition of equipment, none of which was acquired in 2020, would be classified as temporarily restricted revenues. Therefore, the correct answer is Choice B: Restricted net assets would be P5,015,000, and revenues would be P15,000. Under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 117, contributions are classified into three categories: unrestricted net assets, temporarily restricted assets, and permanently restricted net assets. In this case, the P5,000,000 trading securities acquired for income generation would be classified as unrestricted net assets. The P10,000 contribution for the acquisition of equipment, none of which was acquired in 2020, would be temporarily restricted assets. There is no mention of any contribution specifically for permanently restricted net assets. Therefore, the correct answer is Choice B: Unrestricted net assets would be (P5,000,000), temporarily restricted assets would be P5,015,000, and permanently restricted net assets would be 0.
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The management team of Community Care Medical Center is deciding whether to include more advanced, and substantially more costly, technologies. This is a nonprogrammed decision, because the underlying problem Multiple Choice is frequent, repetitive, and routine. is trivial is novel and unstructured is risk-free has a predetermined outcome
The management team at Community Care Medical Center made a non-programmed choice to adopt more expensive and advanced technology since the underlying issue is new and unstructured.
The management team of Community Care Medical Center is deciding whether to include more advanced, and substantially more costly, technologies. This is a nonprogrammed decision, because the underlying problem is novel and unstructured. A non-programmed decision is a decision that deals with unusual or uncommon situations, characterized by unpredictability, ambiguity, and uncertainty. Non-programmed decisions do not have pre-determined decision rules. These types of decisions are made by management when they are faced with a unique, poorly defined, and unstructured problem. This type of decision is often referred to as an exceptional decision.
Most of the time, non-programmed decisions are taken by senior managers because they require high-level judgment and analysis. In contrast, programmed decisions are repetitive, well-defined problems that are solved using standardized methods. The underlying problem is frequent, repetitive, and routine. Non-programmed decisions are also more complex and more critical to the organization because they have far-reaching implications for the organization's future.
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If the Hungarian Method is used, the minimum of number of lines used to cover all the zeros after subtracting first all row and then all possible columns are? 1 2 3 4 38 48 50 54 60 60 C 56 94 90 D 42
minimum number of lines used to cover all the zeros after subtracting first all row and then all possible columns is either two rows or three columns.
The Hungarian Method is a popular algorithm used to solve the assignment problem in mathematics. In order to apply this method to the given problem, we first need to subtract the smallest value in each row from all the elements in that row.Similarly, we need to subtract the smallest value in each column from all the elements in that column. After this step, we need to draw lines through all the zeros in the resulting matrix.
Now, the minimum number of lines required to cover all the zeros is equal to the number of rows or columns in the matrix that have no lines passing through them. This is also known as the minimum number of rows or columns that need to be selected in order to obtain an optimal solution.
In the given problem, we have the following matrix after subtracting the smallest value in each row and each column:
38 48 50 54 60
60 0 56 94 90
0 42
As we can see, there are only two rows and three columns that have zeros in them. Therefore, we need to select a minimum of two rows or three columns in order to cover all the zeros and obtain an optimal solution using the Hungarian Method.
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You notice that PepsiCo (PEP) has a stock price of $74.02 and EPS of $3.82. Its competitor, the Coca-Cola Company (KO), has EPS of $2.36. With only this data, what is your estimation of the value of a share of Coca-Cola stock? O $30.45 O $119.81 O $64.07 O $45.73 O $74.02
The estimation of the value of a share of coca-cola stock based on the given data is approximately $73.
to estimate the value of a share of coca-cola stock based on the given data, we can use the price-to-earnings (p/e) ratio. the p/e ratio is calculated by dividing the stock price by the earnings per share (eps).
for coca-cola (ko):
p/e ratio = stock price / eps = $74.02 / $2.36 ≈ 31.36
to estimate the value of a share of coca-cola stock, we can multiply the estimated p/e ratio by the eps:
estimated value of coca-cola stock = p/e ratio * eps = 31.36 * $2.36 ≈ $73.90 90.
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Using demand and supply models, illustrate and describe the shortage, and changes in price and quantity of beef production observed from March 2020 quarter to June 2021 quarter. (Note: actual prices and quantities are not required. Use p1 and q1 as initial price and quantities, respectively).
From the March 2020 quarter to the June 2021 quarter, there was a shortage of beef production, leading to changes in price and quantity. The shortage in beef production resulted in an increase in price and a decrease in quantity supplied.
During this period, the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the beef industry. The initial lockdown measures led to a decrease in consumer demand for beef as restaurants and other foodservice establishments closed or operated at reduced capacities.
On the supply side, disruptions in the beef production and distribution chain occurred due to labor shortages, temporary closures of meat processing plants, and transportation challenges. These supply-side issues led to a decrease in the quantity of beef supplied to the market, exacerbating the shortage.
This increase in price helped to ration the limited supply of beef, discouraging excessive consumption and encouraging consumers to seek alternatives.
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2) Organic traffic to the Stukent.com website needs to be optimized in order to drive more leads. Describe
(a) What tactics you might employ to improve your organic performance
(b) What keyword opportunities you think will drive the highest-intent traffic; and explain why.
