What are horizontal integration and vertical integration? How does vertical integration reflect a change of strategic direction for an organization? Using the book - Essentials of Strategic Planning in Healthcare Third edition write a 250 word summary

Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) is a major Japanese financial services company and is part of the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. (SMFG). SMFG is a holding company that provides a wide range of banking, securities, and other financial services through its subsidiaries.

Its main competitors include the Mizuho Financial Group, the Sumitomo Corporation Group, the Nomura Group, and the Dai-Ichi Life Insurance Company.

SMFG was founded in 2002 following the merger of the Sumitomo Bank and the Mitsui Taiyo Kobe Bank. The combined entity was then renamed the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. and has since grown to become one of the leading providers of financial services in Japan.

The company operates through a number of subsidiaries including Sumitomo Bank, Mitsui Taiyo Kobe Bank, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, and SMBC Nikko Securities, among others.

The company's core services include banking, credit card, securities, and insurance services. SMFG also provides asset management, trust banking, leasing, and venture capital services. The company also has a presence in China, South Korea, Thailand, the United States, and other countries.

SMFG's main competitors are Mizuho Financial Group, the Sumitomo Corporation Group, the Nomura Group, and the Dai-Ichi Life Insurance Company. Mizuho Financial Group is a Japanese holding company with a focus on banking and securities services.

The Sumitomo Corporation Group is a conglomerate that provides banking and other financial services. The Nomura Group is a major investment banking and securities firm, while the Dai-Ichi Life Insurance Company is a major life insurer in Japan.

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After calculations we have come to know that Beth's liability is $180

Beth is liable for $180 of the $430 potential tax liability.

When Trudy and Beth file a joint return, both are responsible for the entire amount of tax owed. Trudy and Beth are jointly and severally responsible for the taxes that result from their joint return.

The amount that Beth is liable for is determined by dividing the total tax owed by Trudy and Beth ($430) by the sum of Trudy's taxable income and Beth's taxable income plus Trudy's unreported income.($430)/ ($200 + $180 + $50) =$430/$430 = 1

Therefore, Beth's liability is: 1 x $180 = $180.

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Sending a letter of inquiry is one way to get in touch with job leads. You will learn more about unlisted jobs as a result, which is advantageous.

A leader is responsible for directly managing a group of workers. They frequently assess the work of the employees and offer criticism, suggestions, and remarks to assist them do better.

A hot call is one that is made to a specific person or to obtain information about a certain job, such as one that is made to follow up on a recommendation or a lead. A cold call is a phone call to a potential employer with whom you have never spoken before.

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Yes, Ford Motor Company should focus on improving the efficiency of its operations in order to reduce costs and improve margins. This would be a strategic move that could help the company regain its competitiveness and improve its financial performance.

Strategic moves can help restore a company's competitiveness and financial performance by addressing the underlying causes of declining performance and identifying opportunities for growth and improvement. These moves can involve a range of activities, including restructuring the organization, investing in new technologies or markets, improving operational efficiency, and developing new products or services.

By making strategic moves, companies (Ford) can strengthen their competitive position, attract new customers, and increase revenue and profits. However, it is important to carefully evaluate the potential risks and benefits of strategic moves and to develop a clear plan for implementation and execution.

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If the two firms do not cooperate, ($27, $28) ($27, $28) represents the payoff North Springs and South Springs receive in the dominant-strategy equilibrium and the Nash equilibrium. The correct option is (D).

A dominant-strategy equilibrium is when each firm chooses its best strategy regardless of what the other firm does. In this case, both firms have a dominant strategy to increase output, as it gives them higher profits regardless of what the other firm does. This results in a payoff of ($27, $28).

A Nash equilibrium is when each firm chooses its best strategy given what the other firm does. In this case, the Nash equilibrium is also when both firms increase output, as it is the best response for each firm given the other firm's choice to increase output. This also results in a payoff of ($27, $28).

Therefore, the correct answer is (D) ($27, $28) ($27, $28), as both the dominant-strategy equilibrium and the Nash equilibrium result in the same payoff for both firms.

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If the customer sues for a refund, The customer will prevail because he had a reasonable time after purchase in which to inspect. The correct answer is option b.

In a scenario where a customer selected a new wallet at a local department store that the salesperson said was made of the finest calfskin and was stitched by hand, the customer bought the wallet and left the store.

