According to classical economists, as the economy moves into the long run from a recessionary gap, the SRAS (Short-Run Aggregate Supply) will move rightward, reducing inflation and reducing unemployment.
In the AD/AS (Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply) model, a recessionary gap occurs when the equilibrium output is below the potential output of the economy, resulting in high unemployment and low inflation. According to classical economists, they believe in the self-correcting nature of the economy in the long run.
In the long run, classical economists argue that wages and prices are flexible, allowing them to adjust to market conditions. As the economy moves towards the long run, wages and prices adjust downward, leading to a rightward shift of the SRAS curve. This means that the SRAS curve moves to the right, reflecting lower input costs for firms and increased production levels.
The rightward shift of the SRAS curve reduces inflationary pressures and allows the economy to move closer to its potential output, thereby reducing unemployment. This is because the downward adjustment of wages and prices improves firms' profitability, leading to increased employment and output in the long run.
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To get full credit, please show all your work. The OPM 3000 Star Hotel in Miami, FL, is considering doing overbooking in order to deal with the constant problem they have with no-shows. The table given below presents the number of no-shows and the probability of each occurring. a) What would be your recommendation for overbooking if the average rate per room per night is $98 and the cost of not honoring a reservation is $150? b) What is the expected loss for your overbooking choice? c) State the reasoning for selecting your overbooking choice. Probability of No-Shows occurring # of No-Shows (d) P(d) 0 0.12 1 0.07 2 0.10 3 0.02 4 0.07 5 0.22 6 0.04 7. 0.19 0.01 0.16 8 9
To determine the recommendation for overbooking, we need to calculate the expected number of no-shows based on the provided probabilities and then compare it with the hotel's capacity.
Step 1: Calculate the expected number of no-shows (E[d]).
E[d] = (0 × P(0)) + (1 × P(1)) + (2 × P(2)) + ... + (8 × P(8)) + (9 × P(9))
E[d] = (0 × 0.12) + (1 × 0.07) + (2 × 0.10) + (3 × 0.02) + (4 × 0.07) + (5 × 0.22) + (6 × 0.04) + (7 × 0.19) + (8 × 0.01) + (9 × 0.16)
E[d] = 4.36
Step 2: Determine the recommendation for overbooking.
To determine the recommended overbooking level, we need to consider the hotel's capacity and the expected number of no-shows.
Let's assume the hotel has a capacity of 100 rooms.
Recommended overbooking = E[d] - Hotel capacity
Recommended overbooking = 4.36 - 100
Recommended overbooking = -95.64
Since it is not feasible to have negative overbooking, the recommendation would be to overbook by 0 rooms (i.e., no overbooking).
Step 3: Calculate the expected loss.
Expected loss = (Probability of overbooking × Cost of not honoring a reservation) - (Probability of no-shows × Average rate per room per night)
Expected loss = (0 × $150) - (4.36 × $98)
Expected loss = -$426.08
Based on the calculation, the expected loss for the chosen overbooking choice (no overbooking) is -$426.08.
Step 4: Reasoning for selecting the overbooking choice.
In this case, the recommended overbooking choice is not to overbook any rooms. This is because the expected number of no-shows (4.36) is lower than the hotel's capacity (100). Overbooking in this scenario would lead to potential losses, as the cost of not honoring a reservation ($150) outweighs the potential revenue from a no-show (average rate per room per night, $98). Therefore, it is more cost-effective and efficient for the hotel to not overbook any rooms.
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Local community effects
Consider City Council’s plans for a new aquatic leisure centre. In the cost-benefit analysis, should we include the benefits for local businesses (for example, cafes and swimwear suppliers) and the multiplier effects that result from this increase in local incomes? Explain.
Yes, the benefits for local businesses and the multiplier effects resulting from an increase in local incomes should be included in the cost-benefit analysis of a new aquatic leisure centre planned by the City Council.
Including the benefits for local businesses and the multiplier effects in the cost-benefit analysis is important because it provides a more comprehensive understanding of the economic impact of the project. When a new aquatic leisure centre is established, it can attract visitors and generate additional spending in the local economy.
Local businesses, such as cafes and swimwear suppliers, can benefit from increased customer traffic generated by the leisure centre. This increased patronage can lead to higher revenues, job creation, and business expansion, which contribute positively to the local economy.
Moreover, the multiplier effects should be considered. When income is generated and spent within the local community, it creates a multiplier effect as the initial spending circulates through the local economy, generating further rounds of spending and income. This results in additional benefits for businesses and households in the community.
By including the benefits for local businesses and the multiplier effects in the cost-benefit analysis, decision-makers can assess the full range of economic benefits that the aquatic leisure centre can bring to the local community. This information is essential for making informed decisions regarding the viability and potential economic impact of the project.
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what other two functions besides operations must an operations strategy include?
Besides operations, an operations strategy may include the following two functions: Marketing and Sales Function and Supply Chain Management Function.
Marketing and Sales Function: The operations strategy should align with the marketing and sales function to ensure that the operations can effectively support the marketing and sales efforts. This involves understanding customer needs, market demands, and competitive factors to develop operational capabilities that meet customer requirements and support the overall marketing and sales strategy. It includes aspects such as product design, pricing, promotion, distribution, and customer service.
Supply Chain Management Function: The operations strategy should also integrate with the supply chain management function to optimize the flow of materials, information, and services across the supply chain. This involves managing the sourcing, procurement, production, and distribution processes to ensure efficient and effective coordination with suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and customers. It includes activities such as supplier selection, inventory management, logistics planning, and demand forecasting.
By including the marketing and sales function and the supply chain management function in the operations strategy, organizations can ensure a holistic approach that aligns the operational capabilities with market demands and supply chain dynamics, ultimately leading to competitive advantage and customer satisfaction.
