Mouth - break down food mechanically and chemically
Salivary Glands - produce saliva that contains enzymes which chemically break down food
Esophagus - move food from mouth to stomach through a process called peristalsis
Stomach - chemically break down food with stomach acid, mechanically break down food with the contracting of stomach muscles
Liver - creates bile that helps with digestion, stores, distributes and breaks down nutrients
Gallbladder - temporarily stores bile and squeezes it into the small intestine to break down fat droplets
Pancreas - produces pancreatic juice that contains digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
Small Intestine - absorbs nutrients from chyme
Large Intestine - absorbs water and dries out food, turning it into waste
Rectum - stores waste before it leaves the body
Anus - an opening where waste exits the body
Bacterial disease is caused by the multiplication of bacteria in a patient. How do pathogenic bacteria harm a patient?
Answer:
Host Susceptibility
Resistance to bacterial infections is enhanced by phagocytic cells and an intact immune system. Initial resistance is due to nonspecific mechanisms. Specific immunity develops over time. Susceptibility to some infections is higher in the very young and the very old and in immunosuppressed patients.
Bacterial Infectivity
Bacterial infectivity results from a disturbance in the balance between bacterial virulence and host resistance. The “objective” of bacteria is to multiply rather than to cause disease; it is in the best interest of the bacteria not to kill the host.
Host Resistance
Numerous physical and chemical attributes of the host protect against bacterial infection. These defenses include the antibacterial factors in secretions covering mucosal surfaces and rapid rate of replacement of skin and mucosal epithelial cells. Once the surface of the body is penetrated, bacteria encounter an environment virtually devoid of free iron needed for growth, which requires many of them to scavenge for this essential element. Bacteria invading tissues encounter phagocytic cells that recognize them as foreign, and through a complex signaling mechanism involving interleukins, eicosanoids, and complement, mediate an inflammatory response in which many lymphoid cells participate.
Genetic and Molecular Basis for Virulence
Bacterial virulence factors may be encoded on chromosomal, plasmid, transposon, or temperate bacteriophage DNA; virulence factor genes on transposons or temperate bacteriophage DNA may integrate into the bacterial chromosome.
Host-mediated Pathogenesis
In certain infections (e.g., tuberculosis), tissue damage results from the toxic mediators released by lymphoid cells rather than from bacterial toxins.
Intracellular Growth
Some bacteria (e.g., Rickettsia species) can grow only within eukaryotic cells, whereas others (e.g., Salmonella species) invade cells but do not require them for growth. Most pathogenic bacteria multiply in tissue fluids and not in host cells.
Virulence Factors
Virulence factors help bacteria to (1) invade the host, (2) cause disease, and (3) evade host defenses. The following are types of virulence factors:
Adherence Factors: Many pathogenic bacteria colonize mucosal sites by using pili (fimbriae) to adhere to cells.
Invasion Factors: Surface components that allow the bacterium to invade host cells can be encoded on plasmids, but more often are on the chromosome.
Capsules: Many bacteria are surrounded by capsules that protect them from opsonization and phagocytosis.
Endotoxins: The lipopolysaccharide endotoxins on Gram-negative bacteria cause fever, changes in blood pressure, inflammation, lethal shock, and many other toxic events.
Exotoxins: Exotoxins include several types of protein toxins and enzymes produced and/or secreted from pathogenic bacteria. Major categories include cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and enterotoxins.
Siderophores: Siderophores are iron-binding factors that allow some bacteria to compete with the host for iron, which is bound to hemoglobin, transferrin, and lactoferrin.
Explanation:
PLEASEEE HELPPPPP!!!!!!!
which aquatic ecosystem is the most commercially exploited for seafood and minerals.
Answer:
The coral reefs of the Caribbean are thought to be under threat
Explanation:
Overfishing threatens over 60 percent of Caribbean coral reefs. Declines in coral cover and increases in algal cover have been observed across the region. This analysis identified about one-third of Caribbean reefs at high threat from overfishing pressure and about 30 percent at medium threat.
What kind of features would you expect to find in a transitional
fossil between Ichthyostega and Eusthenopteron?
Answer:
hope that help you
Explanation:
Fossils or organisms that show the intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of its descendants are referred to as transitional forms. There are numerous examples of transitional forms in the fossil record, providing an abundance of evidence for change over time.
Discuss the roles of the enzymes secreted by the pancreas during digestion.
State the function of red blood cells.
Answer:
Red blood cells carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies. Then they make the return trip, taking carbon dioxide back to our lungs to be exhaled.
Explanation:
They transport oxygen
Explanation:
1)It carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies.
