By converting the DNA code into a complementary RNA code, transcription is the process of creating RNA from a DNA template. The process of translating an mRNA template into a protein involves changing the mRNA's coding into the amino acid sequence of the protein.
DNA, the subunit, and the RNA polymerase core enzyme are the initial transcription components. mRNA, small and large ribosomal subunits, initiation factors, elongation factors, and tRNA are some of the components involved in translation. In order for the transcription enzyme to reach the template strand, a DNA double helix must be denatured. Since the template is a single mRNA strand, no such denaturing is required during translation. RNA is the end result of transcription and is found as mRNA and tRNA.
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Which statement (or statements) describes a mechanism by which the active site of an enzyme can lower the EA of an exergonic reaction? The active site may orient two substrates such that a collision becomes more likely within a small interval of time The active site may stress and bend the bonds of the substrate (or substrates) making those bonds more likely to break in a small interval of time The active site may transfer H+ ions to ot from the substrate making a reaction more likely in a given interval of time The active site may form one or more covalent bonds with the substrate (or substrates) making a the reaction more likely in a small interval of time All of the above
The active site of an enzyme can lower the EA of an exergonic reaction by stressing and bending the bonds of the substrate (or substrates) making those bonds more likely to break in a small interval of time.
WHAT IS ACTIVATION ENERGY?
In chemistry, activation energy is the minimal amount of energy needed to bring atoms or molecules into a state where they can undergo chemical transformation or physical transport.
By bending the molecules of the substrate in a way that makes bond-breaking easier and aids in transitioning to the transition state, the enzyme-substrate complex can also reduce activation energy. Enzymes do not alter the G value of a reaction. They remain the same whether a reaction is generally exergonic or endergonic.
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Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?.
Answer:plasma membrane, also called a cell membrane, and cytoplasm
Explanation:
how would mutations that completely ablate [remove/destroy] the function of the androgen receptor impact the phenotypic development of humans with xy chromosomes?
Patients with mutations that entirely abolish the androgen receptor's function and affect the phenotypic development of persons with XY chromosomes will manifest as phenotypically female.
Dose-Sensitive Sex Reversal Locus on Chromosome X, Gene 1 (DAX1), also known as Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 0, Group B, Member 1 (NR0B1), is a transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and primarily functions as a transcriptional repressor.
Male-to-female sex reversal is associated with duplication of the DAX1/NROB1 gene because external genital differentiation ranges are unknown.
The XX males who are SRY-positive have two X chromosomes, one of which contains genetic material from the Y chromosome, making them phenotypically male but genetically female. Males and females differ by having one X and one Y chromosome in each diploid cell of their bodies.
The DAX1 protein may have a direct or indirect impact on how gonadal hormones regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary system.
The complete question is:
How would mutations that completely ablate the function of the androgen receptor impact the phenotypic development of humans with XY chromosomes?
(A). Patients would appear phenotypically female.
(B). Patients would appear phenotypically male with underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics.
(C). Patients would appear phenotypically male, but cannot produce sperm.
(D). Patients would express both male and female secondary sex characteristics.
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charles darwin studied the relationship between the adrenal medulla and emotions. which chemical, produced in the adrenal medulla, causes the fight or flight response?
Answer: adrenaline, noradrenaline
Explanation:
The first polymers were formed through dehydration synthesis. According to the experimental evidence, how did this process work?.
A diluted solution of organic monomers from seawater was concentrated by hot rocks, sand, or clay, which resulted in the spontaneous abiotic synthesis of polypeptides and other polymers.
What transpires in the reaction of dehydration and synthesis?During dehydration synthesis, a water molecule is either released when the hydrogen of one monomer reacts with the hydroxyl group of another monomer or when two hydrogens from one monomer join with one oxygen from the other monomer.
How does the process of dehydration work?Food dehydration involves simultaneous mass and heat transfers inside the food as well as energy transfer medium changes. When dehydrating food, there are methods other than hot air that give the food energy.
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it is in the medulla oblongata that corticospinal tracts _, meaning that the motor fibers originating from the right cerebral cortex descend through the left side of the spinal cord, and vice versa. a) merge b) commence c) decussate d) unite
c
The Corticospinal Tract (CST), also called the Pyramidal Tract, is a group of axons that transmits information about movement from the cerebral cortex.
Where does the corticospinal tract begin?The corticospinal tract, which is involved in skilled voluntary activity, develops from pyramid-shaped cells in the premotor, primary motor, and primary sensory cortex.
What is the function of the corticospinal tract?The somatic motor system from the neck to the feet is under the primary motor control of the corticospinal tract. It is the principal spinal route responsible for voluntary motions. The pyramidal neurons' soma are found in cortical layer V in the primary motor cortex, where the tract starts.
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The most common neuron of the nervous system is the
externoceptor.
interneuron.
bipolar neuron.
microglial cell.
unipolar neuron.