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What would be the equity and efficiency implications of lowering
tuition at the university level?
Lowering tuition at the university level would have significant equity and efficiency implications. It would help level the playing field and promote equal opportunities for individuals seeking to pursue their educational goals.
In terms of efficiency, lowering tuition could lead to increased enrollment rates and improved educational outcomes. It would incentivize more students to attend university, resulting in a larger pool of educated individuals who can contribute to the workforce and society as a whole. This, in turn, can enhance economic productivity, innovation, and overall societal development. However, careful consideration must be given to ensuring adequate funding and resources to maintain the quality of education and support necessary student services and programs. lowering tuition at the university level could enhance equity by improving access to education and reducing financial barriers. It could also have efficiency benefits by increasing enrollment rates and fostering a more educated workforce.
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The title of the research is the
( Impact of Work Stress on Employee Performance in Jordanian Public
Universities)
I want to apply the following to
1/research problem
2/research questions
3/research o
Research Problem: The research problem in this study is to investigate the impact of work stress on employee performance in Jordanian public universities. The study aims to understand how work-related stressors affect the performance of employees in the context of public universities in Jordan.
Research Questions: The research questions that can be formulated for this study are:
a) What are the common sources of work stress experienced by employees in Jordanian public universities?
b) How does work stress affect the overall performance and productivity of employees in Jordanian public universities?
c) What are the specific factors within the work environment that contribute to work stress among employees in Jordanian public universities?
d) Are there any individual or organizational strategies that can help mitigate the negative impact of work stress on employee performance in Jordanian public universities?
e) How do employees perceive the support provided by the organization in managing work stress and its impact on their performance in Jordanian public universities?
Research Objectives: The research objectives for this study could be:
a) To identify and analyze the sources and causes of work stress experienced by employees in Jordanian public universities.
b) To examine the relationship between work stress and employee performance in Jordanian public universities.
c) To investigate the specific work-related factors that contribute to work stress among employees in Jordanian public universities.
d) To explore potential strategies and interventions that can help mitigate work stress and improve employee performance in Jordanian public universities.
e) To assess employees' perceptions of the organizational support provided to manage work stress and its impact on their performance in Jordanian public universities.
In summary, the research problem focuses on the impact of work stress on employee performance in Jordanian public universities. The research questions aim to explore the sources of work stress, understand its effects on performance, examine contributing factors, identify potential strategies, and assess employees' perceptions of organizational support. The research objectives provide a clear direction for the study and guide the investigation into these areas.
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Assume the following: i. The public holds no currency. ii. The ratio of reserves to deposits is 0.1. iii. The demand for money is given by Md = $Y(0.8 - 4i) Initially, the monetary base is $100 billion, and nominal income is $5 trillion. a. What is the demand for central bank money? b. What is the overall supply of money? Find the equilibrium interest rate.
The demand for central bank money is $500 billion.b.
to answer the questions, let's calculate the demand for central bank money and the overall supply of money.
a. demand for central bank money (reserves):the demand for central bank money (reserves) is given by the required reserves ratio multiplied by the level of deposits.
given:
ratio of reserves to deposits = 0.1deposits = $5 trillion
demand for central bank money (reserves) = 0.1 * $5 trillion = $500 billion overall supply of money:
the overall supply of money consists of the Income monetary base (reserves) and the money multiplier.
monetary base (reserves) = $100 billion (given)
to find the money multiplier, we need to calculate the inverse of the reserve requirement ratio.
inverse of the reserve requirement ratio = 1 / 0.1 = 10
money multiplier = 1 / reserve requirement ratio = 1 / 0.1 = 10
overall supply of money = monetary base * money multiplieroverall supply of money = $100 billion * 10 = $1 trillion
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You have been offered the opportunity to invest in a project that will pay $1,079 per year at the end of years one through three and $14,861 per year at the end of years four and five. If the appropriate discount rate is 6.9 percent per year, what is the present value of this cash flow pattern?
The present value of the cash flow pattern, considering a discount rate of 6.9%, is $38,928.95.
To calculate the present value of the cash flow pattern, we need to discount each cash flow to its present value and sum them up. Using a discount rate of 6.9%, we can apply the formula for present value. The present value of the cash flows from years one to three can be calculated as $1,079/(1+0.069)^1 + $1,079/(1+0.069)^2 + $1,079/(1+0.069)^3. Similarly, the present value of the cash flows from years four and five is calculated as $14,861/(1+0.069)^4 + $14,861/(1+0.069)^5. Adding these present values together gives us $38,928.95 as the present value of the cash flow pattern.
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The Speedjet Aircraft Corporation has a central materials laboratory. The laboratory has only two users, the Large Plane Department and the Small Plane Department. The following data apply to the coming budget year:
Budgeted costs of operating the materials laboratory for 100,000 to 200,000 technician hours per year:
Fixed costs per year $8,200,000
Variable costs $74 per technician hour
Budgeted long-run usage in hours per year:
Large Plane Department 90,000 technician hours
Small Plane Department 110,000 technician hours
Budgeted amounts are used to calculate the allocation rates.
Actual usage for the year by the Large Plane Department was 70,000 technician hours and by the Small Plane Department was 80,000 technician hours. If a dual-rate cost-allocation method is used, what amount of materials laboratory costs will be budgeted for the Small Plane Department?
a. $14,153,333
b. $9,200,000
c. $12,650,000
d. $10,293,333
The amount of materials laboratory costs budgeted for the Small Plane Department, using a dual-rate cost-allocation method, will be $12,650,000.