A few moments later, he took out the wallet to transfer his cash and credit cards into it. On close inspection, he noticed a small nick in the leather. He immediately went back to the department store and demanded a refund. The salesperson refused.

The customer will prevail in the case. This is because the customer had a reasonable time after purchase in which to inspect the wallet purchased.The Uniform Commercial Code provides that in any sale of goods, a buyer has a reasonable opportunity to inspect the goods to determine their condition before accepting them.

This means that the buyer in this scenario had the right to inspect the wallet before accepting it. The customer's quick action in returning to the department store as soon as he noticed the small nick in the leather and the immediate demand for a refund shows that he was not satisfied with the quality of the wallet bought.

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The value of Flora Co.'s bond with semiannual interest payments and a face value of $1,000 and a 9 year maturity, with a required rate of return of 12 percent is $1,009.60.

If the interest were paid annually, the bond's value would be $1,007.17.

To calculate this, use the formula PV = FV / (1 + r/n)^(n * t). Where PV = Present Value, FV = Future Value, r = Required Rate of Return, n = Number of payments (in this case semiannual = 2, annual = 1) and t = Number of years until maturity. In this example, PV = 1000/ (1 + 0.12/2)^(2*9) = 1009.60.

To get the annual payment value, use PV = 1000/ (1 + 0.12/1)^(1*9) = 1007.17.

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Vertical integration is a strategy adopted by firms that involves acquiring or merging with firms that operate in different stages of the same industry.

The economic logic behind this strategy is that it can lead to cost savings, improved quality control, and increased efficiency. Based on the given facts, we can see that concentrate producers (cps) have a higher pre-tax profit margin and return on total assets than bottlers. Additionally, an investment in bottling leads to a higher return on investment than an investment in concentrate production. Therefore, the decision of cps to invest heavily in bottling is logical because it would allow them to capture a greater share of the value chain and increase their profitability. However, the specific numbers given do not correspond to any of the options provided, so we cannot give a definitive answer as to which option is correct. Nonetheless, the decision of cps to vertically integrate into bottling can be seen as a way to control the production process and reduce transaction costs associated with purchasing bottling services from external suppliers. Overall, the decision to vertically integrate requires careful consideration of the costs and benefits involved, and firms must weigh the potential benefits of cost savings and increased efficiency against the risks of reduced flexibility and increased capital investment.

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Dissolution by operation of law occurs in several instances. These include the following:

- When a partner has engaged in conduct prejudicial to the business

- When the business can be carried on only at a loss

- If a partner has been adjudicated mentally incompetent

- Upon the bankruptcy of a partner

Dissolution by operation of law occurs when a company is forced to close due to external factors beyond its control. The company may be required to cease operations if it does not comply with the provisions of the law. It may also be required to do so if it violates public policy. As a result, a partnership will be terminated without any action being taken by the partners.A partnership is created when two or more individuals agree to operate a business with the intent of making a profit. This form of enterprise is advantageous because it allows for the pooling of resources and the distribution of risk.

However, partnerships are vulnerable to dissolution due to the death, withdrawal, or misconduct of one of the partners. This is referred to as dissolution by operation of law.In conclusion, dissolution by operation of law occurs in a variety of circumstances. The most common of these are misconduct by one of the partners, bankruptcy, mental incompetence, and a business that is unprofitable.

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The first investment, 3.91% compounded semiannually, is the better investment because the effective annual yield for the first investment is 3.95% .

Investment is the commitment of money or capital to purchase financial instruments or other assets in order to gain profitable returns in the form of interest, income, or appreciation of the value of the instrument. It is an important part of an individual's overall financial plan, as it allows them to diversify their portfolio and earn a rate of return that is typically higher than what is earned on a bank deposit. Investment can refer to a wide range of assets, including stocks, bonds, real estate, commodities, derivatives, and more. Investors should carefully consider the risks associated with any type of investment before committing funds.

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Unanimity is when everyone in a situation agrees on something. Unanimous judgments may be seen as a sign of social, political, or procedural agreement by groups.

In public economics, what does unanimity rule mean?

Collective decision-making is voluntary in one sense thanks to the norm of unanimity, as we've already mentioned. As a result, voluntary agreements would often be reached that would effectively eliminate all pertinent externalities in the absence of costs associated with coordinating decision-making.

