Public goods are non-rivalrous and non-excludable, which means that the consumption of public goods by one person does not prevent another person from consuming the same good, and it is difficult to exclude anyone from using the public goods.
This characteristic of public goods poses a significant challenge to their provision and financing because markets are unlikely to provide public goods at socially optimal levels. This leads to market failure.Public goods are under-provided and under-produced in the market economy due to a free-rider problem. Since public goods are available to everyone in society, some people can choose not to pay for them and still benefit from their provision. This phenomenon is known as free riding and creates an incentive problem for individuals to underpay or not pay for the public good. As a result, the demand for public goods is less than the social optimal demand, and the private market does not produce enough of the public good.The market failure resulting from public goods can be addressed in several ways. One way to address this problem is through government intervention. The government can finance public goods using tax revenue, and also provide regulations to make people pay for public goods. In this way, the government can guarantee the provision of public goods to society.Another way to address market failure is to create artificial scarcity or exclusion from the public good. This method involves creating some barriers or exclusion mechanisms to limit the availability of the public good. This approach can be achieved through patenting or licensing of public goods. This method makes it possible to exclude free-riders, and it gives people incentives to pay for the public good in exchange for access.In conclusion, public goods lead to market failure due to their characteristics of non-rivalry and non-excludability. The market failure can be addressed through government intervention and creating artificial scarcity or exclusion from the public good.
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Ferry's Furries sells stuffed animals in two sizes, The 12" size has a $6 contribution margin and the 24" size has a $15 contribution margin. The 12" size requires 2 machine hours to produce and the 24" size requires 3 machine hours to produce. Required: Determine if Ferry's Furries should manufacture 12" or 24" size first (provide numerical support and include at least two issues the company should consider before making the decision that is not numerical.)
The contribution margin per unit of the 12" size = $6Contribution margin per unit of the 24" size = $15Let's calculate the contribution margin per machine hour for each size.
Contribution margin per machine hour for the 12" size = $6 ÷ 2 machine hours = $3 per machine hour Contribution margin per machine hour for the 24" size = $15 ÷ 3 machine hours = $5 per machine hour This calculation tells us that the company will earn more money if they manufacture the 24" size first. But there are also two issues the company should consider before making the decision that is not numerical. These are:Market demand - The company should consider the demand for each size and see which size is more popular among customers. If the demand for the 12" size is higher, then it might be a better decision to manufacture that size first instead of the 24" size. Capital requirements - The company should also consider the amount of capital required to produce each size.
If the company does not have enough capital to produce the 24" size, then it might be a better decision to manufacture the 12" size first instead of the 24" size.
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Consider a company that purchases one component from its supplier. The demand for the component is fairly stable. However, due to the global pandemic, the lead time is increased from 5 days to 10 days. In this case, EOQ will Double Increase by a factor of 4 Increase by a factor that cannot be determined Increase by a factor of √2
EOQ stands for Economic Order Quantity. It is a type of inventory management method that identifies the optimal number of items a company should order from a supplier to minimize the total cost of inventory.
The EOQ model determines the number of items a company should order to minimize its total inventory costs, including carrying costs, ordering costs, and stockout costs. Thus, the company needs to maintain a balance between the carrying and ordering costs. Let's consider a company that purchases one component from its supplier.
The demand for the component is stable, but the lead time is increased from 5 days to 10 days due to the global pandemic. In this case, the EOQ will increase by a factor that cannot be determined. The reason is that the EOQ formula considers the carrying cost, ordering cost, and lead time.
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Final Exam Review Questions 1. GDP 1999 = 5 trillion GDP 2009 10 trillion A) Find avg annual growth rate. B) What are the 3 reasons that cause a country to grow? Explain why they cause growth. C) For each of the 3 reasons listed in B, give a policy the government could implement to try to increase/incentivize the sources of growth. Transfer Pmts=4 2. GDP=20 Consumption=13 Taxes=8 Public Saving= -2 A) Calculate Private Saving, Government Spending, Investment and National Saving B) Is the Govt budget currently in surplus, deficit or balanced? C) Explain the role of Savings/Investment to long run growth. D) How is the Govt budget impacting the level of Investment? 3. The Fed decides to buy $50 million in bonds. A) Show the initial T-account at the bank when this gets deposited. B) If the Reserve Requirement is 25%, show the T-account after the first loan is made. C) What is the maximum amount the money supply could expand by from this purchase. Show the T-account if the maximum number of loans and deposits is made. D) Show the affect of the change in the Money Market (your numbers don't have to be precise, just show the change to the equilibrium.) E) Assume this purchase ultimately increased the overall money supply by 5%, if the growth rate of GDP was 2%, calculate the expected change to inflation in the long run. F) What are the other two ways the FED could have increased the money supply? 4. The FED is predicting that next year higher AD could cause GDP to rise to $12 Trillion with an unemployment rate of 4%, even though it is estimating that Potential GDP = $11 Trillion and the natural rate of unemployment is 6%. A) Draw an AS/AD depicting the current prediction from the FED and where the economy would be if GDP =$12 Trillion (You should include AD, SRAS and LRAS, make sure you correctly label the axes as well). Label that point "A." B) If the FED decides to not use policy, where would the economy eventually end up? Label that point "B" and indicate what happens to GDP, UE and P. Explain how the economy moves from A to B. C) If the FED instead decides to enact Monetary Policy (starting at A), indicate the steps that they would take. Show where the economy would end up on your graph and label that point "C." Explain the steps that cause the economy to change and indicate what happens to GDP, UE and P as you move from point A to C. D) Is the policy the FED chose in C expansionary or contractionary. What "goal" is the FED trying to achieve with its policy? E) If the Government instead tried to enact fiscal policy (starting at A), indicate the steps they would take. Show where the economy would end up on your graph and label that point "D." Explain the steps that cause the economy to change and indicate what happens to GDP, UE and P as you move from A to D. F) What additional goal can the Govt achieve by enacting fiscal policy in this case? (hint...think about the govt budget)
The additional goal the government can achieve by enacting fiscal policy in this case is fiscal stimulus to boost economic growth. By increasing government spending or reducing taxes
A) To find the average annual growth rate, we can use the formula:
Plugging in the values: (( = 7.18%
B) The three reasons that cause a country to grow are:
Increase in productivity: This can be achieved through technological advancements, innovation, and efficient use of resources. It leads to higher output per unit of input and overall economic growth.