2)It attracts bacteria
Choose THREE examples that correctly predict the effect of a change on the ecosystem.
А
A decrease in the kangaroo rat population will cause a decrease in the coyote
population
B
A decrease in the desert tortoise population will cause a decrease in the
rattlesnake population
Wc
A decrease in the rattlesnake population will cause an increase in the kangaroo
Answer:
The answer is option A "A decrease in the kangaroo rat population will cause a decrease in the coyote population"
Explanation:
Climate is a significant ecological impact on environments. Changing Climate influences biological systems in an variety of ways. For example, warming may constrain species to relocate to higher scopes or higher rises where temperatures are more helpful for their endurance.
Environmental change not just influences biological systems and species straightforwardly, it likewise communicates with other human stressors, for example, advancement. Although a few stressors cause just minor effects when acting alone, their combined effect may prompt emotional natural changes. For example, environmental change may worsen the pressure that land improvement puts on delicate water front zones. Also, as of late logged forested zones may get defenseless against disintegration if environmental change prompts increments in substantial down pour storms.
In hummingbirds feather color is incompletely dominant. A rather large population of hummingbirds has 396 red-sided individuals (RR), 257 brown sided individuals (Re) and 557 tan-sided individuals orr). Calculate the following:_______.
a. What is the allele frequency of the Rallele (o)?
b. What is the allele frequency of the rallele (a)?
Migration season comes and 200 of the red-sided individuals leave the nosulation before mating occurs.
c. After migration season what is the new allele frequency of the Rallele (0)?
d. After migration season, what is the new allele frequency of the rallelelo?
e. Which mechanism of evolution (natural selection, genetic drift, or gene flow) caused the allele frequencies to change?
Answer:
a) Frequency of the R allele: [(396 x 2) + 257] / (396 x 2) + (257 x 2) + (557 x 2) = 1049 / 2420 = 0.433
b) Frequency of the r allele: [(557 x 2) + 257] / (396 x 2) + (257 x 2) + (557 x 2) = 1371 / 2420 = 0.567
c) Frequency of the R allele: [(196 x 2) + 257] / (196 x 2) + (257 x 2) + (557 x 2) = 649 / 2020 = 0.321
d) Frequency of the r allele: [(557 x 2) + 257] / (196 x 2) + (257 x 2) + (557 x 2) = 1371 / 2020 = 0.679
e) migration is gene flow
Explanation:
Gene flow (also referred to as gene migration) is the movement of genes that acts to change allele frequencies in local populations by transferring genetic material from one population to another. Gene flow may be caused either by the movement of organisms that reproduce in new populations (migration), or by the movement of gametes (for example, pollen dispersal in plants).
Which image shows both potential and kinetic energy?
NEED HELP ASAP
What are the Complementary DNA base pairs: GGGCCATATAG. What are the Complementary DNA base pairs: ATTGGCCTAGC
Answer:
CCCGGTATATC
TAACCGGATCG
Explanation:
G and C are complimentary; T and A are complimentary
Just swap each letter following that rule :)
in chemical reactions, bonds blank in reactants.
how do organelles interact in the production and use of hemoglobin found in theses cells
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Answer:B
Explanation:
Which of the following is a molecule?
A. Argon
B. Water
C. Nitrogen
D. Uranium
Answer:
Argon- a chemical element
Water- polar molecule
Nitrogen- chemical compound
Uranium- chemical element
Hope this helps! :)
Please give brainliest
:)
Explanation:
In conclusion B. water is a molecule
Which of the following is NOT a property of water?
O A) It is a good solvent.
OB) It is denser when frozen than when liquid.
OC) It resists temperature changes.
OD) it is cohesive.
O El It can be found as a solid. liquid. or gas.
Answer:
It is denser when frozen than when liquid.
Explanation:
Ice is actually less dense than water. The lattice arrangement of ice allows water molecules to be more spread out than in a liquid, making ice less dense than water.
Hope that helps.
Which layer affects the oceanic and continental plates here on Earth?
Answer:
lithosphere
Explanation:
Which level of organization is shown in the image? Cell. Tissue. Organ. Organ system. "Cobblestones" is not an option.
This is adipose tissue.-----tissue level
Where are many critical biodiversity hotspots located?
