Use the drop down menus to identify the terms described below __a group of cells that secretes substances into the blood or directly into an organism __a substance produced by cells that help specific groups of cells to perform specific functions

It is important to know how to convert the temperature scale to Celiu or Kelvin scale because we get the values of temperature in different units, so to make them comparable we have to change them to the same scale.

Heat is the flow of thermal energy between items with various temperatures, whereas temperature is a measurement of how hot or cold one object is in relation to another object (its thermal energy content).

Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin are the three scales that are most frequently used to measure temperature (K). Utilizing elements that stretch or compress when heated or cooled, thermometers monitor the temperature. For instance, a reservoir of liquid in a mercury or alcohol thermometer expands as it warms and contracts when cooled, causing the liquid column to extend or shorten as the liquid's temperature varies.

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Natural selection occurs when there is diversity in qualities within a population and some individuals with specific traits outperform others in terms of survival and reproduction.

Natural selection cannot occur if there is no variety in the cactus population or if all individuals have identical odds of survival and reproduction. Furthermore,  for natural selection to occur, the qualities must be heritable, which means they may be handed on to future generations. It is hard to assess whether natural selection is operating in this population without knowing more about the genetic composition of the cactus, the variety in their attributes, and their odds of survival and reproduction. Natural selection is an evolution evolutionary mechanism. Organisms that are more suited to their surroundings are More likely to live and pass on the genes that contributed to their success. Species change and diverge as a result of this process.

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The versions (alleles) of those gene that are on the same chromosome will typically be inherited as a pair most of the time.

This is because genes that are sufficiently close to one another on a chromosome would tend to "stay together." The term genetic linkage refers to this phenomena.

The likelihood of two genes inheriting together increased depending on how close they were to each other on a chromosome. On the other hand, genes on the very same chromosome that were more apart from one another were much more likely to be split apart during recombination. the propensity for genes or DNA segments that are tightly spaced across a chromosome to separate and, as a result, inherit together during meiosis. Each gene in an organism has one allele, which is inherited of each of the organism's parents.

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Answer: 45 inches long

Explanation:

The model proven to be true and repeatedly observed today is called natural selection (option b).

Natural selection is a process of evolution that occurs when organisms with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduce and can lead to the evolution of new species or the adaptation of existing species to new environments across generations by changing the allele frequencies.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that the process of natural selection is an evolutionary mechanism based on the differential survival and reproduction of the more adapted organisms.

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cohesiveness of water affect(s) life less than the others.

All of the qualities of water are crucial for the existence of living things because it is necessary for life. Water's cohesion, however, has less of an impact on life than its other characteristics.

Water molecules' propensity to adhere to one another because of their hydrogen bonds is referred to as cohesiveness. This characteristic gives water its surface tension, which enables plants to carry water through their stems and insects to walk on water.

Hydrogen bonds, which are created when one hydrogen atom's partial positive charge is attracted to another's partial negative charge, are the characteristic of water that have the greatest impact on life.

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Water is essential to life. property of water which affects life less than the others is  b) Nearly colorless

Life cannot exist without water because A living thing's primary component is water. It is essential because a liquid medium is required for all metabolic processes necessary for growth and development. The majority of reactions take place when the substances are dissolved.

Water is a clear liquid with no flavor. Water's condensed form exhibits unusual properties due to its extensive hydrogen bonds. Additionally, this results in high boiling and melting points.

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The plane which separates the body into superior and inferior portions is referred to as the transverse plane. It is also known as the axial plane. The superior and inferior are the upper and lower portions of the body respectively.

A cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane is the other name referring to the transverse plane. In contrast, a coronal or frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. In general, the planes are the imaginary flat surfaces that span the body parts. The frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes are all at right angles to one another. Sections are cuts made along a plane across the body or its organs. All the names are based on the plane along which the cut is made.

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Axial plane or transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

There are in total three planes associated with the anatomy of the body i.e Coronal (frontal), Sagittal (longitudinal) and Transverse (axial) plane.

Transverse is the plane lying horizontally to the body and divides it into the superior and inferior parts, that is the top and bottom part.

Transverse plane is also known as the axial, horizontal or cross- sectional plane.

As it divides the body into cranial and caudal portions, i.e head and tail portion respectively it is known to be the most important plane to define in human anatomical study.