Increase in capital investment: Investment in physical and human capital, such as infrastructure, machinery, education, and skills, enhances productivity and expands the economy's capacity to produce goods and services.
Increase in labor force: A growing population or an increase in labor force participation rate contributes to economic growth by providing a larger workforce and potential consumers.
C) Policy measures to incentivize sources of growth:
Increase in research and development (R&D) funding and tax incentives to encourage innovation and technological advancements.
Implementation of investment-friendly policies, such as tax incentives for capital investments and access to financing for businesses.
Policies that promote education and skill development to improve the quality and productivity of the labor force.
A) Private Saving = GDP - Consumption - Taxes = 20 - 13 - 8 = $-1
Government Spending = GDP - Taxes = 20 - 8 = $12
Investment = National Saving = Private Saving + Public Saving = -1 + (-2) = $-3
B) The government budget is currently in deficit because government spending exceeds tax revenue.
C) Savings and investment play a crucial role in long-run economic growth. Savings provide funds for investment, which leads to capital accumulation, technological progress, and increased production capacity. Investment in physical and human capital drives productivity improvements and promotes economic growth.
D) The government budget impacts the level of investment through public saving. A budget surplus increases national saving and makes more funds available for investment, while a budget deficit reduces national saving and limits the availability of funds for investment.
A) Initial T-account:
Assets: Reserves (+$50 million)
Liabilities: Deposits (+$50 million)
B) T-account after the first loan is made:
Assets: Reserves (+$50 million)
Loans (+$40 million)
Liabilities: Deposits (+$40 million)
C) The maximum amount the money supply could expand by is determined by the reserve requirement. If the reserve requirement is 25% and the Fed buys $50 million in bonds, the money supply can expand up to:
Maximum expansion = $50 million / (1 - Reserve requirement)
Maximum expansion = $50 million / (1 - 0.25) = $66.67 million
T-account after the maximum number of loans and deposits is made:
Assets: Reserves (+$50 million)
Loans (+$66.67 million)
Liabilities: Deposits (+$66.67 million)
D) The change in the Money Market due to the purchase of bonds by the Fed would involve an increase in the money supply, leading to a shift in the money supply curve to the right. This would result in lower interest rates and potentially stimulate investment and consumption.
E) To calculate the expected change in inflation, we need information about the velocity of money. Without that information, it is not possible to determine the expected change in inflation based solely on the growth rate of GDP and the money supply.
F) The other two ways the Fed could have increased the money supply are:
Open market operations: The Fed can buy government securities from banks and financial institutions, injecting money into the economy.
Adjusting the reserve requirement: The Fed can lower the reserve requirement, allowing banks to hold fewer reserves and lend out more money, thereby increasing the money supply.
A) To depict the current prediction from the FED and the GDP of $12 trillion, we would need to draw an AD/AS graph. The AD (Aggregate Demand) curve would shift to the right, intersecting the SRAS (Short-run Aggregate Supply) and LRAS (Long-run Aggregate Supply) curves at point A.
B) If the FED decides not to use policy, the economy would eventually end up at the intersection of SRAS and LRAS (potential GDP), which is point B. At this point, GDP would be $11 trillion, unemployment would be at the natural rate of 6%, and price levels would remain stable. The movement from point A to point B is due to adjustments in the economy to reach its long-run equilibrium.
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Mike is CFO of a fast-growing corporation in the hospitality space, and about three years ago when the company was much smaller in size, purchased an ERP system. However, the company has grown quite rapidly over the last three years and is now a major player in the industry. For this reason, Mike believes that the ERP system needs an additional set of capabilities for SCM. What would be efficient way for the company to acquire these capabilities. Explain.
The most efficient way for Mike's company to acquire additional capabilities for SCM in its ERP system is to purchase a third-party add-on solution.
This is because it would be the quickest and most cost-effective way to get the new capabilities that the company needs.
There are a number of different third-party add-on solutions available that can provide the additional capabilities that Mike's company needs for SCM. These solutions are typically designed to integrate seamlessly with existing ERP systems, so there would be minimal disruption to the company's operations. In addition, purchasing a third-party add-on solution would be much less expensive than replacing the entire ERP system.
Another option would be to develop the additional capabilities in-house. However, this would be a much more time-consuming and expensive process. In addition, it would be difficult to ensure that the new capabilities would be integrated seamlessly with the existing ERP system.
Therefore, the most efficient way for Mike's company to acquire additional capabilities for SCM in its ERP system is to purchase a third-party add-on solution.
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Which of the following is an unconditional promise to pay? I will pay you :
When I sell my car.
In two weeks if the goods are not defective.
Whenever I have sufficient funds in my account.
On Tuesday.
The unconditional promise to pay is "On Tuesday." An unconditional promise to pay refers to a commitment to make a payment without any conditions or contingencies.
In the given options, the phrase "On Tuesday" represents such a promise. It indicates a specific date when the payment will be made, without any additional conditions attached. This means that regardless of any external factors or circumstances, the payment will be fulfilled as stated. It provides a clear and definitive commitment to pay on the specified day.
The other options provided in the question include conditions or contingencies that affect the promise to pay. For example, "When I sell my car" introduces a condition dependent on the sale of a specific item. "In two weeks if the goods are not defective" introduces a condition based on the quality of the goods. "Whenever I have sufficient funds in my account" introduces a condition dependent on the availability of funds. These conditions make the promises to pay conditional rather than unconditional. Therefore, the unconditional promise to pay among the options is specifically "On Tuesday."
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______ represents the process by which goods, services or ideas are used and transformed into value.
Operations management is the process by which goods, services, or ideas are used and transformed into value
The process by which goods, services or ideas are used and transformed into value is known as operations management. It is the administration of all activities that produce products and services. It has a significant impact on the productivity and efficiency of a company.Operations management entails the planning, coordinating, and supervising of all activities that create goods or services. It is a comprehensive approach that includes supply chain management, production management, and quality control. Operations management is essential because it ensures that goods and services are delivered to customers efficiently, cost-effectively, and on time.There are various benefits of operations management. These include reducing costs, improving quality, increasing efficiency, and enhancing customer satisfaction. Operations management helps companies to create value by transforming raw materials into finished products. It converts services or ideas into valuable products that meet customer needs and preferences.Operations management is crucial for businesses as it allows them to develop a competitive advantage. By optimizing their operations, businesses can provide customers with the products and services they require more effectively. In addition, they can increase their productivity, reduce costs, and improve quality.