The most common neuron of the nervous system is the interneuron. The correct option is B.
What is interneuron?Interneurons serve as a "go-between" for afferent, or sensory, neurons that receive signals from the peripheral nervous system and efferent, or motor, neurons that transmit signals from the brain. It also communicates with other interneurons through its connections.
The interneuron is the most common type of neuron in the nervous system. Interneurons, as the name implies, are the ones in the middle, connecting spinal motor and sensory neurons.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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select all the correct answers. looking at the phylogenetic tree, which three statements can you make about the interconnectedness of the species a, b, c, d, and e? species a and c may have shared features from a common ancestor. species c is more related to species d than species d is related to species e. species b and c are more closely related than species c and d. species b and e may have shared features from a common ancestor. species a is more related to species b than species b is related to species c.
The correct answer is Species A and C may have shared feature.
What is Phylogenetic tree?
It is described as a diagrammatic portrayal of the relationships between living things in terms of evolution. This schematic illustration shows how several species developed from a number of shared ancestors.
The two-dimensional graph that depicts the evolutionary link between an organism and several other organisms is known as a phylogenetic tree.
The "Tree of Life" or "Dendrogram" are other names for the evolutionary tree. An old theory of a ladder-like evolution from weak to strong forms of life gave rise to the concept of a phylogenetic tree. The word "phylogeny" or "phylogenetic," which refers to race, origin, or lineage, is derived from an ancient Greek word.
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Which of these Punnett squares shows a cross that predicts round seeds (RR or Rr) in half of the offspring?A and E
A and Eb are the Punnett squares shows a cross that predicts round seeds (RR or Rr) in half of the offspring
The Punnett square is a rectangular shape diagram used to predict genotypes of a specific cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who invented it in 1905. Biologists use the diagram to calculate the likelihood of an offspring having a specific genotype. Again, this is determined by the alleles present in a plant at a single genetic locus. The allele for wrinkled seeds (W) is dominant over the allele for round seeds in this case (w). This means that plants with genotypes WW and Ww have wrinkled seeds, but only genotype ww has round seeds.
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what name is given to the process in which a stanrd of dna is used as a template for the manufacture of a
Transcription is the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA
A form of single-stranded RNA involved in protein synthesis is known as messenger RNA (abbreviated as mRNA). During transcription, mRNA is created from a DNA template. The purpose of mRNA is to transport protein information from DNA in a cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm, or watery interior, of the cell. There, the machinery responsible for making proteins reads the sequence of the mRNA and converts each three-base codon into an amino acid that belongs in a protein chain.
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examine the reconstruction of the ardipithecus ramidus pelvis below. what adaptations for bipedalism are seen in this pelvis?
The lower back's lumbar lordosis, or curve, aids in keeping the upper body balanced on the pelvis. The size, form, and direction of a iliac paddles in the top portion of the pelvis vary between humans and apes inside a way that shows our dedication to a walking biped.
In Ardipithecus ramidus, the pelvis is shorter and wider and has been tapered and flattened on the sides to support the legs. The elongated ilium, which repositions the gluteal muscles, the shorter distance between the sacroiliac and hip joints, and the ventrally titrated pelvis, which aligns the sacroiliac and hip joints are the three skeletal adaptations that lead to a platypelloid pelvis. and capita growth lumbar lordosis Human bipedal locomotion is elevated by a limited pelvis. However, the umbilical cord must be sufficiently big to enable a birth since in animals, the pelvis also serves as the tube through which newborn newborns transit. The joints in the legs, knee, as well as ankles, as well as the spine's vertebrae, toes, and arms, underwent skeletal changes as a result of bipedalism.
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what is known as the net movement of any type of molecule from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
Answer: Diffusion
Explanation:
you apply a nonpolar ligand to cells and measure an increase in gene expression in the cells, but no change to camp amount or erk location in the cell. based on this, the ligand likely binds to:
The ligand is likely to be present as intracellular or cytoplasmic receptors which is found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
There are numerous types of receptors and ligands, but they all come in closely matched pairs, with a receptor only detecting one (or a small number of) specific ligands and a ligand only detecting a specific receptor. ligand binding to only one (or a few) target receptors. A receptor's shape or activity is altered when a ligand binds to it, enabling the receptor to broadcast a signal or afterwards bring about a change inside the cell. Proteins known as intracellular receptors can be located inside cells, usually in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The ligands of intracellular receptors are typically small, hydrophobic (hating) molecules because they must cross the plasma membrane to reach their receptors.
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Which combination of environmental conditions would give you the highest concentration of air pollutants?.
When the weather is constant and there is little breeze, the concentration of air contaminants is highest.
Which three factors cause the most air pollution?Air pollution is frequently caused by household combustion appliances, automobiles, industrial operations, and forest fires. Particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide are among the pollutants that pose the greatest threat to human health.