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The roles and differences of ligaments, tendons, and cartilage is to provide support for muscles and organs and help protect them during movement.

A ligament is an elastic band of tissue that connects bones and stabilises joints. Cartilage is a soft, gel-like cushioning material that protects joints while also allowing mobility. Tendons, ligaments, and cartilage are all connective tissues that support and protect muscles and organs during movement.

The most obvious distinction between ligaments and tendons is that tendons connect bone to a skeletal muscle, whereas ligaments connect bone to another bone. Fibroblast cells, which form the structural framework for connective tissues, are present in both of these problems. Cartilage is a type of tissue that is tough, but not as hard as bone. It is, however, more durable than a tendon or a ligament.

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Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage are all types of tissue that provide stability, flexibility, shock absorption, and cushioning between bones to enable movement.

Ligaments are a type of connective tissue that helps to hold bones together and keep them stable. Made up of strong fibrous bands of collagen, elastin and other proteins, they provide strength and elasticity to help reduce stress and strain on the bones and joints.

Tendons, on the other hand, are also a type of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone. They are made up of densely packed collagen fibers and are much tougher than ligaments. They enable the muscle to move the bone and allow for greater flexibility.

Lastly, cartilage is a type of connective tissue that acts as a cushion between bones. It is made up of specialized cells called chondrocytes and a gelatinous matrix of proteins and other substances. This helps absorb any impact or force placed on the joints and bones as well as reduce friction between bones during movement.

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6 molecules of carbon dioxide are required, one for each carbon atom in glucose.

Chemically Glucose is C6H12O6 that contains Six molecules of carbon derived from six molecules of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Glucose is produced during the C3 cycle or Melvin Calvin Cycle of Photosynthesis. Glucose is a Hexose Sugar. Glucose is C6H12O 6 The equation for Photosynthesis is as follows

6 Co2 + 6 H2O------C6H12O6 + 6 O2.

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Six molecules of carbon dioxide are necessary to make one molecule of glucose during the process of photosynthesis.

The overall chemical equation for this process is:

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2

where CO2 is carbon dioxide, H2O is water, and C6H12O6 is glucose.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.

Plants absorb water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the soil and atmosphere during photosynthesis. Water is oxidised, which means it loses electrons, while carbon dioxide is reduced, which means it receives electrons, inside the plant cell. Water is converted into oxygen and carbon dioxide into glucose as a result. After storing energy within the glucose molecules, the plant releases the oxygen back into the atmosphere.

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Hematopoietic Stem Cells (Blood Stem Cells)

Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Neural Stem Cells.

Epithelial Stem Cells.

Skin Stem Cells.

Answer:

Embryonic stem cells are the most potent, as their job is to become every type of cell in the body.

Explanation:

The full classification includes:

Totipotent: These stem cells can differentiate into all possible cell types. The first few cells that appear as the zygote starts to divide are totipotent.

Pluripotent: These cells can turn into almost any cell. Cells from the early embryo are pluripotent.

Multipotent: These cells can differentiate into a closely related family of cells. Adult hematopoietic stem cells, for example, can become red and white blood cells or platelets.

Oligopotent: These can differentiate into a few different cell types. Adult lymphoid or myeloid stem cells can do this.

Unipotent: These can only produce cells of one kind, which is their own type. However, they are still stem cells because they can renew themselves. Examples include adult muscle stem cells.

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The correct statement: We cannot be 100% certain that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs.

Paleontologists are working to determine what led to the extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

Thus, the correct statement is-

We cannot be 100% certain that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs.

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The placenta is one of the defining features in mammal evolution, providing a way to carry young in utero to full-term development. Examine the following figure and choose the correct statement based on this phylogeny.

The placenta, a similar characteristic with origins at the split from the common ancestor with Metatheria, is present in various mammals (Eutheria).

The placenta filters waste from the foetus blood while absorbing nutrition, oxygen, antibodies, and hormones from the mother's blood. The placental barrier, which it creates, serves as a filter for some toxins that could harm the foetus. The mammalian placenta, which supports foetal growth, is essential to reproduction.

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The placenta is one of the characterizing highlights in well-evolved beast rise, giving a method for giving youthful in utero to full-term gain. Inspect the coincident figure and pick the right view in light of this phylogeny.