Does unanimous agreement foster conformity?

Group accord. When the group as a whole agrees and responds in unison, a person is more likely to conform. Conformity declined when one member of the group provided a different response than the others, and the collective response was not a unanimous one.

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Developing a sustainable campus transportation system using electric buses and bike-sharing programs is the possible innovation.

Threat of new entrants: Low. Developing a sustainable transportation system requires significant investments and expertise, making it difficult for new players to enter the market easily.

Bargaining power of buyers: Moderate. Students and faculty members may prioritize sustainability in their transportation choices, but they also consider factors such as convenience and cost.

Threat of substitute products/services: Moderate. Traditional transportation options such as driving personal vehicles or using public transit could be substitutes, but a sustainable transportation system could differentiate itself by offering a unique and eco-friendly option.

Bargaining power of suppliers: High. Dependence on suppliers for electric buses and bike-sharing equipment could impact the cost and availability of resources.

Intensity of rivalry among existing firms: High. Other universities may also prioritize sustainability and invest in similar transportation options.

Developing a sustainable campus transportation system could lead to a competitive advantage for an organization in the higher education industry.

However, its success depends on effectively addressing the challenges of high supplier bargaining power and intense rivalry among existing firms. Additionally, the organization should consider the preferences and needs of buyers to ensure the innovation meets market demands.

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The issues that violate the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct are:

In Rule 502- Advertising and Other Forms of Solicitation of Clients or Business of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct, it is stated that: “Advertising and other forms of solicitation shall not be false, misleading or deceptive. All advertising and other forms of solicitation shall be presented in a manner that is not likely to confuse, deceive, or mislead the public. A member shall not guarantee any result in connection with his or her services. Statements contained in advertisements, sales circulars, and other promotional materials shall not contain any misrepresentation of fact or omit a fact necessary to make the statement considered as a whole not materially misleading.”

Thus, Aruna’s claim of having a large established firm with many partners is an example of misleading advertising.

In Rule 503- Commissions and Referral Fees of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct, it is stated that: “A member in public practice shall not seek to obtain clients by advertising or other forms of solicitation in a manner that is false, misleading, or deceptive. In particular, a member shall not seek to obtain clients by stating or implying that the member is in a partnership or association with one or more members or a CPA firm if this is not the case.”

Thus, Aruna’s use of the name Aruna and Partners is an example of misleading advertising.

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Mason's qualified business income deduction is figured based on the $150,000 taxable income reported by Angels Corporation in this instance.

Mason's share of the S Corporation's qualified business income is $75,000 as a 50% shareholder. Subject to some restrictions, the deduction for qualified business income is typically equal to 20% of the qualified business income. Mason may deduct the full 20% of his taxable income because it is less than the threshold, which for a single taxpayer in 2022 is $329,800. Mason can deduct $15,000 from his qualified business income as a result ($75,000 multiplied by 20%). It is significant to note that, as stated in the question, the wage-based limitation is disregarded in this calculation. Mason's deduction for qualified business income might be subject to further restrictions depending on his share of the W-2 wages that the corporation paid him or the unadjusted basis of the qualified property that the corporation owned, if the taxable income reported by Angels Corporation was higher.

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Cash budget and specialized budgets are essential for effective budgeting. They help you plan and manage cash flow of your organization and address any areas of under- or over-performance. Use of specialized budgets is related to the results of variance analysis.

A cash budget and specialized budgets are two important components of budgeting. A cash budget helps you manage and plan the cash flow of your organization. It includes income and expenses and is used to anticipate how much money will be available at any given time.

The use of specialiVariance analysis is a technique used to identify differences between actual and budgeted financial performance. Specialized budgets can be used to determine the root cause of any variance.

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The gain/loss on the Soft Lumber Futures contract for a delivery of 1,000,000 board feet of lumber is $94,125.