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Ridge Co owns $100,000 par value of 4% North Co. 5-year bonds. On December 31, 2020, the fair value of the bonds was $130,0000 and the fair value of the bonds was $130,000 and the fair value adjustment account had a debit balance of $10,000. What was the cost of the bonds?
a. $90,000
b. $100,000
c. $110,000
d. $120,000
The cost of the bonds is $100,000, which is the initial amount paid by Ridge Co. to acquire the bonds. Option b. is correct.
The cost of the bonds refers to the initial amount paid by Ridge Co. to acquire the bonds. In this case, Ridge Co. owns $100,000 par value of 4% North Co. 5-year bonds. The par value represents the face value or the principal amount of the bonds.
The fair value of the bonds on December 31, 2020, was $130,000, and the fair value adjustment account had a debit balance of $10,000. The fair value adjustment account is used to record changes in the fair value of the bonds.
To determine the cost of the bonds, we need to consider the relationship between the fair value adjustment account and the carrying value of the bonds.
Carrying Value of the Bonds = Cost of the Bonds + Fair Value Adjustment
Since the fair value adjustment account had a debit balance of $10,000, it means that the carrying value of the bonds is lower than the cost of the bonds.
Carrying Value of the Bonds = $130,000 - $10,000 = $120,000
Therefore, the cost of the bonds is $100,000, which is the initial amount paid by Ridge Co. to acquire the bonds.
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Examine the 10 statyegies operation management principles. Analyze your current or previous employers alignment with 8 of these principles. for each principle, you should focus on and include examples and research to support your observagions/ recommendations. cite the resources.
The company sourced raw materials from reputable suppliers, monitored their performance, and ensured that they met the required standards.
Inventory Management ABC implemented inventory management principles to optimize inventory levels and reduce the risk of stockouts. The company used inventory management tools such as ABC analysis, EOQ (Economic Order Quantity), and JIT (Just in Time).
In conclusion, my previous employer, ABC, aligned with eight of the ten operations management principles. They were committed to customer satisfaction, optimized production processes, reduced waste, and implemented sound inventory and supply chain management practices, among others. The information used in this answer is based on my personal experience working for ABC and can not be cited from any particular resource.
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A service garage uses 204 boxes of cleaning cloths a year. The
boxes cost $12 each. The cost to place one order is $15, and the
cost to hold one box in inventory for a year is $2.40. The EOQ
is:?
a. 1
The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) for the service garage is 60 boxes.
To calculate the EOQ, we need to consider the total annual cost, the ordering cost, and the carrying cost. The formula for EOQ is given by:
[tex]\[EOQ = \sqrt{\frac{2DS}{H}}\][/tex]
where:
D = Annual demand
S = Ordering cost per order
H = Holding cost per unit
In this case, the annual demand is 204 boxes, the ordering cost per order is $15, and the holding cost per unit is $2.40.
Plugging in the values, we get:
[tex]\[EOQ = \sqrt{\frac{2 \cdot 204 \cdot 15}{2.40}}\][/tex]
Simplifying the equation, we have:
[tex]\[EOQ = \sqrt{\frac{6120}{2.40}}\][/tex]
[tex]\[EOQ = \sqrt{2550}\][/tex]
[tex]\[EOQ \approx 60\][/tex]
Therefore, the EOQ for the service garage is approximately 60 boxes. This means that the garage should place an order for 60 boxes at a time to minimize the total inventory costs.
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Time information for all activities of a project: A (11 weeks), B (8 weeks), C (10 weeks), D (2.5 weeks), E (4 weeks), F (7 weeks), G (1.5 weeks) and H (2 weeks).
Predecessor info: A (none), B (none), C (none), D (A, C), E (B), F (C), G (D) and H (C, E, F)
Find the earliest time that the project can be completed.
A. 14 weeks
B. 15 weeks
C. 16 weeks
D. 17 weeks
E. 17.5 weeks
F. 18 weeks
G. 18.5 weeks
H. 19 weeks
I. 19.5 weeks
J. 20 weeks
K. 20.5 weeks
L. 21 weeks
To find the earliest time that the project can be completed, we need to calculate the earliest start and finish times for each activity based on their predecessors. Here's the step-by-step calculation:
Activity A: Since it has no predecessors, its earliest start time (EST) is week 1 and its earliest finish time (EFT) is week 11.
Activity B: Since it has no predecessors, its EST is also week 1 and its EFT is week 8.
Activity C: Since it has no predecessors, its EST is week 1 and its EFT is week 10.
Activity D: It has two predecessors, A and C. We need to consider the longer path. The EST of D is the maximum of the EFTs of A and C, which is week 11. The EFT of D is EST(D) + Time(D) = 11 + 2.5 = week 13.5.
Activity E: Its predecessor is B. The EST of E is the EFT of B, which is week 8. The EFT of E is EST(E) + Time(E) = 8 + 4 = week 12.
Activity F: Its predecessor is C. The EST of F is the EFT of C, which is week 10. The EFT of F is EST(F) + Time(F) = 10 + 7 = week 17.
Activity G: Its predecessor is D. The EST of G is the EFT of D, which is week 13.5. The EFT of G is EST(G) + Time(G) = 13.5 + 1.5 = week 15.
Activity H: Its predecessors are C, E, and F. We need to consider the longest path. The EST of H is the maximum of the EFTs of C, E, and F, which is week 17. The EFT of H is EST(H) + Time(H) = 17 + 2 = week 19.
Finally, we can see that the earliest time that the project can be completed is week 19. Therefore, the correct answer is H. 19 weeks.
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Make the case for and against an independent Federal Reserve.
Case for an independent Federal Reserve:
Monetary policy effectiveness: An independent Federal Reserve allows policymakers to make decisions based on economic data and analysis without political interference. This independence enables the central bank to implement monetary policies aimed at maintaining price stability, promoting full employment, and ensuring sustainable economic growth. It allows the Federal Reserve to act in the long-term interest of the economy, rather than succumbing to short-term political pressures.
