Tricia has been seeing Dr. Chu for three years because of tremors she was experiencing in her hands and forearms, difficulty starting and stopping movements when she walked, and muscular rigidity that was occurring when she tried to move her body in a certain way. At that time Dr. Chu diagnosed her with Parkinson's disease, a progressive movement disorder. She has used levodopa and then ropinirole to make her brain respond as if it is receiving the neurotransmitter dopamine. Unfortunately, many side effects develop through years of treatment and eventually it becomes ineffective. 1. Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the case by connecting with affected organs and systems. 2. Describe the pathophysiology of the clinical case. 3. What can be the treatments?

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Answer 1

Parkinson's disease involves basal ganglia dysfunction due to dopamine deficiency from degeneration of substantia nigra neurons, leading to movement symptoms. Treatment includes medications, surgery, and therapies.

Parkinson's disease affects the basal ganglia in the brain, leading to movement-related symptoms in organs and systems such as tremors, difficulty with motor control, and muscular rigidity.The pathophysiology involves the progressive degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, causing a dopamine deficiency and disrupting the balance of inhibitory and excitatory signals in the basal ganglia.Treatment options for Parkinson's disease include medications like levodopa and dopamine agonists, deep brain stimulation, physical therapy, and surgical procedures like pallidotomy or thalamotomy. Individualized care is necessary for managing symptoms and slowing disease progression

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