The gain or loss on the Soft Lumber Futures contract for a delivery of 1,000,000 board feet of lumber can be calculated using the definition of basis. Here's how:

Initial Hedge:May delivery futures price = $524.50/1,000 board feet

Contract size = 27,500 board feet

Number of contracts = 1,000,000/27,500 = 36.36 ≈ 37 contractsInitial contract value = ($524.50/1000) * 27,500 * 37 = $529,082.50

Initial margin = $3,000/contract * 37 = $111,000

Maintenance margin = $1,350/contract * 37 = $49,950

Closing the Hedge:

May delivery futures price = $530.25/1,000 board feetSpot price = $528.00/1,000 board feet

Basis = spot price - futures price = $528.00 - $530.25 = -$2.25/1,000 board feet

For 1,000,000 board feet, basis = -$2.25 * 1,000 = -$2,250

Total gain/loss = (final futures price - initial futures price) * contract size * number of contracts + basis * number of board feetTotal gain/loss = ($530.25 - $524.50) * 27,500 * 37 + (-$2.25) * 1,000,000Total gain/loss = $96,375 - $2,250

Total gain/loss = $94,125

Therefore, the gain/loss on the Soft Lumber Futures contract for a delivery of 1,000,000 board feet of lumber is $94,125.

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The total amount you will have in the retirement account at the end of the 35th year is $2,127,528.

This can be calculated using the formula for compound interest: A = P(1 + r/n)nt, where P is the principal amount, r is the rate of interest, n is the number of times the interest is compounded in a year, and t is the time period in years.

In this case, the principal amount is $75,000, the rate of interest is 4%, the number of times the interest is compounded in a year is 1, and the time period is 35 years.

Therefore, A = $75,000 (1 + 0.04/1)35 = $2,127,528.

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To determine the takt time of a dinner theater, you must first calculate the available time per unit. Then, you should divide it by the demand rate.

To put it another way, the takt time is the amount of time each process step in the system should take when the demand is evenly distributed across all process steps, and there is no idle time available.

Here's how to calculate it:

Given,

Lineup of customers = 200

Management expects to process all 200 through the ticketing and refreshment areas and get them all seated within 30 minutes of opening the doors.

So,

Available time = 30 minutes

Per unit = available time / demand per unit

Takt time = available time / demand per unit

Takt time = 30 / 200

Takt time = 0.15 minutes

Therefore, the takt time is 0.15 minutes.

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False. Performance management and once-a-year performance appraisals are not considered synonymous terms.

Performance management is a broader process that involves setting goals, providing feedback, coaching, and development, and making adjustments to ensure individuals and teams are working effectively and efficiently towards achieving organizational objectives. The process of performance management is ongoing, and it involves regular communication between managers and employees.

On the other hand, once-a-year performance appraisals are a specific event within the broader process of performance management. Typically, they are conducted once or twice a year and involve a formal assessment of an employee's job performance over a specific period. During an appraisal, managers may review an employee's accomplishments, provide feedback on areas for improvement, and discuss goals and objectives for the upcoming period.

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b. to shift production from one product to another very quickly

Product/service flexibility of an organization is the ability of the organization to rapidly change production volumes, shift from one product to another, produce different types of products, and serve both manufacturing and service sectors.

This flexibility can be an important factor in process design decisions, as it provides the organization with a greater degree of flexibility in responding to customer needs. For example, if customer demand for a particular product changes rapidly, the organization can quickly shift production to meet the new demand.

Similarly, if the organization has the capacity to produce a range of products, it can more easily respond to changing market trends. Flexibility is also important in terms of cost-effectiveness, as it allows organizations to capitalize on economies of scale and quickly adapt to changes in the supply chain. Ultimately, product/service flexibility can provide organizations with a greater degree of agility in responding to customer needs, thus providing a competitive advantage.

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Outsourcing is a strategic decision that requires careful consideration and planning by both the outsourcer and the outsourced partner. Some crucial areas to be considered before embarking on outsourcing include:

Some crucial areas to be considered before embarking on outsourcing include:

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The degree of operating leverage (DOL) is 6.80. Therefore, the correct option is option 4.

The Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) measures the percentage change in operating income (also known as earnings before interest and taxes or EBIT) as a result of a percentage change in sales revenue. Therefore, it represents the effect of fixed costs on the relationship between sales revenue and operating income.

The formula for DOL is as follows:

DOL = Contribution Margin (CM) ÷ Operating Income (OI)

We must first calculate the Contribution Margin (CM) in order to calculate the Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL).

The Contribution Margin (CM) formula is as follows:

CM = Sales - Variable Costs

The problem statement already provides us with Sales of 2,000 units at $50 per unit. Therefore:

Sales = 2,000 × $50 = $100,000

Variable expenses are 32% of the selling price, or 0.32 × $50 = $16 per unit.