Answer:
Tropical forests are typically biodiversity hotspots and are usually filled with endemic species. The Upper Amazonia/Guyana Shield, the Congo Basin, and the New Guinea/Melanesian Islands have the highest number of endemic terrestrial (land-living) species on Earth
Explanation:
hope this helped:)
What created the solar system? *
The Big Bang
A dust cloud
O O O O
O Nebula
A shooting star
Answer: dust cloud
Explanation:
dust condensed after asteroid collisions at the kepler belt
Urinary Journey
Name:
For your journey through the urinary system you must be made small enough to be filtered through the filtration
membrane from the bloodstream Into the renal You will be injected into the subclavian vein and must
pass through the heart before entering the arterial circulation. As you travel through the systemic circulation you have
a least 2 minutes to relax before reaching the ___(2).__artery, feeding the kidney. You see the kidney looming
brownish red through the artery wall. Once inside, the blood vessels of the kidney become increasingly smaller until
finally you reach the _3_ arteriole, feeding into the filtering device, or ____.Once in the filter, you
maneuver yourself so that you are directly in front of a pore. Within a fraction of a second, you are swept across the
filtration membrane into the (5)_ part of the nephron. Drifting along, you lower the specimen cup to gather
your first filtrate sample for testing. You study the readout from the sample and note it is very similar in composition to
_66) with one exception. There are essentially no ____. Your next sample doesn't have to be taken
until you reach the "hairpin" or using proper terminology the_8__. As you continue your journey, you notice
that the tubule cells have dense fingerlike projections extending from there surface into the lumen of the tubule.
These are which increase the absorptive surface area because this part of the tubule is very active in the
process of __(10)_ . While in the "hairpin" you collect your second sample. The readout verifies that the
concentration of the filtrate is much ___(11) and there are few nutrients such as ____(12)__and
(13)__.There is a much higher concentration of _(14) wastes here and the color is yellow, indicating
the presence of the pigment_(15)_ Gradually, you make your way up from the "hairpin and enter into an area
where large molecules are being moved into the filtrate you know you have arrived in the (16) and are
witnessing the process of_(12)_ You continue along and realize that the water level has dropped and the
stream have become more turbulent. You remember the role of the hormone_(18)__and think it must have
been released to conserve water in the body. You take an abrupt right and then drop straight downward into a tube
that has other tubes and fluid entering into it. You realize you are in the_(19)_ headed for the rinor calyx. You
enter into a much calmer are and flow very tranquilly Into a tube on the opposite shore. Upon entrance into this tube
you realize you are being squeezed rhythmically downward and you know you are in the _(20) _ Suddenly you
free-fall and splash into a large sea of urine, you know you have arrived at the _(21)
_There appears to be a lot
of fluld as the celling is getting closer and closer to you and suddenly the walls begin to gyrate and in a moment you are
being propelled out and into your hosts__ _(22) to exit the body.
Answer:for your journey through the urinary system you must be made small enough to be filtered through the filtration
membrane from the bloodstream Into the renal You will be injected into the subclavian vein and must
pass through the heart before entering the arterial circulation. As you travel through the systemic circulation you have
Explanation:
The urinary system, sometimes referred to as the renal system, manages fluid and electrolyte balance as well as filters and eliminates waste items from the body.
How does the urinary system work?You must be reduced in size to pass through the filtration membrane and into the renal system on your voyage via the urinary system. The subclavian vein will be used as the injection site, and you must first pass through the heart to reach the arterial circulation. You have at least two minutes to unwind as you move through the systemic circulation before you arrive at the renal artery, which supplies the kidney.
Through the artery wall, you can make out the towering, brownish-red kidney. Once within, the kidney's blood arteries get progressively smaller until you reach the afferent arteriole, which feeds into the glomerulus, the filtering organ. Once inside the filter, you position yourself such that you are facing a pore directly. You are quickly carried across the filtration membrane and into the Bowman's capsule region of the nephron. You lower the specimen cup as you proceed to collect your first test sample of filtrate.
You examine the reading from the sample and discover that, with one exception, its chemical makeup is very identical to that of blood. Practically no blood cells exist. You can wait to take your next sample until you get to the Henle loop, or the "hairpin" in correct language. You observe the tubule cells as you proceed along your path because they have numerous thick fingerlike projections that protrude into the tubule lumen from their surface.
This portion of the tubule is relatively small, therefore these microvilli improve the absorptive surface area. You gather your second sample while in the "hairpin". The readout confirms that the filtrate's content is significantly lower and that few nutrients, including glucose and amino acids, are present.
Here, metabolic wastes are substantially more concentrated, and the area is yellow, which denotes the presence of the urochrome pigment. You know you have arrived in the distal convoluted tubule and are seeing the process of secretion when you gradually work your way up from the 'hairpin' and enter into an area where big molecules are being transported into the filtrate.
As you proceed, you notice that the streams are now more agitated and the water level has plummeted. You recall the function of the hormone ADH and assume that the body must have secreted it to save water. You make a sharp right and then plunge straight down into a tube that is being filled with fluid and other tubes. You become aware that you are moving towards the minor calyx in the collecting duct.