The placenta, a comparative trademark with starting points at the split from the normal predecessor with Metatheria, is available in different warm-blooded creatures (Eutheria).

The placenta channels squander from the hatchling's blood while engrossing nourishment, oxygen, antibodies, and chemicals from the mother's blood. The placental obstruction, which it makes, fills in as a channel for certain poisons that could hurt the hatchling. The mammalian placenta, which upholds fetal development, is fundamental for multiplication.

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Atom that does not react with one another are said to be stable.

A chemical element is uniquely defined by its atoms, which are tiny pieces of substance. An atom is made up of a core nucleus and one or more negatively charged electrons that orbit it. The positively charged, comparatively hefty protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus may be present.

A nuclear reaction is a process in nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry where two nuclei or a nucleus and an outside subatomic particle meet to create one or more new nuclides. A nuclear reaction must therefore result in the conversion of at least one nuclide into another.

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vascular tissue for moving water characteristic was not necessary in order for plants to colonize land. vascular tissue are essential in vascular plants only.

Vascular tissue, which is present in vascular plants, is a complex conducting tissue made up of various cell types. Xylem and phloem are the main constituents of vascular tissue. Both fluid and nutrients are internally transported by these two tissues. Additionally, the vascular cambium and the cork cambium are two meristems connected to vascular tissue. A particular plant's vascular tissue system is made up of all of the vascular tissues that are found in that plant. Vascular tissue usually has long, slender cells. It is not unexpected that the xylem and phloem have a shape resembling pipes because they are involved in the transportation of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant.

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It was not necessary for plants to have vascular tissue for transporting water throughout the plant for them to colonize the land.

The first plants to inhabit land would have been nonvascular plants that lived in incredibly wet settings near bodies of water and lacked genuine leaves and roots. They typically lack genuine stems, roots, or leaves and have a short size. Additionally, bryophytes are the only class of terrestrial plants with a life cycle that is dominated by gametophytes.

Vegetative species without seeds make the transition to a life cycle dominated by branching sporophytes. One of the first species to emerge from the ocean and settle on land were plants. Plants were able to grow bigger and live on land thanks to the evolution of vascular tissues.

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Correct Question:

Which characteristic was not necessary in order for plants to colonize land?

A. Vascular tissue for moving water throughout the plant

B. a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss

C. the ability to screen ultraviolet light

D. the development of thick spore walls to protect the spore from dehydration

E. development of embryos protected inside other tissues

Exocytosis is the membrane-mediated process of cellular content discharge from the cell.

A transport vesicle from the Golgi or some other location in the cell fuses with the plasma membrane at this point to release its contents. Membrane sacs called vacuoles are used to store items. A bilayer membrane found on mitochondria folds over itself to generate tiny fingers known as cristae.

They convert sugar into ATP, which the cell uses as energy. Small sacs called vesicles are used to carry substances into or outside of cells. There are many different kinds of vesicles, including lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and transport vesicles.

The transportome refers to the transport proteins and channels as a whole. Transportomes control the entrance and efflux of medications as well as ions and nutrients into and out of cells.

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Exocrine secretion is the type of secretion that has an extracellular effect, such as the digestion of food.

Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts, which then transport the secretions to the site of action. Examples of exocrine glands include the salivary glands, the pancreas, and the glands that secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine. These secretions act outside of the cell and have a direct effect on the external environment.

Digestion is a good example of an exocrine function, where enzymes are secreted by glands such as the pancreas and salivary glands into the small intestine to break down food molecules. The enzymes secreted by these glands are not only specific to certain types of molecules but also specific to certain regions of the gut, thus ensuring an optimal digestion.

On the other hand, endocrine glands secrete hormones that act on target cells through the bloodstream, which have a more systemic effect. Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by the endocrine glands and they play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the body such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

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Exocrine secretion has an extracellular effect such as the digestion of food. Here option A is the correct answer.

Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products, such as enzymes and hormones, into ducts that lead to the outside of the body or to an internal surface, such as the digestive tract.

Examples of exocrine glands include salivary glands, sweat glands, and the pancreas. The secretions of these glands play a vital role in bodily functions such as digestion, thermoregulation, and immune defense.

On the other hand, endocrine glands are glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells or organs in other parts of the body. Examples of endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, and the adrenal gland.

Complete question:

Which type of secretion has an extracellular effect such as the digestion of food?