What elements raise the amount of air pollution in the atmosphere?The chemical processes that take place in the atmosphere to generate photochemical smog from other pollutants depend heavily on temperature and sunlight (solar radiation). Favorable circumstances may result in higher smog concentrations.
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Due to ______, equatorial regions of earth have warm temperatures year-round, and nonequatorial regions experience lower temperatures, less light, and seasonal changes.
The earth's equatorial and nonequatorial areas both experience warm temperatures all year round as a result of global warming.
What is the primary reason for seasonal fluctuations in temperature?The spin axis of the earth is inclined to its orbital plane. This triggers the change of the seasons. It is summer where the axis of the earth faces the sun. When the axis of the globe is facing away, winter is to be expected.
What factors affect a place's temperature?Natural factors that affect a region's temperature trends include latitude, elevation, and the existence of ocean currents.A region's precipitation patterns are impacted by things like its closeness to mountain ranges and the direction of the prevailing winds.
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if you had to advise a farmer about what light level is best for growing potatoes, which light level would you suggest? if you had to advise a farmer about what light level is best for growing potatoes, which light level would you suggest? 0% par 50% par 100% par 150% par 200% par
The answer should be Minimum of 500-700 µmol m-2 s-1.
Plant potatoes in a sunny location that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunshine every day. Tubers require rich, loose, well-drained soil to thrive; hard or compacted soil results in deformed tubers. The soil should be somewhat acidic (pH 5.8 to 6.5) and at least 45o to 55oF (7° to 13°C).
Can you grow potatoes under a grow light?
You can grow potatoes indoors all year if you have a sunny window or grow lights! You only need a bucket, a glass of water, some toothpicks, and soil to start growing potatoes inside. Potatoes are a great source of nutrients that can be stored for a long time after harvesting.
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Does vegetative reproduction promote or discourage genetic variations? Why or why not?
Vegetative or clonal reproduction discourages the genetic variations because clonal reproduction shows negligible genetic variation as it forms clones of its parents and no significant DNA variation takes place in this case.
What is genetic variation?
The word "genetic variety" refers to the differences in the DNA sequence that make up each of our genomes. Whether it's our skin color, hair color, or even the shape of our faces, genetic variety is what gives each of us our individuality.
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WHOEVER ANSWERS FIRST WILL BE MARKED BRAINIEST!!
List the things a plant growing on the surface of earth doing both photosynthesis and cellular respiration has in the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. Provide an explanation
The things a growing plant has in biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere has are as follows:
WaterSoilAirThe plant itselfHow water, soil, air and plant are parts of the the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and the biosphere.Water is the liquid portion of the earth and it found in the plants part. The liquid part of the earth is known as the hydrosphere. However, water is one of the conditions necessary for photosynthesis to take place.
The lithosphere is the solid portion of the earth and one of the parts of the lithosphere simply is the soil. Plants need good soil proper growth and development.The air is a mixture of gases and it is found in the atmosphere. This air contains carbon dioxide which is also some of the raw material necessary for photosynthesis to occur.The biosphere is the living portion of the earth. The plant as a whole itself is a living thing and is found in the biosphere.In conclusion, it can be deduced from the explanation given above that plants can manufacture food substances by themselves with help of good soil, water and carbon dioxide.
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the sequence is a hypothetical segment of a dna with an indicated mutation represented by an arrow. what is the outcome of this mutation with regard to the ultimate protein that will form from this sequence? nothing. this mutation does not affect a coding region. the protein will be unchanged. an alternative splice site is formed. two proteins of different lengths will be produced. the corresponding amino acid is altered. the protein will be changed. this is a nonsense mutation. the protein will be truncated early and likely be nonfunctional.
Answer:option 4
Explanation:
how does surface tension protect aquatic life?
How does the surface tension of water impact living things? .surface tension of water helps creatures (mostly of insecta class such as water striders) to walk on water. .it also helps water to move up the xylem tissue of higher plants without breaking up.
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in the united states, approximately 45 percent of the population has type o blood. these people are called universal donors since their blood can be used in transfusions to people of any blood type. if you were to run a simulation, how would you label?
Answer:
nooooo
Explanation:
yeaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
in the past decade, there have been many volcanic eruptions. after an eruption, the lava flow leaves behind only bare rock, providing a surface for primary succession. which statement describes an important function provided by the first organisms to colonize the area that facilitates colonization by other organisms in later stages of succession?
After an earthquake or volcanic eruption, lichens break down the rocks to produce new, nutrient-rich soils. This process is known as primary succession.