You move very calmly into a tube on the other coast after entering a much calmer area. You become aware that you are experiencing a rhythmic downward squeeze as soon as you enter this tube, indicating that you are in the ureter. You know you have arrived to the urinary bladder when you suddenly drop and splash into a sizable sea of urine. As you can see, there is a lot of fluid as the ceiling gets closer to you and the walls start to pull. Suddenly, you are propelled out of the body and into your host's urethra to leave the body.
Therefore, the urinary system, sometimes referred to as the renal system, manages fluid and electrolyte balance as well as filters and eliminates waste items from the body.
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Monomers linked together to form a polymer could be described as beads in a multicolored necklace. Which statement about monomers is true with respect to the above analogy?
A. Monomers in a polymer could be linked in various ways.
B. Monomers in a polymer are of different types.
C. Monomers in a polymer look different but are structurally similar.
identify the type of mutation shown in the diagram, with respect to chromosome 20
why is energy flow through an ecosystem dependent upon continual energy transformations?
Answer:
Organisms must gather energy to survive.
Explanation:
Answer:
food
Explanation:
If you are building a dichotomous key and you have 10 species to identify, how many couplets should your key have?
A) 04
B) 05
C) O9
D) 10
Answer:
10
Explanation:
easch couplet presents the user with 2 alternatives and exclusive sets of character's.
10 couplets should your key have. If you are building a dichotomous key, and you have 10 species to identify. Hence, option D is correct.
What is dichotomous key?A dichotomous key, a crucial piece of scientific gear, is used to discriminate between diverse species according to their visible traits. Users must choose one of two possibilities to answer a series of questions that make up dichotomous keys.
A dichotomous key in the identification of trees, for instance, would ask whether the tree has leaves or needles. The key then leads the user down one set of questions if the tree has leaves; if the tree has needles, a different set of questions is shown.
The three most prevalent types of dichotomous keys are nested, connected, and branched. Each sentence has the appropriate response written next to it in nested type.
Thus, option D is correct.
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food is important for growing amd repairing in the body. ny which process is food broken down into nutrient molecules
Answer:
Digestion proper, which is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into particles/molecules small enough to pass into the blood. Absorption is the passage of food monomers into the blood stream. Assimilation is the passage of the food molecules into body cells.
dy÷dx=(x-1)(x+3) at x=2
Answer:
[tex]\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{4}{25}[/tex]
Explanation:
The given expression is :
[tex]y=\dfrac{(x-1)}{(x+3)}[/tex]
We need to find dy/dx at x = 2
[tex]\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{d}{dx}(\dfrac{x-1}{x+3})\\\\=\dfrac{(x+3)\dfrac{d}{dx}(x-1)-(x-1)\dfrac{d}{dx}(x+3)}{(x+3)^2}\\\\=\dfrac{x+3-(x-1)}{(x+3)^2}\\\\=\dfrac{x+3-x+1}{(x+3)^2}\\\\\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{4}{(x+3)^2}[/tex]
Put x = 2 in above expression
[tex]\dfrac{dy}{dx}|x=2=\dfrac{4}{(2+3)^2}\\\\=\dfrac{4}{25}[/tex]
Hence, the value at dy/dx is [tex]\dfrac{4}{25}[/tex]
The smallest unit of life is a ,and all organisms have at least one.
Answer: A cell
Explanation:
Answer:
Cell
Explanation:
It just is. :/
plz help for brainlyist
Answer:
1,3
2, organs
3, i do not know
4, i do not know
What are the Complementary DNA base pairs: ATTGGCCTAGC *
Answer:
taaccggatcg
Explanation:
What would happen to a cell if its cytoplasm contains 97% water and 3% solute and it is placed into a container that has a solution of 92% water and 8% solute?
A cell if its cytoplasm contains 97% water and 3% solute and it is placed into a container that has a solution of 92% water and 8% solute - cell will lose water and shrink.
A hypertonic solution, the solution has a lower water concentration than the cell cytosol, and water moves out of the cell until both solutions are isotonic
if you place a cell in a hypertonic solution, the cell shrinksit loses water as due to osmosis water moves from a higher concentration inside the cell to a lower concentration outsideThe water will move out of the cell to try to equalize.Thus, A cell if its cytoplasm contains 97% water and 3% solute and it is placed into a container that has a solution of 92% water and 8% solute - cell will lose water and shrink.
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What best describes enzymes?
What are the properties of water that you can observe when transpiration takes place?
Answer:
When water evaporates through the leaves, a pull is created through the xylem, and water moves back to the leaves. This is known as the transpiration pull.