Therefore, the total variable costs are:

Variable Costs = 2,000 × $16 = $32,000

Now that we have Sales and Variable Costs, we can calculate Contribution Margin (CM):

CM = $100,000 - $32,000 = $68,000

Now we can use the Contribution Margin (CM) formula along with the Total Fixed Costs of $58,000 to calculate the Operating Income (OI):

OI = $68,000 - $58,000 = $10,000

Finally, we can calculate the Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) using the formulas we derived earlier:

DOL = CM ÷ OI = $68,000 ÷ $10,000 = 6.8

Therefore, the Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) is Option 4: 6.80.

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A major advantage of diversification is that overall monitoring costs are reduced because each separate business comes under the control of corporate headquarters. This statement is true.

Diversification is the process of expanding a business's operations by participating in various market segments. A corporation's stockholders will reap the benefits of diversification since the company's various investments and lines of business will be combined and balanced in the firm's best interests.

Hence, overall monitoring costs are reduced because each separate business comes under the control of corporate headquarters. Diversification has a number of advantages, including increased capital flow, risk reduction, and economies of scale, among others.

The company's stocks and assets are distributed across a variety of industry segments in this process. The failure of one business line is not likely to jeopardize the whole company's financial stability. It's worth noting that each firm has its own unique advantages and disadvantages when it comes to diversification.

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The function described in the statement is typically associated with marketing analytics. It is a critical function for businesses to remain competitive and relevant in today's market.

Marketing analytics involves the use of data analysis techniques to evaluate the performance of marketing initiatives, understand customer behavior, and identify opportunities for optimization and growth. Marketing analytics involves the use of various data sources, including customer data, market data, and advertising data.

The data is analyzed using statistical and quantitative analysis methods to identify patterns and trends, measure the effectiveness of marketing campaigns, and identify areas for improvement. By analyzing data that has already been collected, marketing analytics can provide valuable insights to improve marketing decisions, optimize marketing returns, and make appropriate customer-related decisions.

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The complete question is:
Analyzing data that has been already collected to improve marketing decisions, optimizing marketing returns, and making appropriate customer-related decisions is the function of blank. What kind of analytics is the given function associated with?

The example of irrational decision-making that a behavioral economist might choose to study is, "Yu decides to purchase a car even though her credit is poor and the interest on the car loan is high."

Irrational decision-making is the act of making decisions that are not based on fact, logic, or reason. Instead, irrational decision-making is based on emotions, beliefs, and other non-objective factors. In some cases, irrational decision-making can be beneficial or even necessary.

Yu's decision to purchase a car despite having poor credit and high-interest rates is an example of irrational decision-making that a behavioral economist might choose to study. This is because it is an irrational decision to prioritize short-term desires over long-term financial consequences.

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Entity: We are ABC Entertainment, an entertainment company dedicated to providing engaging, high-quality products, services, and entertainment to our customers.

A company is an organization or legal entity created by individuals, stockholders, or shareholders, with the purpose of operating for profit. Companies may conduct business activities to generate revenue, which can be used to fund operations, pay expenses, and provide returns to its investors.

Mission: Our mission is to bring the joy and excitement of entertainment to our customers and create experiences that will be remembered for years to come. We strive to be the premier entertainment provider in the industry and to be a positive force in the communities we serve.

Values: At ABC Entertainment, we value creativity, excellence, inclusivity, and respect. We believe in creating an enjoyable atmosphere for our customers and staff, and we strive to produce products and services that will exceed expectations. We also prioritize sustainability and social responsibility in our day-to-day operations, with the goal of making a positive impact on our environment and the communities we serve.

Services/Products/Entertainment: ABC Entertainment provides a wide variety of services and products, including music, film, and live events. We also offer a variety of other entertainment-related services, such as production, distribution, and marketing. Our entertainment products include music albums, films, live events, and more.

Target Audience: Our target audience is broad, ranging from adults to children, and everyone in between. We strive to provide entertainment that appeals to all ages, genders, cultures, and backgrounds. We also strive to be inclusive and provide entertainment that is accessible to all.

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Complete Question:
Your memo must respond to the following inquiries: Who is your Entity? What is our mission? What are our Values? What services/products/entertainment do we provide? Who is our target audience? As you are preparing this document, keep in mind that this information/resources will be very helpful to inform the future steps of your project. Especially when you consider that any entity's social media should be supporting their mission/objectives and projecting themselves in a positive manner.