To improve organic performance and drive more leads to the Stukent.com website, tactics such as keyword optimization, content marketing, on-page SEO, link building, and technical SEO can be employed. High-intent traffic can be driven by targeting keywords related to purchasing, reviews, comparisons, and specific use cases.
(a) To improve organic performance and drive more leads to the Stukent.com website, the following tactics can be employed:
1. Keyword Optimization: Conduct thorough keyword research to identify relevant and high-volume keywords related to the products or services offered by Stukent. Optimize website content, meta tags, headings, and URLs to incorporate these keywords effectively.
2. Content Marketing: Create high-quality and valuable content that aligns with the target audience's interests and addresses their pain points. Focus on creating informative blog posts, articles, guides, and videos that target specific keywords and provide solutions to users' queries.
3. On-Page SEO: Optimize website elements such as title tags, meta descriptions, headings, and image alt tags. Improve website loading speed, mobile responsiveness, and user experience to enhance search engine visibility and user engagement.
4. Link Building: Implement a strategic link-building strategy to acquire high-quality backlinks from reputable websites in the industry. This can be achieved through guest posting, influencer collaborations, partnerships, and content promotion.
5. Technical SEO: Conduct a thorough technical audit to ensure the website is properly crawled and indexed by search engines. Improve website structure, fix broken links, optimize XML sitemaps, and implement schema markup to enhance search engine visibility and user experience.
(b) The keyword opportunities that are likely to drive the highest-intent traffic are:
1. "Buy [product/service] online": These keywords indicate strong purchase intent as users are specifically looking to make a purchase. Optimizing content and product pages targeting these keywords can attract users who are ready to convert.
2. "[Product/service] reviews": Users searching for reviews demonstrate a high level of interest and consideration. Creating in-depth reviews or testimonial pages can attract users looking for unbiased information before making a decision.
3. "[Product/service] comparison": Keywords related to product or service comparisons indicate that users are in the evaluation stage. Creating comprehensive comparison guides or pages can help Stukent showcase the advantages of their offerings over competitors.
4. "Best [product/service] for [specific use case]": Users searching for the best product or service for a specific use case are likely to be highly motivated buyers. Optimizing content and landing pages targeting these keywords can attract users seeking tailored solutions.
These keyword opportunities drive high-intent traffic because they indicate users who are actively searching for information, reviews, or specific solutions. By targeting these keywords and providing valuable content, Stukent can attract users who are more likely to convert into leads or customers.
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For Tesla
B. Resource Needs
In order to effectively organize your business you need to insure the resources are available. Assess those needs here.
a) Human What skills are needed? How will human resources be acquired?
b) Financial What level of financial resources will be needed?
c) Physical What type, quantity and quality of physical resources will be required?
Tesla is an electric vehicle manufacturing company that needs various types of resources for its effective functioning. Here are the resource needs of Tesla: A) Human Resources: Tesla requires a highly skilled workforce to maintain its innovative and quality products.
Skills such as Electrical, Mechanical, Software, and Automotive Engineering are essential for the effective functioning of the company. The company also needs employees with a strong understanding of research and development (R&D), software development, and automation technology. The company acquires its human resources from universities and other automobile manufacturing companies. B) Financial Resources: Tesla needs a considerable amount of financial resources to sustain its operations. The company requires funds for its research and development (R&D) process, battery technology, production capacity, and marketing campaigns. The level of financial resources required by Tesla is very high as it is a capital-intensive industry.
C) Physical Resources: Physical resources required by Tesla include manufacturing plants, warehouses, production facilities, and service centers. Tesla needs a huge quantity of physical resources to ensure the production of innovative and quality products. The company has ensured that its physical resources are of high quality and quantity to maintain its reputation and brand image. The company has manufacturing plants in different countries worldwide, including the USA, China, and Europe. In conclusion, Tesla requires human, financial, and physical resources for its effective functioning, innovation, and quality product production.
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Which method of accounting for inventory should be used when similar products or services are mass produced?
Question 10 options:
Just-In-Time Inventory
Cost Volume Profit Analysis
Process Costing
Job Costing
When similar products or services are mass produced, the method of accounting for inventory that should be used is process costing.
Process costing is the most appropriate method of accounting for inventory when similar products or services are mass produced. Process costing is designed to track the costs incurred during a continuous production process where identical or similar products are produced in large quantities. It is commonly used in industries such as manufacturing, chemical processing, and food production.
In process costing, the production costs are allocated to each unit of output based on the average costs incurred during the production process. This method is suitable when the products or services being produced go through multiple stages or processes, and it is difficult to track the costs of individual units separately.
Unlike job costing, which is used for unique or customized products, process costing provides a more accurate representation of the average cost per unit in a mass production environment. It allows businesses to determine the cost of producing each unit and helps in pricing decisions, inventory valuation, and financial reporting.
Therefore, when similar products or services are mass produced, process costing is the preferred method of accounting for inventory.