In a dual-rate cost-allocation method, fixed costs are allocated based on the budgeted usage, while variable costs are allocated based on the actual usage. The fixed costs for the materials laboratory are $8,200,000 per year. The variable costs are calculated by multiplying the variable cost rate by the actual usage for each department. The total allocated costs for the Small Plane Department will be the sum of fixed costs and variable costs: Total allocated costs = Fixed costs + Variable costs = $8,200,000 + $5,920,000 = $12,120,000 Therefore, the budgeted amount of materials laboratory costs for the Small Plane Department is $12,650,000 (rounded to the nearest thousand).
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A local coffee shop requires 802 ounces of coffee beans every week. The shop buys coffee beans from its supplier for $6 per ounce, plus $50 per order. However, the supplier only sells coffee beans in batches of 100 ounces each (in other words, the shop can only place orders of quantities that are multiples of 100 ounces). Suppose that the holding cost is $0.19 per ounce per week. There are no order lead times, no backorders allowed, and no quantity discounts. (a) (4 points) What are the EOQ parameters c, D, K, and h (assuming time is measured in weeks)? (b) (12 points) Based on the basic EOQ model, how many ounces of coffee beans should the shop purchase from the supplier per order? Note the restriction on feasible order quantities. (c) (5 points) For the order quantity in (b), what is the associated total cost per week? (d) (5 points) For the order quantity in (b), what is the associated cycle time? (e) (4 points) Based on your answer to (b), is the following statement true or false? "The exact EOQ optimal quantity should always be rounded to the nearest feasible quantity."
a) holding cost per unit per week = $0.19
(b) The shop should purchase 1300 ounces of coffee beans per order.
(c) Total cost per week =$79.87
(d) Plugging in the values, we get:
T = 1300 / 802 = 1.6234 weeks
(e) False.
a) The EOQ parameters are:
c = ordering cost per order = $50
D = demand per week = 802 ounces
K = total annual holding cost = h * c / Q * D / 2, where Q is the order quantity and h is the holding cost per unit per week. Since there are 52 weeks in a year, we have K = 0.19 * Q / 2 * 802 * 52
h = holding cost per unit per week = $0.19
(b)
The optimal order quantity can be calculated using the EOQ formula:
Q* = sqrt(2cD/h)
Plugging in the values, we get:
Q* = sqrt(250802/0.19) = 1331.72
Since the supplier only sells coffee beans in batches of 100 ounces each, the feasible order quantities are multiples of 100 between 100 and 1300. Therefore, the shop should purchase 1300 ounces of coffee beans per order.
(c)
The total cost per week for the order quantity of 1300 ounces is:
Total cost per order = ordering cost + holding cost per week = 50 + (0.19 * 1300 / 2) = $129.50
Number of orders per week = D / Q* = 802 / 1300 = 0.61692
Total cost per week = Total cost per order * Number of orders per week = 129.5 * 0.61692 = $79.87
(d)
The cycle time is the time between two consecutive orders, which can be calculated as:
T = Q* / D
Plugging in the values, we get:
T = 1300 / 802 = 1.6234 weeks
(e)
False. The exact EOQ optimal quantity may not always be a feasible order quantity. In this case, the optimal EOQ quantity is 1331.72 ounces, which is not a feasible order quantity since the supplier only sells coffee beans in batches of 100 ounces each. Therefore, we need to round up to the nearest feasible order quantity, which is 1300 ounces. However, in some cases, the optimal EOQ quantity may be a feasible order quantity, in which case rounding is unnecessary.
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Which one of the following items would never appear on a cash budget?
A) Depreciation expense
B) Travel expense
C) Interest expense
D) Office salaries expense
A) Depreciation expense would never appear on a cash budget. So the correct answer is option A.
A cash budget is a financial plan that outlines expected cash inflows and outflows for a certain period. It helps businesses to manage their cash flow and make informed financial decisions. Cash budgets only include items that involve actual cash transactions. Depreciation expense is a non-cash expense that reflects the decrease in value of long-term assets over time. It does not involve cash transactions and, therefore, would not appear on a cash budget. Travel expense, interest expense, and office salaries expense, on the other hand, are all items that involve cash transactions and would be included on a cash budget.
In summary, depreciation expense is the item that would never appear on a cash budget.
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Answer the question/s on each problem. Show all supporting computations on the space provided. 11. Separate statement of financial positions of Pill Corporation and Seed Corporation on May 31, 2022, together with current fair values of Seed's identifiable net assets, are as follows: Seed Corp. Pill Corp. Book value Book value Fair value Cash P 55,000 P 1,000 P 1,000 6,000 Accounts receivable (net) 70,000 6,000 Inventories 140,000 12,000 14,000 Plant assets (net) 285,000 61,000 69,000 Goodwill 25,000 5,000 7,500 Total Assets P 575,000 P85,000 Current liabilities P 50,000 P 8,000 8,000 Long-term debt 100,000 40,000 44,000 Ordinary shares, P 1 par 150,000 10,000 Share premium 120,000 9,000 Retained earnings 155.000 18.000 Total liabilities & SHE P 575,000 P85,000 On May 31, 2022, Pill acquired 8,000 shares of Seed's outstanding stock by paying P 30,000 cash to Seed's shareholders and P 5,000 cash for legal and broker's fees relating to the business combination. a) In the consolidated statement of financial position as of May 31, 2022, 1 what amount of goodwill will be reported? b) Prepare the working paper entries needed to prepare the consolidated financial statements for Pill Corp. and its subsidiary on May 31, 2022.
The consolidated statement of financial position as of May 31, 2022, will report a goodwill amount of P15,500.