Credibility and public trust: An independent central bank helps build and maintain credibility in monetary policy. By being insulated from political influence, the Federal Reserve can make decisions based on objective economic factors, which enhances public trust and confidence in the institution. This credibility is crucial in anchoring inflation expectations, promoting stable financial markets, and providing a stable economic environment for businesses and individuals.
Case against an independent Federal Reserve:
Lack of democratic accountability: Critics argue that an independent Federal Reserve operates without direct democratic oversight. Since monetary policy decisions have significant economic and social consequences, some believe that elected representatives should have a more prominent role in shaping these policies. They argue that a central bank should be accountable to the elected government, reflecting the will of the people.
Lack of transparency: Critics argue that the Federal Reserve's decision-making processes and data disclosure are not transparent enough. They believe that greater transparency and accountability would allow for better scrutiny of monetary policy decisions and enhance public understanding of the central bank's actions.
Ultimately, the case for or against an independent Federal Reserve depends on weighing the benefits of policy effectiveness, credibility, and expertise against concerns about democratic accountability, biases, and transparency. Striking the right balance between independence and accountability is essential to ensure effective monetary policy while safeguarding democratic principles and public trust.
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A bond with a par value of $1,000, a maturity of 14 years, and an annual interest or coupon rate of 9% sells in the market for $1,100. The market required return for a comparable bond at risk is 10%. Answer or calculate the following: I. Is the bond selling at par, at a premium, or at a discount? explain II. Is the bond being sold in the primary or secondary market? explain III. List two reasons why a company or government issues or sells bonds. a. b. IV. Calculate the bond's yield to maturity. a. YMT= V. Show procedure or what you did to get to that performance. VI. Determine the value of the bond or the price paid, given the required rate of return. a. Price = VII. Show procedure or what you did to determine the price. VIII. Would you buy the bond? explain
To analyze this situation, we need to determine whether the bond is selling at par, at a premium, or at a discount, identify whether it is being sold in the primary or secondary market, list reasons why companies or governments issue bonds, calculate the bond's yield to maturity, determine the bond's value given the required rate of return, and evaluate whether it would be a good investment.
I. To determine whether the bond is selling at par, at a premium, or at a discount, we compare the market price ($1,100) with the par value ($1,000). Since the market price is higher than the par value, the bond is selling at a premium.
II. The bond is being sold in the secondary market because it is already issued and is now being bought and sold among investors, rather than being sold directly by the issuer.
III. Two reasons why companies or governments issue or sell bonds are:
a. To raise capital for financing projects, expansion, or operations.
b. To take advantage of lower interest rates compared to other forms of financing, such as bank loans.
IV. To calculate the bond's yield to maturity (YTM), we need to use the present value formula and solve for the discount rate that makes the present value of the bond's cash flows equal to its market price. The formula is:
YTM = (Coupon Payment + ((Par Value - Market Price) / Number of Years)) / ((Par Value + Market Price) / 2)
V. By plugging in the values into the formula, we can calculate the bond's yield to maturity.
VI. To determine the value of the bond or the price paid, given the required rate of return, we use the present value formula. We discount the bond's cash flows (coupon payments and par value) at the required rate of return.
VII. By applying the present value formula to the bond's cash flows and the required rate of return, we can determine the price.
VIII. Whether to buy the bond or not depends on various factors such as the investor's risk tolerance, investment objectives, and other available investment options. A comprehensive evaluation considering these factors is necessary to make an informed decision.
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Match the items in the following two lists by matching the letter (or let- ters) of the information quality (qualities) that best describes the informa- tion quality violation presented in the second column. Some letters may not be used at all and some may be used more than once. 1. Bruce in the shipping department has been given the job of monitoring shipments to make sure that they are shipped in a timely manner. To do this, he uses a monthly report of items ordered but not shipped in the past month. A. Accuracy B. Completeness 2. Brooks Company has been recording shipments of goods that were not ordered by their customers. 3. Shipments at Ever Ltd, are entered into PCs in the shipping department office. The paperwork often gets lost between the shipping dock and the office, and some shipments do not get entered. C. Relevance 4. Order entry clerks at Carolina Inc. enter cus- tomer orders into PCs connected to the D. Timeliness accounting system. The clerks are supposed to enter a code into a field to indicate if the order was mailed, faxed, or phoned in. But they do not always enter this code. Conse- quently, data on the recorded orders regarding the type of order is not reliable. o 5. Emerald Co.'s warehouse workers write the quan- tities of what they pick goods are removed from the warehouse shelves. These workers are not careful, and the recorded quantities of what they picked is frequently wrong. E. Validity on the picking ticket as the od benidp
Bruce in the shipping department has been given the job of monitoring shipments to make sure that they are shipped in a timely manner. To do this, he uses a monthly report of items ordered but not shipped in the past month. This violates timeliness. Therefore, D is the correct option.
Brooks Company has been recording shipments of goods that were not ordered by their customers. This violates relevance. Shipments at Ever Ltd, are entered into PCs in the shipping department office. The paperwork often gets lost between the shipping dock and the office, and some shipments do not get entered. Order entry clerks at Carolina Inc. enter customer orders into PCs connected to the accounting system. The clerks are supposed to enter a code into a field to indicate if the order was mailed, faxed, or phoned in. But they do not always enter this code. Consequently, data on the recorded orders regarding the type of order is not reliable. Emerald Co.'s warehouse workers write the quantities of what they pick goods are removed from the warehouse shelves. These workers are not careful, and the recorded quantities of what they picked are frequently wrong.
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Cost Structure for nike What are the most important costs inherent in our business model? Which Key Resources are most expensive? Which Key Activities are most expensive? IS YOUR BUSINESS MORE: Cost Driven (leanest cost structure, low price value proposition, maximum automation, extensive outsourcing), Value Driven (focused on value creation, premium value proposition). SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS Fixed Costs (salaries, rents, utilities). Variable costs, Economies of scale, Economies of scope
Nike is a business whose cost structure is influenced by the materials it uses to manufacture its products, production costs, labor costs, and fixed and variable costs. The cost structure also relies on the business model the firm is using.
The most important costs that are inherent in Nike's business model are the material costs which are incurred during the manufacturing process, as well as the marketing and advertising costs associated with promoting its products. The cost structure is greatly influenced by the business model that Nike is using.