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7. Which of the following is a fundamental quality of useful accounting information?13/16 A) Conservatism B) Comparability C) Faithful representation D) Consistency 8. A decrease in net assets arising
Among the s provided, c) faithful representation is the fundamental quality of useful accounting information.
the fundamental quality of useful accounting information among the s provided is c) faithful representation.
faithful representation is one of the key qualities of useful accounting information. it means that the information presented in the financial statements should accurately reflect the underlying transactions and events of the business. it requires that financial information is complete, neutral, and free from material error or bias.
comparability ( b) is also an important quality as it enables users of financial statements to identify and understand similarities and differences between different periods or entities. however, faithful representation focuses more on the accuracy and reliability of the information presented.
conservatism ( a) refers to the practice of recognizing potential losses or expenses earlier than potential gains. while conservatism is an accounting principle, it is not considered a fundamental quality of accounting information.
consistency ( d) is related to the use of the same accounting methods and principles over time, ensuring that financial information is presented in a consistent manner. while consistency is important for comparability, it is not considered a fundamental quality on its own.
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Tim Howard Gloves issued 6.00% bonds with a face amount of $40 million, together with 14 million shares of its $1 par common stock, for a combined cash amount of $76 million. The fair value of Howard's stock cannot be determined. The bonds would have sold for $34 million if issued separately. For this transaction, Howard should record paid-in capital-excess of par in the amount of: Multiple Choice $42 million J $28 million $24 million $22 million
For the transaction described, Tim Howard Gloves should record paid-in capital excess of par in the amount of $22 million.
To determine the paid-in capital excess of par, we need to calculate the value of the common stock issued. The total cash received from the combined issuance of bonds and common stock is $76 million.
The face amount of the bonds is $40 million, so the remaining cash received from the issuance is $76 million - $40 million = $36 million. This remaining cash represents the value of the common stock issued.
Since the fair value of the stock cannot be determined, we consider the value of the bonds issued separately, which is $34 million. Thus, the excess of cash received over the value of the bonds is $36 million - $34 million = $2 million.
Therefore, Tim Howard Gloves should record paid-in capital-excess of par in the amount of $2 million, which is equivalent to $22 million.
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Preparing Flexible Budgets (LO2 - CC12) ToasToe Inc. (TI) is a manufacturer of heating elements for toaster ovens. To improve control over operations, the president wants to install a flexible budgeting system, rather than the single master budget being used at present. The following data are available for expected costs for production. The relevant range of production levels for fixed overhead costs is 75,000 to 170,000 units: $6.50/unit Variable costs: Manufacturing Administrative Selling Fixed costs: $3.50/unit $1.50/unit Manufacturing Administrative $ 112,400 $ 85,000 Required: Prepare a flexible budget for each of the three possible sales levels: 94,000, 104,000, and 114,000 units. Each toaster oven is expected to sell for $13.60. TOASTTOE INC. Flexible Budget Activity (toasters) 104,000 114,000 Variable costs: Total variable costs 0 $ Fixed costs: Total fixed costs. 0 $ Total costs 0 $ Cost Formula (per toaster) $ 0.00 $ $ $ 94,000 0 Ś 0 $ 0 $ 0 0 0
Flexible budget is a budget plan that adjusts to varying levels of activity. In other words, a flexible budget is a type of budget plan that changes when the volume of output or revenue rises or falls. This form of budgeting is primarily used by firms that deal with fluctuating demand cycles, which means that it allows businesses to estimate how much money they'll need if production volume fluctuates in the future.
Here, the Flexible budget for 3 possible sales levels are given below:94,000 units:Sales $1,278,400 Variable Costs:Manufacturing: 94,000*$6.50 = $611,000 Administrative: 94,000*$1.50 = $141,000 Selling: 94,000*$3.50 = $329,000 Fixed Costs:Manufacturing: $112,400 Administrative: $85,000 Total Costs:Variable Costs + Fixed Costs= $611,000+$141,000+$329,000+$112,400+$85,000= $1,278,400104,000 units:Sales $1,414,400 Variable Costs:Manufacturing: 104,000*$6.50 = $676,000 Administrative: 104,000*$1.50 = $156,000 Selling: 104,000*$3.50 = $364,000 Fixed Costs:Manufacturing: $112,400 Administrative: $85,000 Total Costs:Variable Costs + Fixed Costs= $676,000+$156,000+$364,000+$112,400+$85,000= $1,393,400114,000 units:Sales $1,550,400 Variable Costs:Manufacturing: 114,000*$6.50 = $741,000 Administrative: 114,000*$1.50 = $171,000 Selling: 114,000*$3.50 = $399,000 Fixed Costs:Manufacturing: $112,400 Administrative: $85,000 Total Costs:Variable Costs + Fixed Costs= $741,000+$171,000+$399,000+$112,400+$85,000= $1,508,400 Therefore, TI would require the above estimated costs for producing 94,000, 104,000, and 114,000 units to sell the heating elements for toaster ovens.
The flexible budget is very useful when the company's cost structure is mainly made up of fixed costs and when there are likely to be shifts in demand or production volume, as in this example. TI would benefit from using a flexible budgeting system because of the fluctuations in its production volume, which would allow the company to respond to these changes in a more efficient and effective manner.
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