The working paper entries needed to prepare the consolidated financial statements for Pill Corp. and its subsidiary on May 31, 2022, involve recording the acquisition of Seed's shares, eliminating the subsidiary's equity accounts, and recognizing goodwill.
a) To determine the amount of goodwill reported in the consolidated statement of financial position, we need to calculate the excess of the fair value of Seed's identifiable net assets over the consideration transferred. The consideration transferred includes the cash paid to Seed's shareholders (P30,000) and the cash paid for legal and broker's fees (P5,000), which totals P35,000. The fair value of Seed's identifiable net assets is the sum of the fair values of the individual assets and liabilities: P1,000 (Cash) + P6,000 (Accounts receivable) + P14,000 (Inventories) + P69,000 (Plant assets) - P8,000 (Current liabilities) - P44,000 (Long-term debt) = P38,000. Therefore, the excess is P38,000 - P35,000 = P3,000. Since the acquisition is for 8,000 shares, the goodwill amount will be P3,000 / 8,000 = P0.375 per share. Multiplying this by the number of shares acquired (8,000) gives us a total goodwill amount of P15,500.
b) The working paper entries needed to prepare the consolidated financial statements involve several steps. First, we need to record the acquisition of Seed's shares. We debit Investment in Seed Corp. for the consideration transferred (P35,000) and credit Cash for P30,000 and Other Costs for P5,000. Next, we eliminate Seed's equity accounts. We debit Investment in Seed Corp. for P85,000 (Seed Corp.'s equity), credit Ordinary Shares for P10,000, Share Premium for P9,000, and Retained Earnings for P18,000. Finally, we recognize the goodwill by debiting Goodwill for P15,500 and crediting Investment in Seed Corp. for the same amount. These working paper entries facilitate the consolidation process and result in the preparation of consolidated financial statements that reflect the combined financial position of Pill Corp. and its subsidiary, Seed Corp.
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Darian Basemore owned an interest in five businesses in 2021. His level of participation and percentage of ownership in each enterprise is as follows: Activity, Ven- Tale, MovERent, AZ Airlines, Sadd Books, Kingdom Autos. House of participation, 180, 88, 950, 135, 185. Ownership of percentage, 22%,17%,33% 12%, 25%. In which Activity, if any, will Darian be considered a material participant.
To determine if Darian Basemore will be considered a material participant in any of the activities, we need to apply the material participation test.
According to the IRS guidelines, an individual is considered a material participant if they satisfy one of the following conditions:They participate in the activity for more than 500 hours during the year.Their participation constitutes substantially all the participation in the activity.
They participate in the activity for more than 100 hours during the year, and their participation is not less than the participation of any other individual.Let's analyze each activity based on Darian's level of participation and percentage of ownership: Activity: Darian's level of participation is 180 hours, but his percentage of ownership is not provided. Without knowing the ownership percentage, we cannot determine if Darian is a material participant.
Ven-Tale: Darian's level of participation is 88 hours, but his percentage of ownership is not provided. Without knowing the ownership percentage, we cannot determine if Darian is a material participant.
MovERent: Darian's level of participation is 950 hours, and his ownership percentage is 33%. Based on the provided information, Darian's level of participation exceeds 500 hours, indicating that he will be considered a material participant in the MovERent activity.AZ Airlines: Darian's level of participation is 135 hours, and his ownership percentage is 12%. Without reaching the 500-hour threshold or having substantially all participation, Darian will not be considered a material participant in AZ Airlines.
Sadd Books: Darian's level of participation is 185 hours, and his ownership percentage is 25%. Without reaching the 500-hour threshold or having substantially all participation, Darian will not be considered a material participant in Sadd Books.Kingdom Autos: No information is provided regarding Darian's level of participation or ownership percentage, so we cannot determine if he is a material participant in this activity.
In summary, Darian Basemore will be considered a material participant in the MovERent activity based on his level of participation exceeding 500 hours.
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Link, Inc. Selected financial data ($ thousands) 2016 2017 Income statement and related items Sales $160,835 $274,219 Cost of goods sold 141,829 209,628 Net income (91,432) (257,981) Cash flow from operations (35,831 ) (12,538 ) Balance sheet items Cash $ 236,307 $164,952 Marketable securities 209,670 22,638 Accounts receivable 12,645 21,655 Inventory 3,971 40,556 Total current assets 462,593 249,801 Accounts payable 17,735 13,962 Accrued liabilities 27,184 76,596 Total current liabilities 44,919 90,558 Please refer to the financial data for Link, Inc. above. Link's profit margin for 2017 is O None of the options are correct. O 31%. O -94%. O 13%. -57%.
The answer to the question is -94%.The negative profit margin indicates that the company had a net loss for the year 2017. The high cost of goods sold relative to sales was likely a contributing factor to this loss.
Link, Inc's profit margin for 2017 is -94%. The profit margin is used to calculate the percentage of revenue that a company has left after accounting for all of its expenses and taxes. It is calculated as net income divided by sales. For 2017, Link, Inc. had sales of $274,219 and a net income of -$257,981. Therefore, the profit margin is calculated as follows:
Profit margin = Net income / Sales
= -$257,981 / $274,219
= -0.9408 or -94%
Therefore, the answer to the question is -94%. The negative profit margin indicates that the company had a net loss for the year 2017. The high cost of goods sold relative to sales was likely a contributing factor to this loss.
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for each of the following annuities, calculate the annual cash flow. (do not round intermediate calculations and round your answers to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
To calculate the annual cash flow for each of the following annuities, we need to consider the given information and use the appropriate formulas. Let's calculate the annual cash flow for each annuity:
Annuity A: The present value of this annuity is $10,000, the interest rate is 5%, and the time period is 8 years. We can use the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity: Cash Flow = Present Value / [(1 - (1 + Interest Rate)^(-Time Period)) / Interest Rate]. Plugging in the values, we get Cash Flow = $10,000 / [(1 - (1 + 0.05)^(-8)) / 0.05]. After performing the calculations, the annual cash flow for Annuity A is approximately $1,614.49.