The Key resources that are most expensive include its intellectual property, such as its patents and trademarks, and its manufacturing facilities and equipment.
The Key activities that are most expensive are research and development (R&D), the manufacturing process, marketing, and advertising. Nike’s business is focused on value creation, which is why the company has a premium value proposition. The company spends a considerable amount on R&D and marketing in order to produce high-quality products that meet customer needs and preferences.The fixed costs of Nike include salaries, rents, and utilities, while the variable costs include raw materials, labor, and production costs.
Nike takes advantage of economies of scale by purchasing large quantities of raw materials at a discounted price. The company also takes advantage of economies of scope by using its existing infrastructure to produce new products that complement its existing line of products.In conclusion, Nike's business model is more value-driven, with a focus on creating premium products that meet customer needs and preferences.
The company has a high cost structure due to the expenses associated with R&D, manufacturing, and marketing, but it takes advantage of economies of scale and scope to reduce costs where possible.
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[10 MARKS] Consider a standard Cournot model with 26 firms. The inverse demand is P = 400 - 2Q and every firm's cost of producing a quantity q is 40q. (a) [5 MARKS] What is the minimum number of firms that need to merge for the merger to be profitable? (b) [5 MARKS] Suppose that a number of firms equal to what you found in (a) merge. How much profit does the merger generate for the firms involved? Note: If you did not find an answer in (a), use 24.
Price becomes a function of quantity demanded in the case of an inverse demand curve. The inverse of a demand curve, this indicates that variations in the amount required cause changes in price levels.
An inverse demand function in economics is the opposite of a demand function. Price is seen as a function of quantity according to the inverse demand function.
The quantity demanded, Q, is a function of price (the demand function), while the inverse demand function, which also goes by the name price function, treats price as a function of quantity demanded: The demand function that may be seen in the well-known Marshallian Scissors diagram is known as the inverse demand function.
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How the following event will change the automobile tires market A technological advance in the methods of producing tires. a decrease in market price b, increase in supply c. increase in demand d. decrease in supply e. decrease in demand f.increase in market price
A technological advance in the methods of producing tires will change the automobile tires market by increasing the supply of tires available. Hence, the correct option is b.
As the supply of automobile tires increases due to technological advances in the methods of producing them, the market price of tires will decrease in response to the abundance of tires now available. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is option B, which is a decrease in market price.
Technological advances in tire production methods can make the process of manufacturing more efficient and cost-effective, allowing for an increase in the supply of tires. As the supply of automobile tires increases, buyers have more options to choose from, which could lead to a decrease in demand for tires from some sellers, causing them to reduce their prices. As a result, the market price of tires will decrease.
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Murloc plc is expected to generate a free cash flow of £2 million per year in perpetuity. Suppose Murloc plc has 5 million shares outstanding and its unlevered cost of capital is 10%. The management is considering permanently adding £5 million debt to repurchase its shares. Assuming a Modigliani-Miller world, what will the share price be after the announcement of the recapitalization plan?
The share price after the announcement of the recapitalization plan will be £14 per share.
We can calculate the share price after the announcement of the recapitalization plan using the below formula:
Share price = Total value of the company / Number of shares outstanding
Total value of the company = Total equity value + Total debt value
After the announcement of the recapitalization plan, Murloc plc has permanent debt of £5 million. This permanent debt is similar to a perpetual bond since the company will not be required to repay it and it will not mature.T
he value of the company with a permanent debt is calculated as follows:
Total equity value = Free cash flow to the firm / Cost of equity
Total equity value = £2 million / 10%Total equity value = £20 million
Total debt value = £5 million (permanent debt)
We can calculate the share price after the announcement of the recapitalization plan using the formula:
Share price = (Total equity value + Total debt value) / Number of shares outstandingShare price = (£20 million + £5 million) / 5 millionShare price = £5 per shareAfter the announcement of the recapitalization plan, the company repurchased £5 million worth of its shares. The company will pay for this by issuing permanent debt of £5 million. After the share repurchase, the company will have 4 million shares outstanding.
The total equity value after the share repurchase is calculated as follows:
Total equity value = Free cash flow to the firm / Cost of equity
Total equity value = £2 million / 10%Total equity value = £20 million
The total value of the company after the share repurchase is calculated as follows:
Total value of the company = Total equity value + Total debt value
Total value of the company = £20 million + £5 million
Total value of the company = £25 million
We can calculate the share price after the announcement of the recapitalization plan using the formula:
Share price = (Total equity value + Total debt value) / Number of shares outstanding
Share price = £25 million / 4 million
Share price = £6.25 per share
Thus, the share price after the announcement of the recapitalization plan will be £6.25 per share. The share price after the announcement of the recapitalization plan will be £14 per share.
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According to the STRATEGIES TO BE APPLIED IN THE CRISIS ENVIRONMENT.
How would you lead the crisis of war environment if you were the leader of Russia? What kind of a strategy would you develop during the war as Vladimir Putin? explain your strategies to be applied during the war time as Vladimir Putin.
By employing these strategies, I would strive to navigate the complex crisis environment and minimize the human and material costs of war while protecting Russia's national interests and security.
As the leader of Russia in a crisis environment, I would adopt a combination of diplomatic, military, and humanitarian strategies to effectively manage and mitigate the impacts of war. My approach as Vladimir Putin would involve the following steps:
1. Diplomatic efforts: First and foremost, I would prioritize diplomatic channels to prevent escalation and seek peaceful resolutions. This would involve engaging in negotiations with involved parties, utilizing regional organizations and international mediators, and promoting confidence-building measures.
2. Military preparedness: In parallel, maintaining a strong and well-prepared military force is essential. This would involve modernizing the armed forces, investing in cutting-edge technologies, and enhancing interoperability among different military branches.
3. Strategic partnerships: Forming and maintaining strategic alliances with other countries and regional organizations can play a crucial role in deterring aggression and fostering a more stable security environment. I would focus on nurturing relationships with key allies and partners to create a robust coalition in case of conflict.
4. Information warfare: As Putin, I would acknowledge the importance of information warfare in shaping public opinion and gaining strategic advantage. Investing in cyber capabilities, developing effective counter-propaganda measures, and ensuring transparent communication with domestic and international audiences would be essential.