Multiple choice question.

A - Exocrine

B - Endocrine

C - Both of them

D - None of them

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The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules.

These phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer, with their hydrophobic tails facing each other and their hydrophilic heads facing outward. The two layers of phospholipids in the cell membrane are called the phospholipid bilayer.

This bilayer is selectively permeable, meaning it controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Additionally, the cell membrane has a variety of other molecules embedded in it, such as cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, which help to maintain the fluidity and stability of the membrane.

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The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules.

These phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer, with their hydrophobic tails facing each other and their hydrophilic heads facing outward. The two layers of phospholipids in the cell membrane are called the phospholipid bilayer. This bilayer is selectively permeable, meaning it controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Additionally, the cell membrane has a variety of other molecules embedded in it, such as cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, which help to maintain the fluidity and stability of the membrane.

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The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a theoretical model that describes genetic makeup of a population in equilibrium. Equilibrium is maintained by the balance of five factors: mutation, selection, migration, genetic drift, and random mating.

One of the factors that can prevent the population from deviating from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is large population size. This is because in  large population,  effects of genetic drift are greatly reduced. Genetic drift is the random fluctuation of allele frequencies that occur in small populations and can lead to a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

In a large population, any random fluctuations in allele frequencies are likely to be small and quickly counterbalanced by large number of individuals carrying different alleles. So, large population reduces the chance of genetic drift and thus maintain the equilibrium.

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Answer:

The oldest trilobite (ancient marine arthropods) fossils are about 525 million – 500 million years old. They are known as Redlichiida and they first appear in the fossil record in the Lower Cambrian period. The earliest Redlichiida are considered the ancestors of all other trilobite species.

Explanation:

Answer:

I think it should be: 2,130 million years

Explanation:

In the chart it says that Uranium 253 takes 710 million years for one half life. If 50% percent is 710 million years and then you half 50% again you will add on another 710 million years, getting 1,420 million years. However, it says that there is 12.5% of the original Uranium 253, so you need to add one more half life on, because 12.5% is half of 25%. In the end when you add three half lives together you get 2,130 million years.

The stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids separate and each daughter cell gets one chromosomes is Anaphase.

The fourth stage of mitosis, known as anaphase, divides the duplicated genetic material contained in a parent cell's nucleus into two identical daughter cells. The sister chromatids, or replicated chromosomes, are positioned along the equatorial plane of the cell before anaphase starts. The sister chromatids are made up of two identical DNA copies linked at the centromere. Each pair of chromosomes divides into two identical, independent chromosomes during anaphase. The mitotic spindle is a structure that separates the chromosomes. A chromosome is attached to one end of the mitotic spindle's many lengthy proteins, known as microtubules, and a cell pole is attached to the other. Following the fourth and final phase of mitosis, known as anaphase, which ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes, is telophase, the fifth and final stage of mitosis.

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Anaphase is the stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids separate and one chromosome is given to each daughter cell.

The duplicated genetic information found in a parent cell's nucleus is divided into two identical daughter cells during the fourth stage of mitosis, referred to as anaphase. Before anaphase begins, the sister chromatids, or replicated chromosomes, are arranged along the equatorial plane of the cell.

Two identical DNA copies are joined at the centromere to form the sister chromatids. During anaphase, each pair of chromosomes splits into two identical, independent chromosomes. The chromosomes are divided by a structure called the mitotic spindle. The many long proteins of the mitotic spindle, called microtubules, have a chromosome linked to one end and a cell pole to the other.

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Natural selection is the process through which particular qualities gradually increase or decrease in prevalence in a population.

The process of natural selection is driven by the environment and the organisms that possess certain traits that give them an advantage over other organisms tend to survive and reproduce more often. Therefore, natural selection can lead to changes in the allele frequencies in a population, and is the opposite of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

In conclusion, for a population to reach Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, natural selection must not be present. If natural selection is present, it can lead to changes in the allele frequencies, and the population will not reach Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

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One of the requirements that is not necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is natural selection.