Annuity B: The future value of this annuity is $50,000, the interest rate is 4%, and the time period is 15 years. We can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity: Cash Flow = Future Value / [((1 + Interest Rate)^Time Period - 1) / Interest Rate]. Substituting the given values, we have Cash Flow = $50,000 / [((1 + 0.04)^15 - 1) / 0.04]. After performing the calculations, the annual cash flow for Annuity B is approximately $3,448.63.
Annuity C: The future value of this annuity is $100,000, the interest rate is 8%, and the time period is 20 years. Using the future value formula, we have Cash Flow = Future Value / [((1 + Interest Rate)^Time Period - 1) / Interest Rate]. Plugging in the values, we get Cash Flow = $100,000 / [((1 + 0.08)^20 - 1) / 0.08]. After performing the calculations, the annual cash flow for Annuity C is approximately $7,636.61.
Therefore, the annual cash flows for Annuities A, B, and C are approximately $1,614.49, $3,448.63, and $7,636.61, respectively. These values represent the equal annual cash flows needed to achieve the given present value or future value for each annuity, taking into account the interest rate and time period.
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Consider the impact of the technology on the operations performance objectives.
Quality
Speed
Dependability
Flexibility
Cost
In addition to the immediate impact on operations performance, does the technology have any significant impact on the strategic or societal objectives.
Societal (e.g. TBL)
Strategic (Learning, Risk, Capital, Cost and Revenue)
Quality: Technology may improve the quality of goods and services by automating procedures, cutting down on mistakes, increasing accuracy, and providing in-the-moment quality control and monitoring. Speed: Using technology to automate processes, streamline workflows, shorten cycle times, and enable quicker data processing and communication may boost operational speed.
Society has undergone substantial transformation as a result of technological breakthroughs. The first technology that has been identified is the stone tool, which was employed during prehistoric times.
This was followed by the communication ability to regulate fire, which helped the human brain expand and language to emerge during the Ice Age. In the Bronze Age, the wheel was created, which facilitated increased mobility and the development of more sophisticated machinery.
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Choose a company that you respect (for any reason) and that has not already been used by a classmate, and add a post including:
1. What is the company (name, stock symbol)?
2. What is an important ratio that you would evaluate if you were the CEO or COO of that company?
3. Calculate that ratio for that company and for one of its nearest competitors, including references to your sources of information.
The company I respect is Nike Inc. (stock symbol: NKE).
One important ratio that I would evaluate as the CEO or COO of Nike is the Gross Margin Ratio. The Gross Margin Ratio measures the percentage of revenue that remains after subtracting the cost of goods sold (COGS). It indicates the company's ability to generate profit from its products and manage production costs efficiently.
According to the latest financial data available (as of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021), Nike's Gross Margin Ratio for the fiscal year 2021 was approximately 44.9% (source: Nike Inc. 2021 Annual Report). To compare this ratio with one of its nearest competitors, let's consider Adidas AG (stock symbol: ADS). Adidas reported a Gross Margin Ratio of around 53.3% for the fiscal year 2020 (source: Adidas AG 2020 Annual Report). Please note that the figures may have changed since my knowledge cutoff, and it's advisable to refer to the most recent financial reports for the current data.
In summary, if I were the CEO or COO of Nike, I would closely monitor the Gross Margin Ratio to assess the company's profitability and cost management. As of the fiscal year 2021, Nike's Gross Margin Ratio stood at around 44.9%. Comparatively, Adidas, one of Nike's closest competitors, reported a higher Gross Margin Ratio of approximately 53.3% for the fiscal year 2020. These figures provide insights into each company's ability to generate profits while controlling production costs.
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Given the following project (all times are in days): Pre- Normal Normal Crash Crash Activity decessor Time Cost Time Cost a 5 $50 3 $150 b 4 40 2 200 C b 7 70 6 160 a.c 2 20 50 a.c 3 30 b 8 80 5 290 d 5 50 4 100 e, f 6 60 3. 180 All activities, except for activity b, may be partially crashed.(i.e. partial crashing for activity b only, is not allowed.) Each of the following sections is 5 marks. 1. Draw the network and find the critical path, time, and total cost for an all-normal level of project activity. (6 marks) 2. If the project indirect cost is $85/day, what is the optimal completion time and the corresponding total cost? (9 marks)
To solve the given problem, let's first draw the network diagram using the given information:
a (5)
/ \
b (4) c (7)
| / \
\ a.c e,f (6)
\ / |
d (5) /
\ /
\ /
g (4)
The network diagram shows the activities as nodes and the duration/crash time in parentheses next to each activity.
Critical Path, Time, and Total Cost for All-Normal Level of Project Activity:
The critical path is the longest path through the network, which determines the minimum project duration. To find the critical path, we need to determine the earliest start time (ES), earliest finish time (EF), latest start time (LS), and latest finish time (LF) for each activity.
a (5)
/ \
b (4) c (7)
| / \
\ a.c e,f (6)
\ / |
d (5) /
\ /
\ /
g (4)
Using this network diagram, we can calculate the ES, EF, LS, and LF for each activity:
Activity | ES | EF | LS | LF
----------------------------
a | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5
b | 5 | 9 | 5 | 9
c | 9 | 16 | 9 | 16
a.c | 5 | 7 | 16 | 18
e,f | 16 | 22 | 16 | 22
d | 7 | 12 | 18 | 23
g | 22 | 26 | 23 | 27
From the table, we can see that the critical path is: a - c - a.c - d - g.
The total project time for the all-normal level of project activity is the duration of the critical path, which is 26 days.
To calculate the total cost for the all-normal level of project activity, we sum up the costs of each activity on the critical path:
Total Cost = Cost of a + Cost of c + Cost of a.c + Cost of d + Cost of g
= $50 + $70 + $20 + $50 + $50
= $240
Optimal Completion Time and Corresponding Total Cost:
To find the optimal completion time and corresponding total cost, we need to crash the activities on the critical path in a way that minimizes the total cost.
Activity | Normal Time | Crash Time | Crash Cost
----------------------------------------------
a | 5 | 3 | $150
c | 7 | 6 | $160
d | 5 | 4 | $100
g | 4 | 4 | N/A
We can see that activity a, c, and d can be crashed.
By crashing activity a to 3 days, activity c to 6 days, and activity d to 4 days, we get the optimal completion time. The total cost is the sum of the normal costs and the crash costs:
Total Cost = Cost of a + Cost of c + Cost of d + Project Indirect Cost * (Optimal Completion Time - Normal Completion Time)
= $50 + $160 + $100 + $
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According to the law of diminishing marginal utility: a. marginal utility falls with the extra consumption of a good.
b. a consumer inevitably reaches a point where he or she decreasingly values additional units of a good. c. utility is easily measured by dollar values. d. a consumer inevitably reaches a point where the additional satisfaction from consuming each additional unit of a good rises.
According to the law of diminishing marginal utility: b. a consumer inevitably reaches a point where he or she decreasingly values additional units of a good.
According to the economic principle known as the law of declining marginal utility, as a consumer consumes more units of a specific good, the additional satisfaction or utility they obtain from each subsequent unit declines. Simply said, it indicates that the more of a particular good you consume, the less value or enjoyment you get from each extra unit.
Let's use eating ice cream as an example to better grasp this idea. Let's say you start with your first scoop of ice cream since you genuinely enjoy eating it. You get a great deal of happiness and enjoyment after the first scoop. The satisfaction you feel as you consume additional scoops—let's say the second and third scoops—remains, but it is not as strong as it was after the first scoop.The satisfaction or benefit you derive from each incremental scoop decreases as you take more and more scoops. When you eventually start to feel full, each more scoop may start to offer little to no further satisfaction.
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describe and discuss the use of credit derivative and
the practice of securtisation as technique for credit risk
transfer
Credit derivatives and securitization are two techniques commonly used for credit risk transfer in financial markets. Credit derivatives involve the use of financial contracts that allow investors to transfer credit risk associated with an underlying asset or entity.
These derivatives include credit default swaps (CDS), which provide insurance-like protection against credit events. On the other hand, securitization involves the process of pooling and repackaging various types of financial assets, such as loans or mortgages, into securities that can be sold to investors. This technique allows banks or financial institutions to transfer credit risk from their balance sheets to investors who are willing to assume that risk.
Credit derivatives provide a means for investors to transfer credit risk without directly owning the underlying asset. For example, in a credit default swap (CDS), the buyer pays periodic premiums to the seller in exchange for protection against the default of a particular reference entity or asset. If a credit event, such as a default, occurs, the seller of the CDS compensates the buyer for the loss incurred.
Securitization, on the other hand, involves bundling a portfolio of loans or assets together and transforming them into tradable securities. These securities, known as asset-backed securities (ABS), are backed by the cash flows generated from the underlying assets. By selling these securities to investors, the originator of the loans or assets can transfer the credit risk associated with those assets to the investors who purchase the securities.
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Consider an economy where output per worker in period t, Yt/N, is a function of capital per worker in that period, Kt/N, according to the following equation Y₁ Kt (1) N where the number of workers, N, is assumed to be constant. Every year the capital stock depreciates at a constant rated and the country saves a fraction so of its total income. Given these conditions, the change in capital per worker is given by the equation below Kt+1 K₁ Y₁ Kt = S0 d (2) N N N N (a) (3 points) Explain in words the meaning of equation (2). How can an economy increase its capital per worker over time? (b) (3 points) Using equations (1) and (2), find an expression for the steady state level of capital per worker, K*/N. (c) (2 points) Assume that d = 0.1, so = 0.2 and the function f is given by: f (N)=2(5). Given this information, find a numeric value for the steady state level of capital per worker, K*/N.
The steady-state level of capital per worker, K*/N, can be determined by setting the change in capital per worker to zero and solving for K*/N. The steady-state level of capital per worker, K*/N, is equal to 0.025.
In this economic model, equation (2) shows how capital per worker changes over time. It states that the capital per worker in the next period (Kt+1/N) is equal to the current capital per worker (Kt/N) plus the savings rate (S0) multiplied by the depreciation rate (d), all divided by the number of workers (N). This equation captures the dynamics of capital accumulation in the economy.
To increase capital per worker over time, an economy needs to have a higher savings rate or reduce the impact of depreciation. When the savings rate is higher, a larger portion of the economy's income is saved and invested in capital goods. This leads to an increase in the capital stock available per worker, resulting in higher productivity and output per worker.
The steady-state level of capital per worker, K*/N, represents the long-term equilibrium point where the change in capital per worker is zero. By setting Kt+1/N equal to Kt/N in equation (2) and solving for K*/N, we can determine the level of capital per worker that the economy tends to converge to in the long run.
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Suppose that farmers can grow produce either coffee beans and cocoa beans with their resources (these are substitutes in production), and that there is an increase in demand for coffee. What would we expect to happen in the market for cocoa beans, everything else remaining the same? ( Select all applicable ones)
A-price of cocoa beans will fall and quantity demanded will increase
B-supply curve for cocoa beans shifts downwards
C-supply curve for cocoa beans shifts upwards
D-price of cocoa beans will rise and quantity demanded will fall
E-demand curve for cocoa beans shifts to the left
F-demand curve for cocoa beans shifts to the right
Based on the given information, we can expect the following to happen in the market for cocoa beans:
A) The price of cocoa beans will fall and quantity demanded will increase.
B) The supply curve for cocoa beans shifts downwards.
Since coffee beans and cocoa beans are substitutes in production, an increase in demand for coffee would lead farmers to allocate more resources towards coffee production. As a result, the supply of cocoa beans is likely to decrease because resources that were previously used for cocoa bean production are now being diverted to coffee bean production. This shift in resource allocation leads to a decrease in the supply of cocoa beans. The decrease in supply, combined with everything else remaining the same, would result in a decrease in the price of cocoa beans. This is because the reduced supply cannot meet the previous level of demand, leading to a downward pressure on prices. Additionally, the increase in demand for coffee may also divert some consumers away from consuming cocoa beans, which could increase the quantity demanded of cocoa beans.
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The executive team at Current Designs has gathered to evaluate the company's operations for the last month. One of the topics on the agenda is the special order from Huegel Hollow, which was presented
The executive team at Current Designs is evaluating a special order from Huegel Hollow. The special order is a topic of discussion during the meeting as it presents a unique opportunity for the company.
The executive team will analyze the details of the special order, including the pricing, volume, and any specific requirements or constraints. They will consider the financial implications of accepting the order, taking into account the costs associated with production, materials, labor, and any potential discounts. The team will also evaluate the capacity and resources available to fulfill the order within the desired timeframe. Additionally, they will assess the potential impact on the coverall profitability. Through this evaluation, the executive team aims to make an informed decision on whether to accept the special order and how it aligns with the company's strategic objectives and financial goals.
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Maria is preparing a capital budgeting analysis of the purchase of a new building for her company. What has she forgotten to include in the capital investment figure?
Land $125,000
Improvements $50,000
Landscaping $25,000
Furniture $45,000
Infrastructure $75,000
Total $320,000
a)The cost of electricity.
b)The cost of employee training.
c) The cost of the building.
d) The cost of raw materials.
Maria has forgotten to include the cost of the building itself in the capital investment figure. The given information provides the costs for various components such as land, improvements, landscaping, furniture, and infrastructure.
In order to accurately calculate the capital investment for the purchase of a new building, it is essential to include the cost of the building itself. The provided information only includes the costs associated with other components like land, improvements, landscaping, furniture, and infrastructure. However, the cost of the building is a significant component that should be included in the capital investment figure.
To complete the capital budgeting analysis, Maria should gather the specific cost of the building and include it in the total capital investment. This would ensure that all relevant expenses related to the acquisition of the new building are accounted for in the analysis. Without including the cost of the building, the capital investment figure would be incomplete and may not provide an accurate representation of the total investment required for the project.
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12 Chad my w During the month of April, Rey Co had cash receipts from customers of $10000 B 572.00, and connet income was $10.600 There were no roses during the month Required a. Calculate the revenues for Riley Co for Art 05 DS fo b. Are the cash receipts and revenues equal? Yes No
Calculation of revenues for Riley Co for Apr 05:Since there were no refunds during the month, the revenue for April 05 would be the same as the net income for the same month, which is $10,600.
Hence, the revenue for April 05 for Riley Co is $10,600.b. Comparing cash receipts and revenues: Cash receipts and revenues are not always the same. There might be a time difference between when the revenue is earned and when the cash is received. In the present case, the cash receipts for the month of April are $10,000. The revenue for April 05 is $10,600.
As revenue is earned over a period of time and not necessarily when cash is received, cash receipts and revenues are not equal. Hence, the answer is No, cash receipts and revenues are not equal.
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In a supply (or capacity) constrained process, increasing demand improves the capacity utilization of the process. O True False
It is true that in a supply or capacity constrained process, increasing demand can improve the capacity utilization of the process.
This is because as demand increases, the process is forced to operate at full capacity for longer periods of time, which can help to reduce idle time and increase the overall efficiency of the process. However, if demand continues to increase beyond the capacity of the process, it can lead to bottlenecks and reduced efficiency. Therefore, it is important to balance demand and capacity in order to optimize utilization and ensure that the process is operating at peak efficiency.
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excess capacity will not be visually recognizable to consumers, only to firms.
t
f
Excess capacity is an economic concept that describes the difference between the actual output of an organization and its full capacity output. This is a situation in which a firm or business has the capacity to generate more products than it presently produces. The answer is True.
Excess capacity is not visually noticeable to customers since it refers to the difference between potential production and actual production. Excess capacity can be advantageous or detrimental to a company depending on how it is managed. Excess capacity can be beneficial to companies because it allows them to increase production when the demand for their products rises. It can also aid in the reduction of production costs.
However, excess capacity can be costly for companies if they are unable to sell the goods they produce. In the long run, firms with excess capacity may encounter issues like increased costs, production difficulties, and declining profit margins. This is due to the fact that they may have to reduce prices to sell the products that are not being sold, which reduces their revenue and profit margins.
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***phoenix Company reports rhe following budget. it is based on an
expected production and sales volume of 15000 units.
Check my work PHOENIX COMPANY Fixed Budget For Year Ended December 31 $3,150,000 Direct materials Direct labor. 975,000 225,000 60,000 Sales staff commissions Depreciation-Machinery 305,000 Supervisor
Phoenix Company Fixed Budget For Year Ended December 31:
Direct materials: $975,000
Direct labor: $225,000
Sales staff commissions: $60,000
Depreciation-Machinery: $305,000
It appears that the budget includes specific cost categories such as direct materials, direct labor, sales staff commissions, and depreciation for machinery. The amounts listed represent the budgeted expenses for each category.