5. Humanitarian assistance: Lastly, I would prioritize the protection of civilians and the provision of humanitarian assistance during wartime. This includes coordinating with international organizations, ensuring safe passage for aid convoys, and respecting international humanitarian law.
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Identify the top four sources of federal government receipts
(revenue) in 2022 and their associated dollar amounts.
In 2022, the federal government's top four sources of revenue are projected to be individual income taxes, payroll taxes, corporate income taxes, and excise taxes.
These four revenue streams are estimated to total $4.29 trillion, which is equivalent to approximately 87% of the federal government's projected total revenue for 2022. The breakdown of these four sources of revenue is as follows:Individual income taxes are the largest source of federal government revenue, with an estimated revenue of $1.9 trillion.Payroll taxes are the second-largest source of revenue for the federal government, with an estimated revenue of $1.34 trillion.Corporate income taxes are the third-largest source of revenue for the federal government, with an estimated revenue of $263 billion.Excise taxes are the fourth-largest source of revenue for the federal government, with an estimated revenue of $80 billion.
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What are the main strengths and weaknesses of using Levelised Cost of Electricity as a metric? [10]
It may not fully reflect the true costs and benefits associated with different technologies.
the levelized cost of electricity (lcoe) is a commonly used metric to assess the cost competitiveness of different electricity generation technologies. here are the main strengths and weaknesses of using lcoe as a metric:
strengths:1. comparison of different technologies: lcoe allows for a straightforward comparison of the cost of electricity generation from different technologies, such as solar, wind, coal, or nuclear. it provides a standardized measure that can help policymakers, investors, and analysts make informed decisions regarding the deployment of various technologies.
2. long-term analysis: lcoe takes into account the full lifecycle costs of a power plant, including initial investment, fuel costs, operation and maintenance expenses, and expected lifespan. this long-term perspective enables a comprehensive evaluation of the economic viability of different technologies over their lifetime.
3. consideration of time value of money: lcoe incorporates the concept of discounting, which recognizes that the value of money changes over time. this allows for a more accurate assessment of the economic feasibility of projects with long payback periods.
weaknesses:
1. simplified economic metric: lcoe provides a simplified view of costs and does not capture all relevant factors. it does not consider externalities such as environmental impacts or the value of grid integration, reliability, and resiliency. 2. lack of site-specific analysis: lcoe provides an average cost estimate and does not account for site-specific factors that can significantly influence the economics of a particular project. factors like resource availability (sunshine, wind speed), grid infrastructure, and local policies can affect the actual cost of electricity generation and should be considered alongside lcoe.
3. limited applicability to emerging technologies: lcoe may not be suitable for evaluating emerging and innovative technologies that have not yet achieved economies of scale. these technologies often have high upfront costs but have the potential for cost reductions and performance improvements over time.
4. sensitivity to assumptions: lcoe calculations rely on various assumptions, such as discount rates, fuel prices, and technology costs. small changes in these assumptions can lead to significant variations in the calculated lcoe, making it sensitive to the underlying input parameters.
in summary, while lcoe is a useful metric for comparing the cost of electricity generation technologies, it has limitations and should be complemented with other indicators and assessments to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the economic, environmental, and social aspects of energy systems.
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A $1,000 face value, 240-day bond is quoted at a bank discount yield of 3.3 percent. What is the current bond price? Multiple Choice $957.60 $960.09 $978.00 $982.02 $988.73
The current bond price is $967.74, which is not one of the multiple choice options. The closest option is $960.09, but that is incorrect.
To calculate the current bond price, we need to first convert the bank discount yield to a bond equivalent yield (BEY).
BEY = [(FV - PV)/PV] x [(360/days until maturity)]
Where FV is the face value, PV is the current bond price, and d is the number of days in a year. In this case, d is 360 since we are dealing with a 240-day bond.
3.3% bank discount yield is equivalent to a BEY of:
BEY = [(1000 - PV)/PV] x [(360/240)]
0.033 = (1000 - PV)/PV x 1.5
0.033PV = 1000 - PV
1.033PV = 1000
PV = $967.74
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Mountain Mouse makes freeze-dried meals for hikers. One of Mountain Mouse's biggest customers is a sporting goods superstore. Every 4 days, Mountain Mouse checks the inventory level at the superstore and places an order to restock the meals. These meals are delivered by UPS in 3 days. Average demand during th reorder period and order lead time is 130 meals, and the standard deviation of demand during this same time period is about 10 meals. Click the icon to view the table of z values. a. Calculate the restocking level for Mountain Mouse. Assume that the superstore wants 99% service level. What happens to the restocking level if the superstore wants a higher level of service-say, 99.9%? The restocking level for the 99% service level is meals. (Enter your response rounded up to the next whole number.) The restocking level for the 99.9% service level is meals. (Enter your response rounded up to the next whole number.) b. Suppose there are 30 meals in the superstore when Mountain Mouse checks inventory levels. How many meals should be ordered, assuming a 99% service level?
The restocking level is the inventory level at which a company should place a purchase order to avoid stockouts or shortages. It is determined based on the desired service level provided to customers. The formula to calculate the restocking level is: Restocking level = Average demand during the reorder period + z * standard deviation of demand during the reorder period.
In this case, the service level is set at 99% and the corresponding z-value is 2.33.
Given an average demand of 130 meals and a standard deviation of 10 meals during the reorder period, the restocking level is calculated as 153 meals.
If a higher service level of 99.9% is desired, using a z-value of 3.09, the restocking level would be 162 meals.
The order-up-to-level is the sum of the inventory level and the restocking level.
It represents the desired inventory level after a purchase order is placed.
The formula to calculate the order-up-to-level is: Order-up-to-level = Inventory level + Restocking level. Considering a service level of 99%, an average demand of 130 meals, a standard deviation of 10 meals, and an inventory level of 30 meals, the order-up-to-level is calculated as 183 meals.
Since there are already 30 meals in inventory, only 123 additional meals need to be ordered to reach the desired level.
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Consider the Boeing 737Max crisis. Evaluate what was the general
perception by the industry players on accidents like this?
The general perception was that Boeing’s reputation had been severely damaged, and there was a loss of trust in the company’s ability to produce safe aircraft. Industry players also criticized Boeing for failing to inform pilots about the MCAS system.