In the absence of external effects, genotype frequencies in a population genetic condition known as Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium remain constant from one generation to the next. The following prerequisites must be satisfied for this state to exist:• A sizable population, so that the random genetic changes have little impact on the population's genetic composition as a whole.• No mutation, preserving the population's genetic diversity.• No gene flow, preventing population genetic diversity from changing as a result of human migration.• Random mating, to prevent non-random mating from altering the genetic composition of the population.One of the key elements that can upset the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is natural selection. It is the process by which specific qualities, depending on how well they aid individuals in surviving and procreating, become more or less frequent in a community. As a result, different genotypes and allele frequencies may fluctuate throughout time.

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Theory of mind  stands for the ability to infer and comprehend another person's mental state (their beliefs, ideas, intentions, and feelings), allows one to use this knowledge to explain and forecast how people will act in the future desires.

It is possible to demonstrate a theory of mind, or attributing mental states to others, by realising that people act in ways that are motivated by their desires (for instance, I am hungry so I will reach for that apple), and that other people have their own desires as well (she must be  The field of cognitive research known as theory of mind studies how we attribute mental states to other people and how we utilise those states to anticipate and explain their behavior.

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Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand that others have their own thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that may differ from one's own. It is the ability to recognize that people have their own perspectives, and to understand that what one person likes or dislikes, may be different from another person's. In the example of the child and sibling, the child is able to understand that their sibling does not like the same food as they do. This is a complex cognitive ability that develops over time, and is an important aspect of social interactions. It is important for children to develop theory of mind, as it allows them to interact with others and understand their perspectives, which is crucial for effective communication and relationships.

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Answer:

Read below:

Explanation:

Similarities of an experiment that looks at the effect of temperature on yeast respiration may include:

When fishery populations are overharvested, it can lead to a decline in the overall population size, which can make it harder for the remaining fish to find mates and reproduce. Some governments have implemented measures to curb overfishing, such as setting catch limits, enforcing regulations on fishing gear and methods.

Overharvesting of fishery populations can cause the overall population size to decrease, making it difficult for the remaining fish to reproduce, and also can lead to a decline in the overall health of the population, as well as a decrease in the overall biomass of fish in the ecosystem. This can disrupt the balance of the ecosystem. Governments use measures such as setting catch limits, enforcing regulations on fishing gear and methods, and creating marine protected areas where fishing is not allowed. They also encourage sustainable fishing practices, such as using more selective fishing gear and the use of fish farms, in order to maintain healthy and sustainable fish populations for future generations.

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Overfishing hurts more than just the marine ecosystem. Fish is a major source of nourishment for billions of people worldwide, and for millions of individuals, fishing is their main source of income.

One of the main causes of population decreases in ocean species is fishing. Except for overfishing, which occurs when boats catch fish more quickly than stocks can restock, fishing is not necessarily detrimental for the ocean.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the number of overfished stocks worldwide has tripled in the past fifty years, and today, more than one-third of the world's evaluated fisheries are being exploited beyond their biological capacity. Bycatch, or the capturing of unwanted marine life while fishing for a different species, is directly related to overfishing. This is also a severe marine threat that results in the unnecessary extinction of thousands of sea turtles and cetaceans, as well as billions of fish.

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Malnutrition, advanced age, heredity, a lack of exercise, and specific medical problems can all contribute to muscle atrophy.

When you don't use these muscles enough, you develop disuse (physiologic) atrophy. Neurological conditions or disorders can cause neurogenic atrophy. A category of disorders known as muscular dystrophy leads to gradual muscle loss and weakening.

In muscular dystrophy, faulty genes (mutations) prevent the body from making the necessary proteins for building healthy muscle. Different types of muscular dystrophy exist. Muscle atrophy has also been linked to vitamin D insufficiency in both humans and animals.

An imbalance in the rates of protein synthesis and breakdown leads to muscle atrophy. Symptoms of muscle atrophy include balance issues, lack of muscle coordination, weakness in the face, tingling in the arms and legs, visual issues, weariness, and more.

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Muscle wasting or atrophy is caused by a variety of factors including disuse of the muscles, neurogenic conditions, poor nutrition, and underlying health conditions. It  states that disuse of muscles can cause muscle atrophy, which can be reversed with exercise and a healthy diet.

It also states that muscle atrophy is usually caused by not being able to regularly exercise your muscles, and your inability to move may be due to an injury or an underlying health condition. It reports that lack of physical activity due to an injury or illness, poor nutrition, genetics, and certain medical conditions can all contribute to muscle atrophy. In summary, muscle wasting or atrophy is caused by a combination of factors such as disuse, neurogenic conditions, poor nutrition, underlying health conditions, injury, genetics and certain medical conditions.