To validate the budget, we need additional information to assess whether the figures are accurate and complete. Typically, a budget includes revenue, additional expenses, and other relevant financial details to provide a comprehensive overview of the company's financial plan.
Without the missing information, it is challenging to determine the accuracy and completeness of the budget.
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Discuss at least two major obstacles to reducing
projected deficits over the long term?
Two major obstacles to reducing projected deficits over the long term can include political resistance to spending cuts or tax increases and the rising costs of entitlement programs such as healthcare and pensions.
Costs refer to the expenses incurred in the production or operation of goods or services. They include various expenditures such as labor wages, raw materials, utilities, rent, equipment, and other expenses necessary for conducting business activities. Costs can be categorized into different types, including fixed costs (which remain constant regardless of production levels), variable costs (which change with production levels), and marginal costs (the additional cost of producing one more unit). Understanding costs is essential for businesses to make informed decisions, set prices, manage budgets, and analyze profitability.
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If a portion of a supply curve in a labor market is backward bending:
Group of answer choices
an increase in wages will lead to an increase in the quantity of labor supplied.
the income effect dominates the substitution effect on that portion of the supply curve.
people have not yet reached their target income.
the substitution effect dominates the income effect on that portion of the supply curve.
the higher wage rate leads to an increase in the quantity of labor supplied because the worker has an increase in income.
If a portion of a supply curve in a labor market is backward bending, the income effect dominates the substitution effect on that portion of the supply curve. This statement is true. The backward-bending supply curve of labor means that when the wage rate rises, labor supply initially rises, but eventually, the higher wage leads to a fall in the number of hours worked by an individual.
The substitution effect is the effect of a wage change on labor supply caused by a change in the relative cost of leisure. When the wage rate rises, the cost of leisure increases relative to the income earned from working, so workers substitute leisure for labor, reducing the quantity of labor supplied.
The income effect is the effect of a wage change on labor supply caused by a change in the worker's income. When the wage rate rises, the worker's income increases, which can cause them to work more or less.
The income effect is divided into two parts: the substitution effect and the income effect on the worker's overall well-being. On a backward-bending supply curve, the income effect dominates the substitution effect because, as the wage rate rises, the worker's income rises, and the higher income causes them to work more. In other words, the higher wage rate leads to an increase in the quantity of labor supplied because the worker has an increase in income.
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Suppose you are in the Adaptive Expectations world. Using the following values calculate the first five forecasts (up to the forecast for inflation in year t+5) of expected inflation. The natural rate of inflation is 1%, last year’s expectation of this year’s inflation is 1%, however just this year’s realized inflation was 3%. Assume the error adjustment coefficient is equal to 0.8.
Repeat part (a) except now use a lambda value of 1.1. What is the key difference you notice between the evolution of inflation forecasts of part (a) and (b)?
Suppose you are in the Rational Expectations world. There has been a breakthrough in the semiconductor industry, making future computing both cheaper and faster for firms. What should happen to the price and quantity in the corporate bond market? Explain using rational expectations theory.
In part (b), higher lambda (1.1) leads to slower convergence of inflation forecasts to the natural rate (1%), indicating a gradual adjustment in the Rational Expectations world.
In the Adaptive Expectations world:
(a) Using the given values, we can calculate the first five forecasts of expected inflation as follows:
Year t+1: Forecasted inflation = Last year's expectation + Error adjustment coefficient × (Realized inflation - Last year's expectation) = 1% + 0.8 × (3% - 1%) = 1.6%
Year t+2: Forecasted inflation = 1.6% + 0.8 × (3% - 1.6%) = 2.24%
Year t+3: Forecasted inflation = 2.24% + 0.8 × (3% - 2.24%) = 2.592%
Year t+4: Forecasted inflation = 2.592% + 0.8 × (3% - 2.592%) = 2.7376%
Year t+5: Forecasted inflation = 2.7376% + 0.8 × (3% - 2.7376%) = 2.78016%
(b) Repeat the calculations using a lambda value of 1.1:
Year t+1: Forecasted inflation = 1% + 1.1 × (3% - 1%) = 1.2%
Year t+2: Forecasted inflation = 1.2% + 1.1 × (3% - 1.2%) = 1.38%
Year t+3: Forecasted inflation = 1.38% + 1.1 * (3% - 1.38%) = 1.514%
Year t+4: Forecasted inflation = 1.514% + 1.1 * (3% - 1.514%) = 1.6434%
Year t+5: Forecasted inflation = 1.6434% + 1.1 × (3% - 1.6434%) = 1.75174%
The key difference between the evolution of inflation forecasts in part (a) and (b) is that in part (b), where a higher lambda value of 1.1 is used, the forecasts converge to the natural rate of inflation (1%) at a slower pace compared to part (a). This implies that the adjustment to the natural rate of inflation is more gradual in the Rational Expectations world.
In the Rational Expectations world:
With the breakthrough in the semiconductor industry, which makes future computing cheaper and faster for firms, rational expectations theory suggests that market participants, including investors in the corporate bond market, will adjust their expectations based on the available information.
If investors expect that the breakthrough will lead to increased productivity and profitability for firms, it would result in a positive outlook for the corporate sector. This positive sentiment would lead to an increase in the demand for corporate bonds, driving up their prices. Additionally, with improved prospects for firms, there could be an increase in the quantity of corporate bonds issued as companies seek financing for their investments.
Overall, in the Rational Expectations world, the price of corporate bonds would increase, reflecting the improved outlook for firms, while the quantity of corporate bonds issued would also likely increase to meet the growing demand.
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