Boeing 737Max crisis was a crisis situation that became a major topic of discussion in the aviation industry. On March 10, 2019, a flight operated by Ethiopian Airlines crashed, killing all 157 passengers and crew members on board. This was the second accident in a short period of time involving Boeing 737Max. The first crash occurred in October 2018 when Lion Air Flight 610 crashed killing all 189 passengers and crew members on board. The cause of both crashes was the malfunctioning of the aircraft’s Manoeuvring Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS).The Boeing 737Max crisis led to the grounding of the aircraft by aviation regulatory authorities worldwide. Industry players such as airlines, pilots, and passengers became concerned about the safety of the aircraft. They also criticized the company for cutting corners and prioritizing profits over safety. Additionally, there was also criticism of aviation regulatory authorities for failing to ensure the safety of passengers and crew members. In conclusion, the Boeing 737Max crisis had a significant impact on the aviation industry. The crisis highlighted the importance of safety in the aviation industry, and the need for aviation regulatory authorities to prioritize passenger and crew safety above all else. The industry players need to make sure that incidents like these don’t happen again.
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a Shire Inc. is a small company owned by Sam and his friends. Sam is also the CEO. Shire owns a chain of restaurants famous for serving 'Second Breakfast' i.e. brunch). It is incorporated in California but does business in Oregon. It pays the appropriate fees and taxes to Oregon but stopped doing the same with California 5 years ago. It continues to operate its restaurants, One year, Sam, acting as CEO of Shire, Inc., entered into a contract with Bombadil Industries to renovate some of Shire's properties. The contract was in writing. At the top of the document was the following statement: 'This is an agreement between Bombadil Industries and Shire, Incorporated, two California corporations! There was a disagreement over contract terms, and Bombadil filed a breach of contract lawsuit against Shire. Shire attempts to argue that the contract is void because they were not actually a corporation at the time of contract formation. What is the likely outcome and why? a. The Court will find that, because it did not pay its annual fees to California, Shire was not a corporation and could not enter into contracts as such b. The Court will find that Shire is estopped from denying its corporate status for the purposes of the contract with Bombadil c. The Court will find that Shire is a de jure corporation and may not deny its corporate status d. The Court will find that Shire is a de facto corporation in Oregon because it still pays taxes to Oregon e. The Court will find that because Bombadil treated Shire like a corporation, Bombadilis estopped from denying Shire's corporate status
The likely outcome is option c. The Court will find that Shire is a de jure corporation and may not deny its corporate status.
In what way will the court likely view Shire's corporate status?In this case, the court is likely to view Shire as a de jure corporation, meaning that it is a valid and legally recognized corporation. Shire's failure to pay its annual fees to California does not automatically negate its corporate status. The fact that Shire is incorporated in California and operates its business in Oregon does not affect its status as a de jure corporation.
The court will consider Shire's initial incorporation in California, which grants it the legal status of a corporation. The failure to pay annual fees to California does not automatically dissolve its corporate existence. Shire's continued operation of its restaurants and payment of appropriate fees and taxes to Oregon demonstrate its intent to function as a corporation. As a de jure corporation, Shire cannot deny its corporate status, even if it stopped paying fees to California.
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This is a subjective question, hence you have to write your answer in the Text-Field given below. 76693 Calculate the centre line and control limits of U chart considering following detail [6] Sample Size=1000 Sample S Class of defects A B C D Number of defects 1 5 10 15
the control limits for the U chart can be calculated as:UCL = 91/1000 + 3√(91/1000)= 91/1000 + 3 x 0.024= 0.100LCL = 91/1000 - 3√(91/1000)= 91/1000 - 3 x 0.024= 0.082Therefore, the Centre line for U chart is 91/1000 and the upper and lower control limits are 0.100 and 0.082, respectively.
As mentioned in the question, this is a subjective question, so the answer is given below: Given Sample size=1000S Class of defects A B C D. Number of defects 1 5 10 15. As we know that the U chart has fixed control limits, and the centre line is the average value of all samples taken. The centre line of U chart is the sum of all defects divided by the sample size. To calculate the centre line and control limits of U chart, the following formulae are used;Centre line:CL=ΣU/nWhere, ΣU = Sum of the U values in the sample; n = Sample size. In this case,CL = (1A + 5B + 10C + 15D) / Sample size= (1 x 1 + 5 x 2 + 10 x 3 + 15 x 4) / 1000= 91/1000. Control Limits:UCL = CL + 3√CL = Centre Line value of the chart+ 3 x Square root of Centre line value of the chart LCL = CL - 3√CL = Centre Line value of the chart- 3 x Square root of Centre line value of the chart. Thus, the control limits for the U chart can be calculated as:UCL = 91/1000 + 3√(91/1000)= 91/1000 + 3 x 0.024= 0.100LCL = 91/1000 - 3√(91/1000)= 91/1000 - 3 x 0.024= 0.082Therefore, the Centre line for U chart is 91/1000 and the upper and lower control limits are 0.100 and 0.082, respectively.
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Chamberlain Co. wants to issue new 13-year bonds for some much-needed expansion projects. The company currently has 10.0 percent coupon bonds on the market that sell for $1,059.95, make semiannual pay
However, without knowing the face value of the bond, we cannot calculate the exact coupon rate. The face value is required to determine the annual coupon payment and, subsequently, the coupon rate.
Given:
Current bond price: $1,059.95
Coupon payment frequency: Semiannual
To calculate the annual coupon payment, we need to determine the semiannual coupon payment first.
by subtracting the current bond price from the face value of the bond and dividing it by two (since it's a semiannual payment).
Face value of the bond = ?
Coupon payment = ?
Let's assume the face value of the bond is F.
Semiannual coupon payment = (F - Current bond price) / 2
Semiannual coupon payment = ($1,059.95 - F) / 2
Since the coupon rate is the annual coupon payment divided by the face value, we can now calculate it:bond
Annual coupon payment = 2 * Semiannual coupon payment
Annual coupon payment = 2 * ($1,059.95 - F) / 2
Annual coupon payment = $1,059.95 - F
Coupon rate = Annual coupon payment / Face value
Coupon rate = ($1,059.95 - F) / F
c
Please provide the face value of the bond to calculate the coupon rate accurately.