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Primary succession occurs when a disturbance leaves only open empty spaces where there used to be a stable community.  1) climax community with plants and animals. 2) Disturbance occurrece: volcano erupted. 3) open rocky area with a few pioneer species arriving the area. 4) Different plant and animal species inhabiting and interacting in a new community. Probably secondary succession.

Primary succession is the process through which an alteration or disturbance affects a site and opens the area, where new species can grow.

It occurs in an open space with no living organisms, such as a bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier, volcanic activity, or an intense fire. These areas could have been previously inhabited by species, but nothing remained after the event occurrence.

With time, new species arrive and manage to establish themselves again. The order in which species establish depends on the strategies of each species to survive.

First, pioneer species arrive. These are the first inhabitants, mostly lichens or plants with the capability of surviving in such an environment.

Only a few pioneers can establish themselves in the open space. Pioneers modify the habitat. They make it more suitable for other later species' establishment, converting rock into fertile soil.

As conditions get better, new species arrive like grasses. Grasses and pioneers keep modifying the soil, making it better with time.

New species arrive. Habitat modification keeps on going while new species establish. They produce shadows, alter the temperature, and humidity, fertilize the soil, competing for resources. Different plant and animal species inhabit this new area.

Competition becomes more frequent between species. The first species are eventually eliminated by competition, but new species keep appearing and competing for resources. Secondary succession might occur.

This sequence continues until the commuting reaches a climax, becoming stable and lasting for hundreds of years until another disturbance occurs.

In the exposed example, we have four boxes in which we need to draw four scenarios and describe what is happening in each frame.

I will make a description of each box, then you can make the drawings.

1) Let us assume there was a climax community in which several animal and plant species inhabited together and interacted. This was a highly stable community.

2) Suddenly, the Saint Helen volcano erupted, and as lava emerged and ashes were spewed, all forms of life died and disappeared. This disturbance killed everything.

3) This new scenario is empty, and only exposed rock is left. Primary succession begins. A few little pioneer species are arriving in the area and managing to establish in there. Little by little, they prepare the area for new species.

4) In this scenario, there are already many plant and animal species. A new community has been born. This new community might go through secondary succession events until reaching a new climax state.

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A standardized PCR test would be the most appropriate for testing the presence of the bacteria Shigella in a water supply.

PCR or polymerase chain reaction is basically a method which is widely used to rapidly make millions or even billions of copies of a specific DNA sample. This allows the scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it using sets of primers to a large amount which allows them to study the sample in detail.

These standardized PCR tests can be used to in a number of studies. For example, testing the presence of bacteria Shigella in a water supply. A small sample of water from the supply can be taken which contains the bacteria and that can be amplified using PCR to obtain a large amount of sample for study.

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The majority of land animals were dinosaurs. much of the Cretaceous period saw higher sea levels than at any other time.

The final stage dinosaur extinction was caused by an asteroid collision rather than volcanism. As a result of an accelerated plate collision that occurred during the Cretaceous, mountains grew along North America's western border. The Gulf coast basin began to recede as these mountains rose, and seawater started to move northward into the increasing western interior. The Arctic region also started to flood with marine water. In average, the climate during the Paleolithic Era was substantially warmer than it is today—possibly the warmest globally during the whole Phanerozoic Eon. The difference in temperature between the equator and the Poles was around half what it is today, making the climate more equable. Numerous species of plants and animals, ranging from microscopic marine.

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Higher rates of seafloor spreading are to blame for this rise in sea level.

What occurs to the Cretaceous as the sea level rises?

The most well-known mass extinction, which wiped off nonavian dinosaurs and paved the way for the quick diversification and evolution of mammals and birds, took place 66 million years ago at the commencement of the Paleogene and Cretaceous epochs. The end-Cretaceous catastrophe, which resulted in the extinction of all dinosaurs save for birds, is the most well-known of the "Big Five" extinctions.

Additionally, it provided chances for mammals. Throughout the Mesozoic Era, dinosaurs dominated every type of land environment. The sixth mass extinction, in contrast to previous extinction events that were triggered by natural causes, is being brought on by human activities, particularly (though not exclusively).

Learn more about Cretaceous here: brainly.com/question/11390551

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