Lichens and mosses that have colonized the region help weather the rock, which breaks it down and creates soil for other species to occupy. When new land is formed or exposed rock occurs, such as during a volcanic eruption like those on Hawaii's Big Island. This process is known as primary succession. As the volcanic lava pours into the water, new land is continually created. These species aid in further decomposing the mineral-rich volcanic lava into soil, allowing for the ultimate replacement of the pioneer species by less resilient species. Additionally, when these early species develop and pass away, they add to a layer of organic matter that is already decaying, aiding in the development of soil. The region will eventually achieve a state of equilibrium with a collection of creatures that are very different from the pioneer species. The development of soil is also influenced by lichens, mosses, and other plants. Physical weathering is the term used to describe the method by which the aforementioned species weather rocks.
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Individuals that are heterozygous for a deletion of a locus on chromosome 11 show severe developmental disorders and growth abnormalities, but only when the deletion is inherited from the mother. The cause of these phenotypes has been localized to a promoter sequence located within a CpG island.
What epigenetic mark would you predict to be found on this imprinted promoter?
The anomalies in the promoter sequence have been identified as the source of these symptoms, but only when the deletion is inherited from the mother.
What part does a CpG island play in imprinting?CpG islands are helpful loci for genes in species whose genomes contain 5-methylcytosine. Furthermore, CpG islands in the promoter regions of genes can be crucial in the silencing of genes during procedures like X-chromosome inactivation, imprinting, and the silencing of intragenomic parasites.
When DNA is methylated at CpG islands, what happens to gene expression?It is possible to recruit repressive methyl-binding proteins, inhibit transcription factor binding, and permanently mute gene expression by methylating CpG islands.
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what is the most common way that nitrogen fixation occurs? lightning nitrogen fixing bacteria fossil fuel combustion forest fires
Legumes harbor nitrogen-fixing bacteria and are therefore good crops to grow to replenish the soil. Most nitrogen fixation occurs naturally, in the soil, by bacteria.
Nitrogen fixation and exchange of form that occurs in the soil. Some bacteria attach to plant roots and have a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both the plant and the bacteria with the plant. Nitrogen fixing bacteria accomplish more than 90 percent of all nitrogen fixation and therefore play an important role in the nitrogen cycle. processes that can fix nitrogen atmospheric, be process and biological. Atmospheric fixation occurs when the high temperature of lightning splits nitrogen gas so that it unites with oxygen and moisture in the air to form nitrates that fall to the ground. Nitrogen fixation occurs among some termites and fungi. It occurs naturally in the air through the production of NOx by lightning. All biological reactions that involve the process of nitrogen fixation are catalyzed by enzymes called nitrogenases.
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What structure forms a protective covering around the dia-
physis of a long bone?
A epiphyseal line
B
fontanel
C lacunae
D periosteum
Answer: D
Explanation:
i need help with biology pls
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Beneficial means:
Something good happening
We can solve this question by just going through the answers, saying if they are good or bad:
A. Genetic disorders often kill or severly deform one in a species, so BAD
B. If it hinders their ability to survive, then especially if an endangered population, the species could go extinct, so BAD
C. Genetic variation ensures that different animals in a species have different traits to help them survive. So GOOD
Most of the electrons removed from glucose by cellular respiration are used for which of the following processes?
The majority of the electrons extracted from glucose by cellular respiration are used in these processes: "reducing NAD+ to NADH in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle" and "producing a proton gradient for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria". Hence, the correct answer is E.
Electrons from glucose move progressively down the electron transport chain towards oxygen in cellular respiration, going through lower and lower energy levels and releases of energy at every step. Cellular respiration's purpose is to harness that energy into a form of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.
The citric acid cycle is a sequence of chemical processes that remove high-energy electrons and then utilize them to make ATP in the chain of electron transport. Each cycle generates one adenosine triphosphate molecule or its equivalent.
The mitochondria create the majority of the adenosine triphosphate formed during glucose metabolism via oxidative phosphorylation. This is a complicated mechanism driven by the proton gradient formed by mitochondrial respiration across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
This question should be provided with answer choices, which are:
A. Reducing NAD+ to NADH in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.B. Producing a proton gradient for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.C. Driving substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis.D. The second and third answers are correct.E. The first two choices are correct.Since A and B are correct, the answer that is true is E.
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What Taxa class would this fossil belong to? Explain why.
The taxa under which the given plant fossil come is angiosperm.
What are taxa?Taxa refer to any unit employed in the discipline of biological classification, often known as taxonomy. Taxa are organized in a hierarchical order, from kingdom to subspecies, with a particular taxon typically containing numerous taxa of lower rank.
Taxa are given formal names after being properly identified by nomenclature codes and systems. Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms are a few examples of major plant taxa.
Therefore, the taxonomic group from which the presented plant fossil is derived is angiosperm.
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Why did it take 4 billion years of Earth history for multicellular organisms to evolve and diversify to the point of the Ediacara biota?
11. the chihuahua is a dog that exista because of a. natural selection b. artificial selection c. resistance. d. abiotic factors
Answer:
B. artificial selection
Explanation: