two hosts, a and b, are separated by 20,000 kilometers and are connected by a direct link of 1 mbps. the signal propagation speed over the link is 2.5 × 108 meters/sec. a. what are the one-way propagation delay and round-trip time? b. calculate the bandwidth-delay product, ???????? ⋅ ????????prop. c. what is the bit time? d. what is the maximum number of bits on the link at any given time if a sufficiently large message is sent? e. what is the width (in meters) of a bit in the link? f. derive a general expression for the width of a bit in terms of the propagation speed ????????, the transmission rate ????????, and the length of the link mm.

Answers

Answer 1

a. One-way propagation delay and Round-trip time:

Propagation delay = distance / propagation speed

Time = distance / speed

Let's first find out the one-way propagation delay:

Propagation Delay = 20000 / (2.5 ×  108)

Seconds  Propagation Delay = 80 microseconds (μs)

Round-Trip Time = 2 *

Propagation Delay Round-Trip Time = 2 * 80 μs

Round-Trip Time = 160 μs

b. Bandwidth-delay product:

Bandwidth-Delay Product = Transmission Rate * Propagation Delay

Bandwidth-Delay Product = 1,000,000 bits/second * 80

microseconds Bandwidth-Delay Product = 80,000 bits

c. Bit time:

Bit time is the time required to transmit a single bit over a link.

Bit time = 1 / Transmission Rate

Bit time = 1 / 1,000,000Bit time = 1 μs

d. Maximum number of bits on the link at any given time:

Maximum number of bits on the link = Bandwidth-Delay Product Maximum number of bits on the link = 80,000 bits

e. Width of a bit in the link:

Width of a bit = Propagation Speed / Transmission Rate

Width of a bit = 2.5 × 108 / 1,000,000

Width of a bit = 250 meters / second

f. Deriving a general expression for the width of a bit:

Width of a bit = Propagation Speed / Transmission Rate

Width of a bit = (Distance / Time) / Transmission Rate

Width of a bit = (Distance / Transmission Rate) / Time

Width of a bit = Length of the link / Bandwidth-Delay Product

Width of a bit = L / (R * Propagation Delay)

Therefore, the expression for the width of a bit in terms of propagation speed, transmission rate, and the length of the link is:

Width of a bit = L / (R * Propagation Delay)

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In windows 10, what command will redirect the output of dir command to a local printer?

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In Windows 10, you can use the following command to redirect the output of the dir command to a local printer:

The Command Line to use

dir > LPT1

This command redirects the output of the dir command to the printer connected to the LPT1 parallel port.

You can replace LPT1 with the appropriate port if your printer is connected to a different parallel port, such as LPT2 or LPT3. Keep in mind that this command assumes your printer is set up and configured correctly, and it may require administrative privileges to access the printer port.

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T/F Explain. Write True or False and a 2-3 sentence explanation. Many times the answer can be true or false, the explanation is what matters. Improvement in technology will increase inequality.

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False. Improvement in technology does not necessarily lead to increased inequality.

While it is true that technological advancements can result in job displacement and income inequality in some cases, they can also create new opportunities and improve overall living standards. For example, technology has enabled the creation of new industries and job roles, such as software development and data analysis.

Additionally, advancements in technology have made goods and services more accessible and affordable for many people, narrowing the digital divide and reducing inequality. The impact of technology on inequality depends on how it is managed and distributed within society. Therefore, it is not accurate to say that improvement in technology will always lead to increased inequality.

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The -9 option to the gzip utility results in a higher compression ratio. true or false

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The statement is false.

The -9 option in the g zip utility does not result in a higher compression ratio. The -9 option actually specifies the highest compression level, which means that it will use more computational resources and take longer to compress the file. However, this higher compression level does not necessarily result in a higher compression ratio. The compression ratio is determined by the content of the file being compressed, not the compression level chosen. In some cases, a lower compression level may actually result in a higher compression ratio if the file contains a lot of redundant or compressible data. Therefore, it is not accurate to say that the -9 option always leads to a higher compression ratio.

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In a computer with base and limit registers for address space protection the address generated by an instruction is 329048. At that time the base register value is 256400 and the limit register value is 128680. What is the address used by the memory subsystem to fetch the data

Answers

To summarize, the address used by the memory subsystem to fetch the data is 329048.

The base and limit registers in a computer are used for address space protection.

In this case, the instruction generates an address of 329048, while the base register value is 256400 and the limit register value is 128680.

To determine the address used by the memory subsystem to fetch the data, we need to check if the generated address falls within the range specified by the base and limit registers.

The address is within the range if:
(base register value) ≤ (generated address) ≤ (base register value + limit register value)

In this case:
256400 ≤ 329048 ≤ 256400 + 128680

Simplifying:
256400 ≤ 329048 ≤ 385080

Since 329048 satisfies this condition, the memory subsystem will use this address to fetch the data.

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typically, users or user groups are given account numbers protected by passwords, which they can use to gain access to the database. a dbms should provide a

Answers

A DBMS (Database Management System) should provide a secure and controlled access mechanism for users or user groups. This is typically done by assigning account numbers and protecting them with passwords.

Explanation:
1. The first step in providing secure access to a database is to assign each user or user group a unique account number. This helps in identifying and tracking the actions of individual users.
2. The account numbers are then protected by passwords. Passwords serve as a means of authentication, ensuring that only authorized users can gain access to the database.
3. When a user wants to access the database, they need to provide their account number and password. The DBMS verifies the authenticity of the user by comparing the provided password with the one stored in its system.
4. If the password matches, the user is granted access to the database. They can then perform the necessary operations on the data, such as querying, inserting, updating, or deleting records.
5. It is essential for a DBMS to provide a secure access mechanism to prevent unauthorized access to the database, protect the integrity of the data, and ensure the confidentiality of sensitive information.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, a DBMS should provide a secure and controlled access mechanism for users or user groups. This involves assigning account numbers protected by passwords, which users can use to gain access to the database. By implementing these measures, the DBMS ensures the security and integrity of the database.

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