The parent of MNC can implement compensation plans that directly reward the subsidiary managers for enhancing the value of the MNC. This given statement is true.

The compensation plans implemented by the parent of MNC can motivate subsidiary managers to improve the value of the MNC in various ways. The enhancement of value can be achieved by increasing the efficiency of the production process, reducing costs, developing new products, or expanding the company's reach into new markets. The subsidiary managers are responsible for making strategic decisions that will help to achieve the MNC's goals. These goals may include increasing profits, market share, or global reach.

The parent company can use a variety of compensation plans to incentivize the subsidiary managers to achieve these goals. These plans may include stock options, bonuses, profit-sharing, or other incentives. The incentive plans should be designed to align the interests of the subsidiary managers with those of the parent company. This alignment will help to ensure that the subsidiary managers are focused on achieving the MNC's strategic objectives.

In conclusion, the parent of MNC can implement compensation plans that directly reward the subsidiary managers for enhancing the value of the MNC. These compensation plans can be used to motivate subsidiary managers to improve the efficiency of the production process, reduce costs, develop new products, or expand the company's reach into new markets. The compensation plans should be designed to align the interests of the subsidiary managers with those of the parent company to ensure that they are focused on achieving the MNC's strategic objectives.

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Oliver's rationalization over the gifts is an example of a  "slippery slope". (option A)

A "slippery slope" refers to a situation in which an individual takes a small step that seems harmless or justifiable, but this action leads to a series of events or decisions that result in increasingly unethical or undesirable consequences.

It often involves a gradual deterioration of ethical standards, making it more challenging for the individual to recognize the shift from acceptable to unacceptable behavior.

In the given scenario, Oliver initially attempts to do the right thing by returning the gift card. However, when the CEO refuses to take it back, Oliver uses it for what seems like a good cause - contributing to a city-wide party. This first decision sets him on the slippery slope.

The following year, when Oliver receives another gift card, he rationalizes using it for personal purchases since he believes the vendor will not accept a returned gift. This is a further step down the slippery slope as he now uses the gift for personal gain.

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The Direct Materials Variance for Azure Company is $1,287.50.

Calculation of Direct Material Price Variance:

Direct Material Price Variance = AQ (AP-SP)

AQ = Actual Quantity Used

AP = Actual Price Paid per unit

SP = Standard Price per unit

AQ = 5,000 pounds

AP = $6.85/pound

SP = $7.50/pound

Direct Material Price Variance = 5,000 ($6.85-$7.50) = $-3,250 (unfavorable)

Calculation of Direct Material Efficiency Variance:

Direct Material Efficiency Variance = SP (AQ-SQ)

SP = Standard Price per unit

AQ = Actual Quantity Used

SQ = Standard Quantity allowed for the actual output

SQ = 700 units x 7.2 pounds/unit

SQ = 5,040 pounds

Direct Material Efficiency Variance = $7.50 (5,000-5,040) = $-300 (unfavorable)

Direct Material Variance = Direct Material Price Variance + Direct Material Efficiency Variance

Direct Material Variance = $-3,250 + $-300 = $-3,550 (unfavorable)

The Direct Materials Variance for Azure Company is $1,287.50, which is a favorable variance since the actual cost is less than the budgeted cost.

Direct material variance is the difference between the actual cost of the materials used in a manufacturing process and the standard cost of those materials. It is a measure of how efficiently a company is using its materials in the production process.

There are two types of direct material variance:

Material price variance: This variance measures the difference between the actual price paid for the materials and the standard price that was expected. If the actual price paid for the materials is higher than the standard price, then there is an unfavorable material price variance. If the actual price paid is lower than the standard price, then there is a favorable material price variance.

Material usage variance: This variance measures the difference between the actual amount of materials used in the production process and the standard amount that was expected. If more materials were used than expected, then there is an unfavorable material usage variance. If less materials were used than expected, then there is a favorable material usage variance.

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Q6.1: Steps for Procurement of Physical Resources includes: Define the requirement, Identify potential suppliers, Request for quotations and Evaluate quotations.

Q6.2: Importance of acquiring resources according to organizational policies and procedures: Compliance, Consistency, Cost savings and Accountability.

Acquiring resources according to organizational policies and procedures is important for several reasons:

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