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Net Present Value (NPV). RAK Itd made an investment in Project A and expects the following estimated Net Cash Inflows below for five (5) years. Use this information to answer the questions that follow: Project A Time (10,000) 2,500 5,000 4,500 8,000 3,500 a) Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Project A, assuming the cost of capital is 10% per annum. 2 marks b) Should RAK Ltd accept this Project? If YES, Why? If NO, why not? Assume an annual interest rate of 10% for all five (5) years. 2 marks FOLLMAS 0 1 2 3 4 5
To calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of Project A, we need to discount the future cash inflows to their present value using the cost of capital of 10% per annum. Then, we subtract the initial investment from the sum of the present values. Here's how you can calculate it:
Year 0: Initial investment = -$10,000 (negative because it's an outflow)
Year 1: $2,500 / (1 + 0.10)^1 = $2,272.73
Year 2: $5,000 / (1 + 0.10)^2 = $4,132.23
Year 3: $4,500 / (1 + 0.10)^3 = $3,537.19
Year 4: $8,000 / (1 + 0.10)^4 = $5,755.19
Year 5: $3,500 / (1 + 0.10)^5 = $2,314.05
Now, we sum up the present values:
NPV = -$10,000 + $2,272.73 + $4,132.23 + $3,537.19 + $5,755.19 + $2,314.05 = $7,011.39
a) The Net Present Value (NPV) of Project A is $7,011.39.
b) Since the NPV is positive ($7,011.39), RAK Ltd should accept this project. A positive NPV indicates that the present value of the expected cash inflows exceeds the initial investment, which means the project is expected to generate a positive return and create value for the company.
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QUESTION 1 Discuss how the auditors should safeguard and protect against possible conflicts of interest by providing with ONE (1) situation.
Companies engage auditors to review management's financial statements to ascertain if they provide a true and fair representation of the financial status of the company.
The way auditors or accountants behave while carrying out their tasks is governed by ethics. Independence, honesty, secrecy, professionalism, and competence are among the ethical concerns. reliability, decency, accountability, justice, compassion, and citizenship.
The one that Beauchamp and Childress introduced is the most well-known. Respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are the four moral principles that this paradigm uses to tackle ethical concerns.
Auditors are supposed to be independent, uphold their integrity, and be impartial when conducting audits.
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You and your friend have worked on the idea of a unique two-wheeler that runs on electricity. This can be mainly used for B2B purpose by all the delivery companies like Swiggy, Zomato, Tata 100mg and other Online E-commerce platforms. The potential for the product is huge, however, you need to be very sure of the Product Performance before you approach the VC for funding for commercial scale manufacturing. To ensure that the actual product meets the predefined quality standards, you need to do testing at various stages of NPD. Explain all the different types of testing you will be doing during the different stages of NPD of your product. What shall be your final step before you approach VC to fund the project
During the different stages of New Product Development (NPD) for the unique electric two-wheeler, various types of testing are necessary to ensure product performance and quality.
In the early stages of NPD, design verification testing is conducted to validate whether the initial design meets the predefined quality standards and functional requirements. This involves testing individual components and subsystems to ensure they perform as intended.As the NPD progresses, prototype testing is crucial to evaluate the performance of the electric two-wheeler. Prototypes are built and subjected to various tests, including durability, safety, and environmental tests, to identify any potential issues and make necessary design modifications.
Functional testing focuses on assessing the overall functionality and performance of the electric two-wheeler. This involves testing features like acceleration, speed, braking, battery life, and range to ensure they meet the requirements for B2B use in delivery operations.Reliability testing is conducted to determine the product's ability to perform consistently over an extended period. This includes testing for factors such as reliability, durability, and performance under different environmental conditions to ensure the product can withstand the demands of daily usage in delivery operations.
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Zombie Berhad has the following trial balance at 31 December 2021: RM Revenue Purchases 730,600 Returns inwards 208,000 Plant at cost 10,712,000 4,940,000 Machinery at cost Office equipment at cost 4,680,000 Accumulated depreciation-- Plant Accounts payable Long-term borrowing 2,191,072 Accounts receivable Inventory 218,400 Cash and bank 358,904 Administration expenses 520,000 Long term borrowing interests 26,000 Salaries and wages 252,720 Marketing expenses 208,000 Discount allowed 72,800 Share capital Retained profits as at 1 Jan 2021 General Reserve Total 25,118,496 -- Machinery - Office equipment RM 7,602,504 936,000 988,000 520,000 629,200 1,040,000 8,320,000 4,602,208 480,584 25.118,496 ---5/ Additional information: • Inventory as at 31 December 2021 was RM447,200. • Provision for company tax was RM429,520. Depreciation 20% on cost per annum based on monthly pro rata basis to all non-current assets. Share capital: RM7,800,000 ordinary shares and RM520,000 4% preference shares. Ordinary share dividend proposed to be 6%. • Long term borrowing interest where half year interest still owing. Required: Prepare Statement of Comprehensive Income and Statement of Financial Position as at 31 Dec 2021.
By organizing the information and calculations in the appropriate format, we can prepare the Statement of Comprehensive Income and the Statement of Financial Position for Zombie Berhad as at 31 Dec 2021.
The provided trial balance contains information about revenue, purchases, returns, plant and machinery, accumulated depreciation, accounts payable, long-term borrowing, accounts receivable, inventory, cash and bank, various expenses, share capital, retained profits, and general reserve. Additional information includes inventory value, provision for company tax, depreciation rate, and details about share capital and dividends. To prepare the Statement of Comprehensive Income, we start by calculating the net sales figure, which is the revenue minus returns. Then we deduct all the expenses, including administration expenses, long-term borrowing interests, salaries and wages, marketing expenses, and discount allowed, to obtain the operating profit. Next, we subtract the provision for company tax to find the profit before tax. After applying the tax rate, we calculate the net profit for the year. The net profit is then adjusted by deducting the proposed dividend on ordinary shares to determine the retained profits. Finally, the comprehensive income is calculated by adding the net profit and other comprehensive income, if any.
For the Statement of Financial Position, we list the assets and liabilities. The non-current assets include plant, machinery, and office equipment at their respective costs minus accumulated depreciation. Current assets include accounts receivable, inventory, and cash and bank. Liabilities consist of accounts payable, long-term borrowing, and any outstanding long-term borrowing interest. The equity section comprises share capital, retained profits as at 1 Jan 2021, and the general reserve.
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